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<!-- -->
<!-- -->
<p><strong>open</strong> <span><i>Function</i></span></p>
<p><strong>Syntax:</strong></p>
<p><span><b>open</b></span> <em>filespec</em> &amp;key <em>direction element-type</em></p>
<p><em>if-exists if-does-not-exist external-format</em></p>
<p>→ stream</p>
<p><strong>Arguments and Values:</strong></p>
<p><em>filespec</em>—a <span><i>pathname designator</i></span> .</p>
<p><em>direction</em>—one of <!-- -->:input<!-- -->, <!-- -->:output<!-- -->, <!-- -->:io<!-- -->, or <!-- -->:probe<!-- -->. The default is <!-- -->:input<!-- -->.</p>
<p><em>element-type</em>—a <span><i>type specifier</i></span> for <span><i>recognizable subtype</i></span> of <span><b>character</b></span>; or a <span><i>type specifier</i></span> for a <em>finite recognizable subtype</em> of <em>integer</em> ; or one of the <span><i>symbols</i></span> <span><b>signed-byte</b></span>, <span><b>unsigned-byte</b></span>, or <!-- -->:default<!-- -->. The default is <span><b>character</b></span>.</p>
<p><em>if-exists</em>—one of <!-- -->:error<!-- -->, <!-- -->:new-version<!-- -->, <!-- -->:rename<!-- -->, <!-- -->:rename-and-delete<!-- -->, <!-- -->:overwrite<!-- -->, <!-- -->:append<!-- -->, <!-- -->:supersede<!-- -->, or <span><b>nil</b></span>. The default is <!-- -->:new-version<!-- --> if the version component of <em>filespec</em> is <!-- -->:newest<!-- -->, or <!-- -->:error<!-- --> otherwise.</p>
<p><em>if-does-not-exist</em>—one of <!-- -->:error<!-- -->, <!-- -->:create<!-- -->, or <span><b>nil</b></span>. The default is <!-- -->:error<!-- --> if <em>direction</em> is <!-- -->:input<!-- --> or <em>if-exists</em> is <!-- -->:overwrite<!-- --> or <!-- -->:append<!-- -->; <!-- -->:create<!-- --> if <em>direction</em> is <!-- -->:output<!-- --> or <!-- -->:io<!-- -->, and <em>if-exists</em> is neither <!-- -->:overwrite<!-- --> nor <!-- -->:append<!-- -->; or <span><b>nil</b></span> when <em>direction</em> is <!-- -->:probe<!-- -->.</p>
<p><em>external-format</em>—an <span><i>external file format designator</i></span> . The default is <!-- -->:default<!-- -->.</p>
<p><span><i>stream</i></span>—a <span><i>file stream</i></span> or <span><b>nil</b></span>.</p>
<p><strong>Description:</strong></p>
<p><span><b>open</b></span> creates, opens, and returns a <span><i>file stream</i></span> that is connected to the file specified by <em>filespec</em>. <em>Filespec</em> is the name of the file to be opened. If the <em>filespec designator</em> is a <span><i>stream</i></span>, that <span><i>stream</i></span> is not closed first or otherwise affected.</p>
<p>The keyword arguments to <span><b>open</b></span> specify the characteristics of the <span><i>file stream</i></span> that is returned, and how to handle errors.</p>
<p>If <em>direction</em> is <!-- -->:input<!-- --> or <!-- -->:probe<!-- -->, or if <em>if-exists</em> is not <!-- -->:new-version<!-- --> and the version component of the <em>filespec</em> is <!-- -->:newest<!-- -->, then the file opened is that file already existing in the file system that has a version greater than that of any other file in the file system whose other pathname components are the same as those of <em>filespec</em>.</p>
<p>An implementation is required to recognize all of the <span><b>open</b></span> keyword options and to do something reasonable in the context of the host operating system. For example, if a file system does not support distinct file versions and does not distinguish the notions of deletion and expunging, <!-- -->:new-version<!-- --> might be treated the same as <!-- -->:rename<!-- --> or <!-- -->:supersede<!-- -->, and <!-- -->:rename-and-delete<!-- --> might be treated the same as <!-- -->:supersede<!-- -->.</p>
<span><b>open</b></span>
<p>:direction</p>
<p>These are the possible values for <em>direction</em>, and how they affect the nature of the <span><i>stream</i></span> that is created:</p>
<p>:input</p>
<p>Causes the creation of an <em>input file stream</em>.</p>
<p>:output</p>
<p>Causes the creation of an <em>output file stream</em>.</p>
<p>:io</p>
<p>Causes the creation of a <em>bidirectional file stream</em>.</p>
<p>:probe</p>
<p>Causes the creation of a “no-directional” <span><i>file stream</i></span>; in effect, the <span><i>file stream</i></span> is</p>
<p>created and then closed prior to being returned by <span><b>open</b></span>.</p>
<p>:element-type</p>
<p>The <em>element-type</em> specifies the unit of transaction for the <span><i>file stream</i></span>. If it is <!-- -->:default<!-- -->, the unit is determined by <span><i>file system</i></span>, possibly based on the <span><i>file</i></span>.</p>
<p>:if-exists</p>
<p><em>if-exists</em> specifies the action to be taken if <em>direction</em> is <!-- -->:output<!-- --> or <!-- -->:io<!-- --> and a file of the name <em>filespec</em> already exists. If <em>direction</em> is <!-- -->:input<!-- -->, not supplied, or <!-- -->:probe<!-- -->, <em>if-exists</em> is ignored. These are the results of <span><b>open</b></span> as modified by <em>if-exists</em>:</p>
<p>:error</p>
<p>An error of <span><i>type</i></span> <span><b>file-error</b></span> is signaled.</p>
<p>:new-version</p>
<p>A new file is created with a larger version number.</p>
<p>:rename</p>
<p>The existing file is renamed to some other name and then a new file is created.</p>
<p>:rename-and-delete</p>
<p>The existing file is renamed to some other name, then it is deleted but not</p>
<p>expunged, and then a new file is created.</p>
<span><b>open</b></span>
<p>:overwrite</p>
<p>Output operations on the <span><i>stream</i></span> destructively modify the existing file. If <em>direction</em></p>
<p>is <!-- -->:io<!-- --> the file is opened in a bidirectional mode that allows both reading and</p>
<p>writing. The file pointer is initially positioned at the beginning of the file; however,</p>
<p>the file is not truncated back to length zero when it is opened.</p>
<p>:append</p>
<p>Output operations on the <span><i>stream</i></span> destructively modify the existing file. The file</p>
<p>pointer is initially positioned at the end of the file.</p>
<p>If <em>direction</em> is <!-- -->:io<!-- -->, the file is opened in a bidirectional mode that allows both</p>
<p>reading and writing.</p>
<p>:supersede</p>
<p>The existing file is superseded; that is, a new file with the same name as the old</p>
<p>one is created. If possible, the implementation should not destroy the old file until</p>
<p>the new <span><i>stream</i></span> is closed.</p>
<span><b>nil</b></span>
<p>No file or <span><i>stream</i></span> is created; instead, <span><b>nil</b></span> is returned to indicate failure.</p>
<p>:if-does-not-exist</p>
<p><em>if-does-not-exist</em> specifies the action to be taken if a file of name <em>filespec</em> does not already exist. These are the results of <span><b>open</b></span> as modified by <em>if-does-not-exist</em>:</p>
<p>:error</p>
<p>An error of <span><i>type</i></span> <span><b>file-error</b></span> is signaled.</p>
<p>:create</p>
<p>An empty file is created. Processing continues as if the file had already existed but</p>
<p>no processing as directed by <em>if-exists</em> is performed.</p>
<span><b>nil</b></span>
<p>No file or <span><i>stream</i></span> is created; instead, <span><b>nil</b></span> is returned to indicate failure.</p>
<p>:external-format</p>
<p>This option selects an <span><i>external file format</i></span> for the <span><i>file</i></span>: The only <span><i>standardized</i></span> value for this option is <!-- -->:default<!-- -->, although <span><i>implementations</i></span> are permitted to define additional <span><i>external file formats</i></span> and <span><i>implementation-dependent</i></span> values returned by <span><b>stream-external-format</b></span> can also be used by <span><i>conforming programs</i></span>.</p>
<span><b>open</b></span>
<p>The <em>external-format</em> is meaningful for any kind of <span><i>file stream</i></span> whose <span><i>element type</i></span> is a <span><i>subtype</i></span> of <span><i>character</i></span> . This option is ignored for <span><i>streams</i></span> for which it is not meaningful; however, <span><i>implementations</i></span> may define other <span><i>element types</i></span> for which it is meaningful. The consequences are unspecified if a <span><i>character</i></span> is written that cannot be represented by the given <span><i>external file format</i></span>.</p>
<p>When a file is opened, a <span><i>file stream</i></span> is constructed to serve as the file system’s ambassador to the Lisp environment; operations on the <span><i>file stream</i></span> are reflected by operations on the file in the file system.</p>
<p>A file can be deleted, renamed, or destructively modified by <span><b>open</b></span>.</p>
<p>For information about opening relative pathnames, see Section 19.2.3 (Merging Pathnames).</p>
<p><strong>Examples:</strong></p>
<div class="language-lisp codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa"><div class="codeBlockContent_biex"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-lisp codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style="color:#393A34;background-color:#f6f8fa"><code class="codeBlockLines_e6Vv"><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token car">open</span><span class="token plain"> *filespec* </span><span class="token lisp-property property" style="color:#36acaa">:direction</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token lisp-property property" style="color:#36acaa">:probe</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token plain"> → #&lt;Closed Probe File Stream...&gt; </span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#00009f">setq</span><span class="token plain"> q </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token car">merge-pathnames</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token car">user-homedir-pathname</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:#e3116c">&quot;test&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">→ #&lt;PATHNAME </span><span class="token lisp-property property" style="color:#36acaa">:HOST</span><span class="token plain"> NIL </span><span class="token lisp-property property" style="color:#36acaa">:DEVICE</span><span class="token plain"> *device-name* </span><span class="token lisp-property property" style="color:#36acaa">:DIRECTORY</span><span class="token plain"> *directory-name* </span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token lisp-property property" style="color:#36acaa">:NAME</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:#e3116c">&quot;test&quot;</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token lisp-property property" style="color:#36acaa">:TYPE</span><span class="token plain"> NIL </span><span class="token lisp-property property" style="color:#36acaa">:VERSION</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token lisp-property property" style="color:#36acaa">:NEWEST&gt;</span><span class="token plain"> </span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token car">open</span><span class="token plain"> *filespec* </span><span class="token lisp-property property" style="color:#36acaa">:if-does-not-exist</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token lisp-property property" style="color:#36acaa">:create</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token plain"> → #&lt;Input File Stream...&gt; </span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#00009f">setq</span><span class="token plain"> s </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token car">open</span><span class="token plain"> *filespec* </span><span class="token lisp-property property" style="color:#36acaa">:direction</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token lisp-property property" style="color:#36acaa">:probe</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><
<p><strong>Affected By:</strong></p>
<p>The nature and state of the host computer’s <span><i>file system</i></span>.</p>
<p><strong>Exceptional Situations:</strong></p>
<p>If <em>if-exists</em> is <!-- -->:error<!-- -->, (subject to the constraints on the meaning of <em>if-exists</em> listed above), an error of <span><i>type</i></span> <span><b>file-error</b></span> is signaled.</p>
<p>If <em>if-does-not-exist</em> is <!-- -->:error<!-- --> (subject to the constraints on the meaning of <em>if-does-not-exist</em> listed above), an error of <span><i>type</i></span> <span><b>file-error</b></span> is signaled.</p>
<p>If it is impossible for an implementation to handle some option in a manner close to what is specified here, an error of <span><i>type</i></span> <span><b>error</b></span> might be signaled.</p>
<p>An error of <span><i>type</i></span> <span><b>file-error</b></span> is signaled if (wild-pathname-p <em>filespec</em>) returns true.</p>
<p>An error of <span><i>type</i></span> <span><b>error</b></span> is signaled if the <em>external-format</em> is not understood by the <span><i>implementation</i></span>.</p>
<p>The various <span><i>file systems</i></span> in existence today have widely differing capabilities, and some aspects of the <span><i>file system</i></span> are beyond the scope of this specification to define. A given <span><i>implementation</i></span> might not be able to support all of these options in exactly the manner stated. An <span><i>implementation</i></span> is required to recognize all of these option keywords and to try to do something “reasonable” in the context of the host <span><i>file system</i></span>. Where necessary to accomodate the <span><i>file system</i></span>, an <span><i>implementation</i></span></p>
<p>deviate slightly from the semantics specified here without being disqualified for consideration as a <span><i>conforming implementation</i></span>. If it is utterly impossible for an <span><i>implementation</i></span> to handle some option in a manner similar to what is specified here, it may simply signal an error.</p>
<p>With regard to the <!-- -->:element-type<!-- --> option, if a <span><i>type</i></span> is requested that is not supported by the <span><i>file system</i></span>, a substitution of types such as that which goes on in <em>upgrading</em> is permissible. As a minimum requirement, it should be the case that opening an <em>output stream</em> to a <span><i>file</i></span> in a given <span><i>element type</i></span> and later opening an <em>input stream</em> to the same <span><i>file</i></span> in the same <span><i>element type</i></span> should work compatibly.</p>
<p><strong>See Also:</strong></p>
<p><span><b>with-open-file</b></span>, <span><b>close</b></span>, <span><b>pathname</b></span>, <span><b>logical-pathname</b></span>, Section 19.2.3 (Merging Pathnames), Section 19.1.2 (Pathnames as Filenames)</p>
<p><strong>Notes:</strong></p>
<p><span><b>open</b></span> does not automatically close the file when an abnormal exit occurs.</p>
<p>When <em>element-type</em> is a <span><i>subtype</i></span> of <span><b>character</b></span>, <span><b>read-char</b></span> and/or <span><b>write-char</b></span> can be used on the resulting <span><i>file stream</i></span>.</p>
<p>When <em>element-type</em> is a <span><i>subtype</i></span> of <em>integer</em> , <span><b>read-byte</b></span> and/or <span><b>write-byte</b></span> can be used on the resulting <span><i>file stream</i></span>.</p>
<p>When <em>element-type</em> is <!-- -->:default<!-- -->, the <span><i>type</i></span> can be determined by using <span><b>stream-element-type</b></span>.</p>
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