497 lines
21 KiB
HTML
497 lines
21 KiB
HTML
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<!doctype html public "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
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<html>
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<!--
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Generated from r6rs.tex by tex2page, v 20100828
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(running on MzScheme 4.2.4, :unix),
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(c) Dorai Sitaram,
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http://evalwhen.com/tex2page/index.html
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-->
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<head>
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<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
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<title>
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Revised^6 Report on the Algorithmic Language Scheme
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</title>
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<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="r6rs-Z-S.css" title=default>
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<meta name=robots content="index,follow">
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</head>
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<body>
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<div id=slidecontent>
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<div align=right class=navigation>[Go to <span><a href="r6rs.html">first</a>, <a href="r6rs-Z-H-15.html">previous</a></span><span>, <a href="r6rs-Z-H-17.html">next</a></span> page<span>; </span><span><a href="r6rs-Z-H-2.html#node_toc_start">contents</a></span><span><span>; </span><a href="r6rs-Z-H-21.html#node_index_start">index</a></span>]</div>
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<p></p>
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<a name="node_chap_B"></a>
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<h1 class=chapter>
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<div class=chapterheading><a href="r6rs-Z-H-2.html#node_toc_node_chap_B">Appendix B</a></div><br>
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<a href="r6rs-Z-H-2.html#node_toc_node_chap_B">Sample definitions for derived forms</a></h1>
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<p></p>
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<p>
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This appendix contains sample definitions for some of the keywords
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described in this report in terms of simpler forms:</p>
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<p>
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</p>
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<a name="node_sec_Temp_36"></a>
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<h4 class=section><a href="r6rs-Z-H-2.html#node_toc_node_sec_Temp_36"><tt>cond</tt></a></h4>
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<p>The <tt>cond</tt> keyword (section <a href="r6rs-Z-H-14.html#node_sec_11.4.5">11.4.5</a>)
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could be defined in terms of <tt>if</tt>, <tt>let</tt> and <tt>begin</tt> using <tt>syntax-rules</tt> as follows:</p>
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<p>
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</p>
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<tt>(define-syntax <tt>cond</tt>
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<p class=nopadding> (syntax-rules (else =>)</p>
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<p class=nopadding> ((cond (else result1 result2 ...))</p>
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<p class=nopadding> (begin result1 result2 ...))</p>
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<p class=nopadding> ((cond (test => result))</p>
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<p class=nopadding> (let ((temp test))</p>
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<p class=nopadding> (if temp (result temp))))</p>
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<p class=nopadding> ((cond (test => result) clause1 clause2 ...)</p>
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<p class=nopadding> (let ((temp test))</p>
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<p class=nopadding> (if temp</p>
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<p class=nopadding> (result temp)</p>
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<p class=nopadding> (cond clause1 clause2 ...))))</p>
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<p class=nopadding> ((cond (test)) test)</p>
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<p class=nopadding> ((cond (test) clause1 clause2 ...)</p>
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<p class=nopadding> (let ((temp test))</p>
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<p class=nopadding> (if temp</p>
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<p class=nopadding> temp</p>
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<p class=nopadding> (cond clause1 clause2 ...))))</p>
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<p class=nopadding> ((cond (test result1 result2 ...))</p>
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<p class=nopadding> (if test (begin result1 result2 ...)))</p>
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<p class=nopadding> ((cond (test result1 result2 ...)</p>
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<p class=nopadding> clause1 clause2 ...)</p>
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<p class=nopadding> (if test</p>
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<p class=nopadding> (begin result1 result2 ...)</p>
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<p class=nopadding> (cond clause1 clause2 ...)))))</p>
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<p></tt>
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</p>
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<a name="node_sec_Temp_37"></a>
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<h4 class=section><a href="r6rs-Z-H-2.html#node_toc_node_sec_Temp_37"><tt>case</tt></a></h4>
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<p>The <tt>case</tt> keyword (section <a href="r6rs-Z-H-14.html#node_sec_11.4.5">11.4.5</a>) could be defined in terms of <tt>let</tt>, <tt>cond</tt>, and
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<tt>memv</tt> (see library chapter on “List utilities”) using <tt>syntax-rules</tt> as follows:</p>
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<p>
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</p>
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<tt>(define-syntax <tt>case</tt>
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<p class=nopadding> (syntax-rules (else)</p>
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<p class=nopadding> ((case expr0</p>
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<p class=nopadding> ((key ...) res1 res2 ...)</p>
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<p class=nopadding> ...</p>
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<p class=nopadding> (else else-res1 else-res2 ...))</p>
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<p class=nopadding> (let ((tmp expr0))</p>
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<p class=nopadding> (cond</p>
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<p class=nopadding> ((memv tmp '(key ...)) res1 res2 ...)</p>
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<p class=nopadding> ...</p>
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<p class=nopadding> (else else-res1 else-res2 ...))))</p>
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<p class=nopadding> ((case expr0</p>
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<p class=nopadding> ((keya ...) res1a res2a ...)</p>
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<p class=nopadding> ((keyb ...) res1b res2b ...)</p>
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<p class=nopadding> ...)</p>
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<p class=nopadding> (let ((tmp expr0))</p>
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<p class=nopadding> (cond</p>
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<p class=nopadding> ((memv tmp '(keya ...)) res1a res2a ...)</p>
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<p class=nopadding> ((memv tmp '(keyb ...)) res1b res2b ...)</p>
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<p class=nopadding> ...)))))</p>
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<p></tt></p>
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<p>
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</p>
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<a name="node_sec_Temp_38"></a>
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<h4 class=section><a href="r6rs-Z-H-2.html#node_toc_node_sec_Temp_38"><tt>let*</tt></a></h4>
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<p>The <tt>let*</tt> keyword (section <a href="r6rs-Z-H-14.html#node_sec_11.4.6">11.4.6</a>)
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could be defined in terms of <tt>let</tt>
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using <tt>syntax-rules</tt> as follows:</p>
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<p>
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</p>
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<tt>(define-syntax <tt>let*</tt>
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<p class=nopadding> (syntax-rules ()</p>
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<p class=nopadding> ((let* () body1 body2 ...)</p>
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<p class=nopadding> (let () body1 body2 ...))</p>
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<p class=nopadding> ((let* ((name1 expr1) (name2 expr2) ...)</p>
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<p class=nopadding> body1 body2 ...)</p>
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<p class=nopadding> (let ((name1 expr1))</p>
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<p class=nopadding> (let* ((name2 expr2) ...)</p>
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<p class=nopadding> body1 body2 ...)))))</p>
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<p></tt></p>
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<p>
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</p>
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<a name="node_sec_Temp_39"></a>
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<h4 class=section><a href="r6rs-Z-H-2.html#node_toc_node_sec_Temp_39"><tt>letrec</tt></a></h4>
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<p>The <tt>letrec</tt> keyword (section <a href="r6rs-Z-H-14.html#node_sec_11.4.6">11.4.6</a>)
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could be defined approximately in terms of <tt>let</tt>
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and <tt>set!</tt> using <tt>syntax-rules</tt>, using a helper
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to generate the temporary variables
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needed to hold the values before the assignments are made,
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as follows:</p>
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<p>
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</p>
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<tt>(define-syntax <tt>letrec</tt>
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<p class=nopadding> (syntax-rules ()</p>
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<p class=nopadding> ((letrec () body1 body2 ...)</p>
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<p class=nopadding> (let () body1 body2 ...))</p>
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<p class=nopadding> ((letrec ((var init) ...) body1 body2 ...)</p>
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<p class=nopadding> (letrec-helper</p>
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<p class=nopadding> (var ...)</p>
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<p class=nopadding> ()</p>
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<p class=nopadding> ((var init) ...)</p>
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<p class=nopadding> body1 body2 ...))))</p>
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<p class=nopadding></p>
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<p class=nopadding>(define-syntax letrec-helper</p>
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<p class=nopadding> (syntax-rules ()</p>
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<p class=nopadding> ((letrec-helper</p>
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<p class=nopadding> ()</p>
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<p class=nopadding> (temp ...)</p>
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<p class=nopadding> ((var init) ...)</p>
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<p class=nopadding> body1 body2 ...)</p>
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<p class=nopadding> (let ((var <undefined>) ...)</p>
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<p class=nopadding> (let ((temp init) ...)</p>
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<p class=nopadding> (set! var temp)</p>
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<p class=nopadding> ...)</p>
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<p class=nopadding> (let () body1 body2 ...)))</p>
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<p class=nopadding> ((letrec-helper</p>
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<p class=nopadding> (x y ...)</p>
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<p class=nopadding> (temp ...)</p>
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<p class=nopadding> ((var init) ...)</p>
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<p class=nopadding> body1 body2 ...)</p>
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<p class=nopadding> (letrec-helper</p>
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<p class=nopadding> (y ...)</p>
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<p class=nopadding> (newtemp temp ...)</p>
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<p class=nopadding> ((var init) ...)</p>
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<p class=nopadding> body1 body2 ...))))</p>
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<p></tt></p>
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<p>
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The syntax <tt><undefined></tt> represents an expression that
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returns something that, when stored in a location, causes an exception
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with condition type <tt>&assertion</tt> to
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be raised if an attempt to read from or write to the location occurs before the
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assignments generated by the <tt>letrec</tt> transformation take place.
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(No such expression is defined in Scheme.)</p>
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<p>
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A simpler definition using <tt>syntax-case</tt> and <tt>generate-temporaries</tt> is given in library
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chapter on “<tt>syntax-case</tt>”.</p>
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<p>
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</p>
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<a name="node_sec_Temp_40"></a>
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<h4 class=section><a href="r6rs-Z-H-2.html#node_toc_node_sec_Temp_40"><tt>letrec*</tt></a></h4>
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<p>The <tt>letrec*</tt> keyword could be defined approximately in terms of
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<tt>let</tt> and <tt>set!</tt> using <tt>syntax-rules</tt> as follows:</p>
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<p>
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</p>
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<tt>(define-syntax <tt>letrec*</tt>
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<p class=nopadding> (syntax-rules ()</p>
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<p class=nopadding> ((letrec* ((var1 init1) ...) body1 body2 ...)</p>
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<p class=nopadding> (let ((var1 <undefined>) ...)</p>
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<p class=nopadding> (set! var1 init1)</p>
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<p class=nopadding> ...</p>
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<p class=nopadding> (let () body1 body2 ...)))))</p>
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<p></tt></p>
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<p>
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The syntax <tt><undefined></tt> is as in the definition of <tt>letrec</tt> above.</p>
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<p>
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</p>
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<a name="node_sec_Temp_41"></a>
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<h4 class=section><a href="r6rs-Z-H-2.html#node_toc_node_sec_Temp_41"><tt>let-values</tt></a></h4>
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<p>The following definition of <tt>let-values</tt> (section <a href="r6rs-Z-H-14.html#node_sec_11.4.6">11.4.6</a>)
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using <tt>syntax-rules</tt>
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employs a pair of helpers to
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create temporary names for the formals.</p>
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<p>
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</p>
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<tt>(define-syntax let-values
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<p class=nopadding> (syntax-rules ()</p>
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<p class=nopadding> ((let-values (binding ...) body1 body2 ...)</p>
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<p class=nopadding> (let-values-helper1</p>
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<p class=nopadding> ()</p>
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<p class=nopadding> (binding ...)</p>
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<p class=nopadding> body1 body2 ...))))</p>
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<p class=nopadding></p>
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<p class=nopadding>(define-syntax let-values-helper1</p>
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<p class=nopadding> ;; map over the bindings</p>
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<p class=nopadding> (syntax-rules ()</p>
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<p class=nopadding> ((let-values</p>
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<p class=nopadding> ((id temp) ...)</p>
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<p class=nopadding> ()</p>
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<p class=nopadding> body1 body2 ...)</p>
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<p class=nopadding> (let ((id temp) ...) body1 body2 ...))</p>
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<p class=nopadding> ((let-values</p>
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<p class=nopadding> assocs</p>
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<p class=nopadding> ((formals1 expr1) (formals2 expr2) ...)</p>
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<p class=nopadding> body1 body2 ...)</p>
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<p class=nopadding> (let-values-helper2</p>
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<p class=nopadding> formals1</p>
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<p class=nopadding> ()</p>
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<p class=nopadding> expr1</p>
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<p class=nopadding> assocs</p>
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<p class=nopadding> ((formals2 expr2) ...)</p>
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<p class=nopadding> body1 body2 ...))))</p>
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<p class=nopadding></p>
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<p class=nopadding>(define-syntax let-values-helper2</p>
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<p class=nopadding> ;; create temporaries for the formals</p>
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<p class=nopadding> (syntax-rules ()</p>
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<p class=nopadding> ((let-values-helper2</p>
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<p class=nopadding> ()</p>
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<p class=nopadding> temp-formals</p>
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<p class=nopadding> expr1</p>
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<p class=nopadding> body1 body2 ...)</p>
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<p class=nopadding> (call-with-values</p>
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<p class=nopadding> (lambda () expr1)</p>
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<p class=nopadding> (lambda temp-formals</p>
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<p class=nopadding> (let-values-helper1</p>
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<p class=nopadding> assocs</p>
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<p class=nopadding> body1 body2 ...))))</p>
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<p class=nopadding> ((let-values-helper2</p>
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<p class=nopadding> (first . rest)</p>
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<p class=nopadding> (temp ...)</p>
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<p class=nopadding> expr1</p>
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<p class=nopadding> (assoc ...)</p>
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<p class=nopadding> bindings</p>
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<p class=nopadding> body1 body2 ...)</p>
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<p class=nopadding> (let-values-helper2</p>
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<p class=nopadding> rest</p>
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<p class=nopadding> (temp ... newtemp)</p>
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<p class=nopadding> expr1</p>
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<p class=nopadding> (assoc ... (first newtemp))</p>
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<p class=nopadding> bindings</p>
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<p class=nopadding> body1 body2 ...))</p>
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<p class=nopadding> ((let-values-helper2</p>
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<p class=nopadding> rest-formal</p>
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<p class=nopadding> (temp ...)</p>
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<p class=nopadding> expr1</p>
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<p class=nopadding> (assoc ...)</p>
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<p class=nopadding> bindings</p>
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<p class=nopadding> body1 body2 ...)</p>
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<p class=nopadding> (call-with-values</p>
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<p class=nopadding> (lambda () expr1)</p>
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<p class=nopadding> (lambda (temp ... . newtemp)</p>
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<p class=nopadding> (let-values-helper1</p>
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<p class=nopadding> (assoc ... (rest-formal newtemp))</p>
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<p class=nopadding> bindings</p>
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<p class=nopadding> body1 body2 ...))))))</p>
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<p></tt></p>
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<p>
|
||
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</p>
|
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<a name="node_sec_Temp_42"></a>
|
||
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<h4 class=section><a href="r6rs-Z-H-2.html#node_toc_node_sec_Temp_42"><tt>let*-values</tt></a></h4>
|
||
|
|
<p>The following macro defines <tt>let*-values</tt> in terms of <tt>let</tt>
|
||
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and <tt>let-values</tt> using <tt>syntax-rules</tt>:</p>
|
||
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<p>
|
||
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</p>
|
||
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<tt>(define-syntax let*-values
|
||
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<p class=nopadding> (syntax-rules ()</p>
|
||
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<p class=nopadding> ((let*-values () body1 body2 ...)</p>
|
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<p class=nopadding> (let () body1 body2 ...))</p>
|
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<p class=nopadding> ((let*-values (binding1 binding2 ...)</p>
|
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<p class=nopadding> body1 body2 ...)</p>
|
||
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||
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<p class=nopadding> (let-values (binding1)</p>
|
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||
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<p class=nopadding> (let*-values (binding2 ...)</p>
|
||
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||
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<p class=nopadding> body1 body2 ...)))))</p>
|
||
|
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<p></tt></p>
|
||
|
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<p>
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<a name="node_sec_Temp_43"></a>
|
||
|
|
<h4 class=section><a href="r6rs-Z-H-2.html#node_toc_node_sec_Temp_43"><tt>let</tt></a></h4>
|
||
|
|
<p>The <tt>let</tt> keyword could be defined in terms of <tt>lambda</tt> and <tt>letrec</tt>
|
||
|
|
using <tt>syntax-rules</tt> as
|
||
|
|
follows:</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
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|
||
|
|
<tt>(define-syntax <tt>let</tt>
|
||
|
|
<p class=nopadding> (syntax-rules ()</p>
|
||
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|
||
|
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<p class=nopadding> ((let ((name val) ...) body1 body2 ...)</p>
|
||
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|
||
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<p class=nopadding> ((lambda (name ...) body1 body2 ...)</p>
|
||
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|
||
|
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<p class=nopadding> val ...))</p>
|
||
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|
||
|
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<p class=nopadding> ((let tag ((name val) ...) body1 body2 ...)</p>
|
||
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|
||
|
|
<p class=nopadding> ((letrec ((tag (lambda (name ...)</p>
|
||
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|
||
|
|
<p class=nopadding> body1 body2 ...)))</p>
|
||
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|
||
|
|
<p class=nopadding> tag)</p>
|
||
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|
||
|
|
<p class=nopadding> val ...))))</p>
|
||
|
|
<p></tt></p>
|
||
|
|
<p>
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<p></p>
|
||
|
|
<div class=smallskip></div>
|
||
|
|
<p style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">
|
||
|
|
<div align=right class=navigation>[Go to <span><a href="r6rs.html">first</a>, <a href="r6rs-Z-H-15.html">previous</a></span><span>, <a href="r6rs-Z-H-17.html">next</a></span> page<span>; </span><span><a href="r6rs-Z-H-2.html#node_toc_start">contents</a></span><span><span>; </span><a href="r6rs-Z-H-21.html#node_index_start">index</a></span>]</div>
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<p></p>
|
||
|
|
</div>
|
||
|
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</body>
|
||
|
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</html>
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