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<h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="2221-pretty-printer-concepts">22.2.1 Pretty Printer Concepts<a href="cc-c-the-lisp-pretty-printer.html#2221-pretty-printer-concepts" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 22.2.1 Pretty Printer Concepts" title="Direct link to 22.2.1 Pretty Printer Concepts">​</a></h2>
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<p>The facilities provided by the <span><i>pretty printer</i></span> permit <span><i>programs</i></span> to redefine the way in which <span><i>code</i></span> is displayed, and allow the full power of <em>pretty printing</em> to be applied to complex combinations of data structures.</p>
<p>Whether any given style of output is in fact “pretty” is inherently a somewhat subjective issue. However, since the effect of the <span><i>pretty printer</i></span> can be customized by <span><i>conforming programs</i></span>, the necessary flexibility is provided for individual <span><i>programs</i></span> to achieve an arbitrary degree of aesthetic control.</p>
<p>By providing direct access to the mechanisms within the pretty printer that make dynamic decisions about layout, the macros and functions <span><b>pprint-logical-block</b></span>, <span><b>pprint-newline</b></span>, and <span><b>pprint-indent</b></span> make it possible to specify pretty printing layout rules as a part of any function that produces output. They also make it very easy for the detection of circularity and sharing, and abbreviation based on length and nesting depth to be supported by the function.</p>
<p>The <span><i>pretty printer</i></span> is driven entirely by dispatch based on the <span><i>value</i></span> of <span><b>*print-pprint-dispatch*</b></span>. The <span><i>function</i></span> <span><b>set-pprint-dispatch</b></span> makes it possible for <span><i>conforming programs</i></span> to associate new pretty printing functions with a <span><i>type</i></span>.</p>
<h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="22211-dynamic-control-of-the-arrangement-of-output">22.2.1.1 Dynamic Control of the Arrangement of Output<a href="cc-c-the-lisp-pretty-printer.html#22211-dynamic-control-of-the-arrangement-of-output" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 22.2.1.1 Dynamic Control of the Arrangement of Output" title="Direct link to 22.2.1.1 Dynamic Control of the Arrangement of Output">​</a></h3>
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<p>The actions of the <span><i>pretty printer</i></span> when a piece of output is too large to fit in the space available can be precisely controlled. Three concepts underlie the way these operations work—<span><i>logical blocks</i></span>, <span><i>conditional newlines</i></span>, and <span><i>sections</i></span>. Before proceeding further, it is important to define these terms.</p>
<p>The first line of Figure 22–3 shows a schematic piece of output. Each of the characters in the output is represented by “-”. The positions of conditional newlines are indicated by digits. The beginnings and ends of logical blocks are indicated by “&lt;” and “&gt;” respectively.</p>
<p>The output as a whole is a logical block and the outermost section. This section is indicated by the 0’s on the second line of Figure 1. Logical blocks nested within the output are specified by the macro <span><b>pprint-logical-block</b></span>. Conditional newline positions are specified by calls to <span><b>pprint-newline</b></span>. Each conditional newline defines two sections (one before it and one after it) and is associated with a third (the section immediately containing it).</p>
<p>The section after a conditional newline consists of: all the output up to, but not including, (a) the next conditional newline immediately contained in the same logical block; or if (a) is not applicable, (b) the next newline that is at a lesser level of nesting in logical blocks; or if (b) is not applicable, (c) the end of the output.</p>
<p>The section before a conditional newline consists of: all the output back to, but not including, (a) the previous conditional newline that is immediately contained in the same logical block; or if (a)</p>
<p>is not applicable, (b) the beginning of the immediately containing logical block. The last four lines in Figure 1 indicate the sections before and after the four conditional newlines.</p>
<p>The section immediately containing a conditional newline is the shortest section that contains the conditional newline in question. In Figure 22–3, the first conditional newline is immediately contained in the section marked with 0’s, the second and third conditional newlines are immediately contained in the section before the fourth conditional newline, and the fourth conditional newline is immediately contained in the section after the first conditional newline.</p>
<p>&lt;-1–-&lt;–&lt;–2–-3-&gt;–4–&gt;-&gt;</p>
<p>000000000000000000000000000</p>
<p>11 111111111111111111111111</p>
<p>22 222</p>
<p>333 3333</p>
<p>44444444444444 44444</p>
<p><strong>Figure 22–3. Example of Logical Blocks, Conditional Newlines, and Sections</strong></p>
<p>Whenever possible, the pretty printer displays the entire contents of a section on a single line. However, if the section is too long to fit in the space available, line breaks are inserted at conditional newline positions within the section.</p>
<h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="22212-format-directive-interface">22.2.1.2 Format Directive Interface<a href="cc-c-the-lisp-pretty-printer.html#22212-format-directive-interface" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 22.2.1.2 Format Directive Interface" title="Direct link to 22.2.1.2 Format Directive Interface">​</a></h3>
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<p>The primary interface to operations for dynamically determining the arrangement of output is provided through the functions and macros of the pretty printer. Figure 22–4 shows the defined names related to <em>pretty printing</em>.</p>
<p>|</p><p><strong>*print-lines* pprint-dispatch pprint-pop *print-miser-width* pprint-exit-if-list-exhausted pprint-tab *print-pprint-dispatch* pprint-fill pprint-tabular *print-right-margin* pprint-indent set-pprint-dispatch copy-pprint-dispatch pprint-linear write</strong> </p><p><strong>format pprint-logical-block</strong> </p><p><strong>formatter pprint-newline</strong></p>|<p></p>
<p>| :- |</p>
<p><strong>Figure 22–4. Defined names related to pretty printing.</strong></p>
<p>Figure 22–5 identifies a set of <span><i>format directives</i></span> which serve as an alternate interface to the same pretty printing operations in a more textually compact form.</p>
<p>|</p><p>~I ~W ~&lt;...~:&gt; </p><p>~<!-- -->:T<!-- --> ~/.../ ~</p>|<p></p>
<p>| :- |</p>
<p><strong>Figure 22–5. Format directives related to Pretty Printing</strong></p>
<h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="22213-compiling-format-strings">22.2.1.3 Compiling Format Strings<a href="cc-c-the-lisp-pretty-printer.html#22213-compiling-format-strings" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 22.2.1.3 Compiling Format Strings" title="Direct link to 22.2.1.3 Compiling Format Strings">​</a></h3>
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<p>A <span><i>format string</i></span> is essentially a program in a special-purpose language that performs printing, and that is interpreted by the <span><i>function</i></span> <span><b>format</b></span>. The <span><b>formatter</b></span> <span><i>macro</i></span> provides the efficiency of using a <span><i>compiled function</i></span> to do that same printing but without losing the textual compactness of <span><i>format strings</i></span>.</p>
<p>A <span><i>format control</i></span> is either a <span><i>format string</i></span> or a <span><i>function</i></span> that was returned by the the <span><b>formatter</b></span> <span><i>macro</i></span>.</p>
<h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="22214-pretty-print-dispatch-tables">22.2.1.4 Pretty Print Dispatch Tables<a href="cc-c-the-lisp-pretty-printer.html#22214-pretty-print-dispatch-tables" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 22.2.1.4 Pretty Print Dispatch Tables" title="Direct link to 22.2.1.4 Pretty Print Dispatch Tables">​</a></h3>
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<p>A <span><i>pprint dispatch table</i></span> is a mapping from keys to pairs of values. Each key is a <span><i>type specifier</i></span> . The values associated with a key are a “function” (specifically, a <span><i>function designator</i></span> or <span><b>nil</b></span>) and a “numerical priority” (specifically, a <em>real</em>). Basic insertion and retrieval is done based on the keys with the equality of keys being tested by <span><b>equal</b></span>.</p>
<p>When <span><b>*print-pretty*</b></span> is <span><i>true</i></span>, the <span><i>current pprint dispatch table</i></span> (in <span><b>*print-pprint-dispatch*</b></span>) controls how <span><i>objects</i></span> are printed. The information in this table takes precedence over all other mechanisms for specifying how to print <span><i>objects</i></span>. In particular, it has priority over user-defined <span><b>print-object</b></span> <span><i>methods</i></span> because the <span><i>current pprint dispatch table</i></span> is consulted first.</p>
<p>The function is chosen from the <span><i>current pprint dispatch table</i></span> by finding the highest priority function that is associated with a <span><i>type specifier</i></span> that matches the <span><i>object</i></span>; if there is more than one such function, it is <span><i>implementation-dependent</i></span> which is used.</p>
<p>However, if there is no information in the table about how to <span><i>pretty print</i></span> a particular kind of <span><i>object</i></span>, a <span><i>function</i></span> is invoked which uses <span><b>print-object</b></span> to print the <span><i>object</i></span>. The value of <span><b>*print-pretty*</b></span> is still <span><i>true</i></span> when this function is <em>called</em>, and individual methods for <span><b>print-object</b></span> might still elect to produce output in a special format conditional on the <span><i>value</i></span> of <span><b>*print-pretty*</b></span>.</p>
<h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="22215-pretty-printer-margins">22.2.1.5 Pretty Printer Margins<a href="cc-c-the-lisp-pretty-printer.html#22215-pretty-printer-margins" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 22.2.1.5 Pretty Printer Margins" title="Direct link to 22.2.1.5 Pretty Printer Margins">​</a></h3>
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<p>A primary goal of pretty printing is to keep the output between a pair of margins. The column where the output begins is taken as the left margin. If the current column cannot be determined at the time output begins, the left margin is assumed to be zero. The right margin is controlled by <span><b>*print-right-margin*</b></span>.</p>
<h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="2222-examples-of-using-the-pretty-printer">22.2.2 Examples of using the Pretty Printer<a href="cc-c-the-lisp-pretty-printer.html#2222-examples-of-using-the-pretty-printer" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 22.2.2 Examples of using the Pretty Printer" title="Direct link to 22.2.2 Examples of using the Pretty Printer">​</a></h2>
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<div class="language-lisp codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa"><div class="codeBlockContent_biex"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-lisp codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style="color:#393A34;background-color:#f6f8fa"><code class="codeBlockLines_e6Vv"><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">As an example of the interaction of logical blocks, conditional newlines, and indentation, consider the function simple-pprint-defun below. This function prints out lists whose *cars* are **defun** in the standard way assuming that the list has exactly length </span><span class="token number" style="color:#36acaa">4.</span><span class="token plain"> </span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token defun keyword" style="color:#00009f">defun</span><span class="token defun"> </span><span class="token defun function" style="color:#d73a49">simple-pprint-defun</span><span class="token defun"> </span><span class="token defun punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token defun arguments">\</span><span class="token defun arguments argument variable" style="color:#36acaa">*standard-output</span><span class="token defun arguments">\</span><span class="token defun arguments argument variable" style="color:#36acaa">*</span><span class="token defun arguments"> </span><span class="token defun arguments argument variable" style="color:#36acaa">list</span><span class="token defun punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token car">pprint-logical-block</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token plain">\*standard-output\* list </span><span class="token lisp-property property" style="color:#36acaa">:prefix</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:#e3116c">&quot;(&quot;</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token lisp-property property" style="color:#36acaa">:suffix</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:#e3116c">&quot;)&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token car">write</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token car">first</span><span class="token plain"> list</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> </span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> </span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token car">write-char</span><span class="token plain"> #\Space</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token car">pprint-newline</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token lisp-property property" style="color:#36acaa">:miser</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plai
<h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="2223-notes-about-the-pretty-printer">22.2.3 Notes about the Pretty Printer<a href="cc-c-the-lisp-pretty-printer.html#2223-notes-about-the-pretty-printer" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 22.2.3 Notes about the Pretty Printer" title="Direct link to 22.2.3 Notes about the Pretty Printer">​</a></h2>
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<p>For a background reference to the abstract concepts detailed in this section, see <em>XP: A Common Lisp Pretty Printing System</em>. The details of that paper are not binding on this document, but may be helpful in establishing a conceptual basis for understanding this material.</p></div><footer class="theme-doc-footer docusaurus-mt-lg"><div class="theme-doc-footer-edit-meta-row row"><div class="col"><a href="https://github.com/lisp-docs/cl-language-reference/tree/main/docs/chap-22/cc-c-the-lisp-pretty-printer.md" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="theme-edit-this-page"><svg fill="currentColor" height="20" width="20" viewBox="0 0 40 40" class="iconEdit_Z9Sw" aria-hidden="true"><g><path d="m34.5 11.7l-3 3.1-6.3-6.3 3.1-3q0.5-0.5 1.2-0.5t1.1 0.5l3.9 3.9q0.5 0.4 0.5 1.1t-0.5 1.2z m-29.5 17.1l18.4-18.5 6.3 6.3-18.4 18.4h-6.3v-6.2z"></path></g></svg>Edit this page</a></div><div class="col lastUpdated_vwxv"><span class="theme-last-updated">Last updated<!-- --> by <b>daninus14</b></span></div></div></footer></article><nav class="pagination-nav docusaurus-mt-lg" aria-label="Docs pages"><a class="pagination-nav__link pagination-nav__link--prev" href="cc-b-the-lisp-printer.html"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Previous</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">22.1 The Lisp Printer</div></a><a class="pagination-nav__link pagination-nav__link--next" href="cc-d-formatted-output.html"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Next</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">22.3 Formatted Output</div></a></nav></div></div><div class="col col--3"><div class="tableOfContents_bqdL thin-scrollbar theme-doc-toc-desktop"><ul class="table-of-contents table-of-contents__left-border"><li><a href="cc-c-the-lisp-pretty-printer.html#2221-pretty-printer-concepts" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">22.2.1 Pretty Printer Concepts</a><ul><li><a href="cc-c-the-lisp-pretty-printer.html#22211-dynamic-control-of-the-arrangement-of-output" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">22.2.1.1 Dynamic Control of the Arrangement of Output</a></li><li><a href="cc-c-the-lisp-pretty-printer.html#22212-format-directive-interface" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">22.2.1.2 Format Directive Interface</a></li><li><a href="cc-c-the-lisp-pretty-printer.html#22213-compiling-format-strings" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">22.2.1.3 Compiling Format Strings</a></li><li><a href="cc-c-the-lisp-pretty-printer.html#22214-pretty-print-dispatch-tables" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">22.2.1.4 Pretty Print Dispatch Tables</a></li><li><a href="cc-c-the-lisp-pretty-printer.html#22215-pretty-printer-margins" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">22.2.1.5 Pretty Printer Margins</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="cc-c-the-lisp-pretty-printer.html#2222-examples-of-using-the-pretty-printer" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">22.2.2 Examples of using the Pretty Printer</a></li><li><a href="cc-c-the-lisp-pretty-printer.html#2223-notes-about-the-pretty-printer" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">22.2.3 Notes about the Pretty Printer</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></main></div></div></div><footer class="footer footer--dark"><div class="container container-fluid"><div class="row footer__links"><div class="col footer__col"><div class="footer__title">Docs</div><ul class="footer__items clean-list"><li class="footer__item"><a href="../../docs/tutorial.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Common Lisp Tutorial</a></li><li class="footer__item"><a href="../index.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Common Lisp Technical Reference</a></li><li class="footer__item"><a href="../../docs/help.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Help</a></li></ul></div><div class="col footer__col"><div class="footer__title">Community</div><ul class="footer__items clean-list"><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/common-lisp" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="f
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