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<div style="text-align:center"><span style="visibility: hidden"><a href="">Prev</a> | </span><a href="index.html">Contents</a><span> | <a href="intro.html">Next</a></span></div><hr>
<header id="title-block-header">
<h1 class="title">Beej's Guide to Network Programming</h1>
<p class="subtitle">Using Internet Sockets</p>
<p class="author">Brian “Beej Jorgensen” Hall</p>
<p class="date">v3.1.11, Copyright © April 8, 2023</p>
</header>
<nav id="TOC" role="doc-toc">
<ul>
<li><a href="intro.html#intro" id="toc-intro"><span class="toc-section-number">1</span> Intro</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="intro.html#audience" id="toc-audience"><span class="toc-section-number">1.1</span> Audience</a></li>
<li><a href="intro.html#platform-and-compiler" id="toc-platform-and-compiler"><span class="toc-section-number">1.2</span> Platform and Compiler</a></li>
<li><a href="intro.html#official-homepage-and-books-for-sale" id="toc-official-homepage-and-books-for-sale"><span class="toc-section-number">1.3</span> Official Homepage and Books For Sale</a></li>
<li><a href="intro.html#solaris" id="toc-solaris"><span class="toc-section-number">1.4</span> Note for Solaris/SunOS Programmers</a></li>
<li><a href="intro.html#windows" id="toc-windows"><span class="toc-section-number">1.5</span> Note for Windows Programmers</a></li>
<li><a href="intro.html#email-policy" id="toc-email-policy"><span class="toc-section-number">1.6</span> Email Policy</a></li>
<li><a href="intro.html#mirroring" id="toc-mirroring"><span class="toc-section-number">1.7</span> Mirroring</a></li>
<li><a href="intro.html#note-for-translators" id="toc-note-for-translators"><span class="toc-section-number">1.8</span> Note for Translators</a></li>
<li><a href="intro.html#legal" id="toc-legal"><span class="toc-section-number">1.9</span> Copyright, Distribution, and Legal</a></li>
<li><a href="intro.html#dedication" id="toc-dedication"><span class="toc-section-number">1.10</span> Dedication</a></li>
<li><a href="intro.html#publishing-information" id="toc-publishing-information"><span class="toc-section-number">1.11</span> Publishing Information</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="what-is-a-socket.html#what-is-a-socket" id="toc-what-is-a-socket"><span class="toc-section-number">2</span> What is a socket?</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="what-is-a-socket.html#two-types-of-internet-sockets" id="toc-two-types-of-internet-sockets"><span class="toc-section-number">2.1</span> Two Types of Internet Sockets</a></li>
<li><a href="what-is-a-socket.html#lowlevel" id="toc-lowlevel"><span class="toc-section-number">2.2</span> Low level Nonsense and Network Theory</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="ip-addresses-structs-and-data-munging.html#ip-addresses-structs-and-data-munging" id="toc-ip-addresses-structs-and-data-munging"><span class="toc-section-number">3</span> IP Addresses, <code>struct</code>s, and Data Munging</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="ip-addresses-structs-and-data-munging.html#ip-addresses-versions-4-and-6" id="toc-ip-addresses-versions-4-and-6"><span class="toc-section-number">3.1</span> IP Addresses, versions 4 and 6</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="ip-addresses-structs-and-data-munging.html#subnets" id="toc-subnets"><span class="toc-section-number">3.1.1</span> Subnets</a></li>
<li><a href="ip-addresses-structs-and-data-munging.html#port-numbers" id="toc-port-numbers"><span class="toc-section-number">3.1.2</span> Port Numbers</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="ip-addresses-structs-and-data-munging.html#byte-order" id="toc-byte-order"><span class="toc-section-number">3.2</span> Byte Order</a></li>
<li><a href="ip-addresses-structs-and-data-munging.html#structs" id="toc-structs"><span class="toc-section-number">3.3</span> <code>struct</code>s</a></li>
<li><a href="ip-addresses-structs-and-data-munging.html#ip-addresses-part-deux" id="toc-ip-addresses-part-deux"><span class="toc-section-number">3.4</span> IP Addresses, Part Deux</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="ip-addresses-structs-and-data-munging.html#private-or-disconnected-networks" id="toc-private-or-disconnected-networks"><span class="toc-section-number">3.4.1</span> Private (Or Disconnected) Networks</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="jumping-from-ipv4-to-ipv6.html#jumping-from-ipv4-to-ipv6" id="toc-jumping-from-ipv4-to-ipv6"><span class="toc-section-number">4</span> Jumping from IPv4 to IPv6</a></li>
<li><a href="system-calls-or-bust.html#system-calls-or-bust" id="toc-system-calls-or-bust"><span class="toc-section-number">5</span> System Calls or Bust</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="system-calls-or-bust.html#getaddrinfoprepare-to-launch" id="toc-getaddrinfoprepare-to-launch"><span class="toc-section-number">5.1</span> <code>getaddrinfo()</code>—Prepare to launch!</a></li>
<li><a href="system-calls-or-bust.html#socket" id="toc-socket"><span class="toc-section-number">5.2</span> <code>socket()</code>—Get the File Descriptor!</a></li>
<li><a href="system-calls-or-bust.html#bind" id="toc-bind"><span class="toc-section-number">5.3</span> <code>bind()</code>—What port am I on?</a></li>
<li><a href="system-calls-or-bust.html#connect" id="toc-connect"><span class="toc-section-number">5.4</span> <code>connect()</code>—Hey, you!</a></li>
<li><a href="system-calls-or-bust.html#listen" id="toc-listen"><span class="toc-section-number">5.5</span> <code>listen()</code>—Will somebody please call me?</a></li>
<li><a href="system-calls-or-bust.html#acceptthank-you-for-calling-port-3490." id="toc-acceptthank-you-for-calling-port-3490."><span class="toc-section-number">5.6</span> <code>accept()</code>—“Thank you for calling port 3490.”</a></li>
<li><a href="system-calls-or-bust.html#sendrecv" id="toc-sendrecv"><span class="toc-section-number">5.7</span> <code>send()</code> and <code>recv()</code>—Talk to me, baby!</a></li>
<li><a href="system-calls-or-bust.html#sendtorecv" id="toc-sendtorecv"><span class="toc-section-number">5.8</span> <code>sendto()</code> and <code>recvfrom()</code>—Talk to me, DGRAM-style</a></li>
<li><a href="system-calls-or-bust.html#close-and-shutdownget-outta-my-face" id="toc-close-and-shutdownget-outta-my-face"><span class="toc-section-number">5.9</span> <code>close()</code> and <code>shutdown()</code>—Get outta my face!</a></li>
<li><a href="system-calls-or-bust.html#getpeernamewho-are-you" id="toc-getpeernamewho-are-you"><span class="toc-section-number">5.10</span> <code>getpeername()</code>—Who are you?</a></li>
<li><a href="system-calls-or-bust.html#gethostnamewho-am-i" id="toc-gethostnamewho-am-i"><span class="toc-section-number">5.11</span> <code>gethostname()</code>—Who am I?</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="client-server-background.html#client-server-background" id="toc-client-server-background"><span class="toc-section-number">6</span> Client-Server Background</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="client-server-background.html#a-simple-stream-server" id="toc-a-simple-stream-server"><span class="toc-section-number">6.1</span> A Simple Stream Server</a></li>
<li><a href="client-server-background.html#a-simple-stream-client" id="toc-a-simple-stream-client"><span class="toc-section-number">6.2</span> A Simple Stream Client</a></li>
<li><a href="client-server-background.html#datagram" id="toc-datagram"><span class="toc-section-number">6.3</span> Datagram Sockets</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="slightly-advanced-techniques.html#slightly-advanced-techniques" id="toc-slightly-advanced-techniques"><span class="toc-section-number">7</span> Slightly Advanced Techniques</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="slightly-advanced-techniques.html#blocking" id="toc-blocking"><span class="toc-section-number">7.1</span> Blocking</a></li>
<li><a href="slightly-advanced-techniques.html#poll" id="toc-poll"><span class="toc-section-number">7.2</span> <code>poll()</code>—Synchronous I/O Multiplexing</a></li>
<li><a href="slightly-advanced-techniques.html#select" id="toc-select"><span class="toc-section-number">7.3</span> <code>select()</code>—Synchronous I/O Multiplexing, Old School</a></li>
<li><a href="slightly-advanced-techniques.html#sendall" id="toc-sendall"><span class="toc-section-number">7.4</span> Handling Partial <code>send()</code>s</a></li>
<li><a href="slightly-advanced-techniques.html#serialization" id="toc-serialization"><span class="toc-section-number">7.5</span> Serialization—How to Pack Data</a></li>
<li><a href="slightly-advanced-techniques.html#sonofdataencap" id="toc-sonofdataencap"><span class="toc-section-number">7.6</span> Son of Data Encapsulation</a></li>
<li><a href="slightly-advanced-techniques.html#broadcast-packetshello-world" id="toc-broadcast-packetshello-world"><span class="toc-section-number">7.7</span> Broadcast Packets—Hello, World!</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="common-questions.html#common-questions" id="toc-common-questions"><span class="toc-section-number">8</span> Common Questions</a></li>
<li><a href="man-pages.html#man-pages" id="toc-man-pages"><span class="toc-section-number">9</span> Man Pages</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="man-pages.html#acceptman" id="toc-acceptman"><span class="toc-section-number">9.1</span> <code>accept()</code></a></li>
<li><a href="man-pages.html#bindman" id="toc-bindman"><span class="toc-section-number">9.2</span> <code>bind()</code></a></li>
<li><a href="man-pages.html#connectman" id="toc-connectman"><span class="toc-section-number">9.3</span> <code>connect()</code></a></li>
<li><a href="man-pages.html#closeman" id="toc-closeman"><span class="toc-section-number">9.4</span> <code>close()</code></a></li>
<li><a href="man-pages.html#getaddrinfoman" id="toc-getaddrinfoman"><span class="toc-section-number">9.5</span> <code>getaddrinfo()</code>, <code>freeaddrinfo()</code>, <code>gai_strerror()</code></a></li>
<li><a href="man-pages.html#gethostnameman" id="toc-gethostnameman"><span class="toc-section-number">9.6</span> <code>gethostname()</code></a></li>
<li><a href="man-pages.html#gethostbynameman" id="toc-gethostbynameman"><span class="toc-section-number">9.7</span> <code>gethostbyname()</code>, <code>gethostbyaddr()</code></a></li>
<li><a href="man-pages.html#getnameinfoman" id="toc-getnameinfoman"><span class="toc-section-number">9.8</span> <code>getnameinfo()</code></a></li>
<li><a href="man-pages.html#getpeernameman" id="toc-getpeernameman"><span class="toc-section-number">9.9</span> <code>getpeername()</code></a></li>
<li><a href="man-pages.html#errnoman" id="toc-errnoman"><span class="toc-section-number">9.10</span> <code>errno</code></a></li>
<li><a href="man-pages.html#fcntlman" id="toc-fcntlman"><span class="toc-section-number">9.11</span> <code>fcntl()</code></a></li>
<li><a href="man-pages.html#htonsman" id="toc-htonsman"><span class="toc-section-number">9.12</span> <code>htons()</code>, <code>htonl()</code>, <code>ntohs()</code>, <code>ntohl()</code></a></li>
<li><a href="man-pages.html#inet_ntoaman" id="toc-inet_ntoaman"><span class="toc-section-number">9.13</span> <code>inet_ntoa()</code>, <code>inet_aton()</code>, <code>inet_addr</code></a></li>
<li><a href="man-pages.html#inet_ntopman" id="toc-inet_ntopman"><span class="toc-section-number">9.14</span> <code>inet_ntop()</code>, <code>inet_pton()</code></a></li>
<li><a href="man-pages.html#listenman" id="toc-listenman"><span class="toc-section-number">9.15</span> <code>listen()</code></a></li>
<li><a href="man-pages.html#perrorman" id="toc-perrorman"><span class="toc-section-number">9.16</span> <code>perror()</code>, <code>strerror()</code></a></li>
<li><a href="man-pages.html#pollman" id="toc-pollman"><span class="toc-section-number">9.17</span> <code>poll()</code></a></li>
<li><a href="man-pages.html#recvman" id="toc-recvman"><span class="toc-section-number">9.18</span> <code>recv()</code>, <code>recvfrom()</code></a></li>
<li><a href="man-pages.html#selectman" id="toc-selectman"><span class="toc-section-number">9.19</span> <code>select()</code></a></li>
<li><a href="man-pages.html#setsockoptman" id="toc-setsockoptman"><span class="toc-section-number">9.20</span> <code>setsockopt()</code>, <code>getsockopt()</code></a></li>
<li><a href="man-pages.html#sendman" id="toc-sendman"><span class="toc-section-number">9.21</span> <code>send()</code>, <code>sendto()</code></a></li>
<li><a href="man-pages.html#shutdownman" id="toc-shutdownman"><span class="toc-section-number">9.22</span> <code>shutdown()</code></a></li>
<li><a href="man-pages.html#socketman" id="toc-socketman"><span class="toc-section-number">9.23</span> <code>socket()</code></a></li>
<li><a href="man-pages.html#structsockaddrman" id="toc-structsockaddrman"><span class="toc-section-number">9.24</span> <code>struct sockaddr</code> and pals</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="more-references.html#more-references" id="toc-more-references"><span class="toc-section-number">10</span> More References</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="more-references.html#books" id="toc-books"><span class="toc-section-number">10.1</span> Books</a></li>
<li><a href="more-references.html#web-references" id="toc-web-references"><span class="toc-section-number">10.2</span> Web References</a></li>
<li><a href="more-references.html#rfcs" id="toc-rfcs"><span class="toc-section-number">10.3</span> RFCs</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
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History:
2.3.2: socket man page
2.3.3: sockaddr_in man page
2.3.4: bind, listen man page
2.3.5: connect man page
2.3.6: listen, perror man page
2.3.7: errno man page
2.3.8: htonl etc man page
2.3.9: close man page, expanded man page leader
2.3.10: inet_ntoa, setsockopt man pages
2.3.11: getpeername man page
2.3.12: send/sendto man pages
2.3.13: shutdown man pages
2.3.14: gethostname man pages, fix inet_aton links
2.3.15: fcntl man page
2.3.16: recv/recvfrom man page
2.3.17: gethostbyname/gethostbyaddr man page
2.3.18: changed GET / to GET / HTTP/1.0
2.3.19: added select() man page
2.3.20: added poll() man page
2.3.21: section on NAT and reserved networks
2.3.22: typo fixes in sects "man" and "privnet"
2.3.23: added broadcast packets section
2.3.24: manpage prototype changed to code, subtitle moved out of title
2.4.0: big overhaul, serialization stuff
2.4.1: minor text changes in intro
2.4.2: changed all sizeofs to use variable names instead of types
2.4.3: fix myaddr->my_addr in listener.c, sockaddr_inman example
2.4.4: fix myaddr->my_addr in server.c
2.4.5: fix 14->18 in son of data encap
3.0.0: IPv6 overhaul
3.0.1: sa-to-sa6 typo fix
3.0.2: typo fixes
3.0.3: typo fixes
3.0.4: cut-n-paste errors, selectserver hints fix
3.0.5: typo fixes
3.0.6: typo fixes
3.0.7: typo fixes, added front matter
3.0.8: getpeername() code fixes
3.0.9: getpeername() code fixes, this time fer sure
3.0.10: bind() man page code fix, comment changes
3.0.11: socket syscall section code fix, comment changes
3.0.12: typos in "IP Addresses, structs, and Data Munging"
3.0.13: amp removals, note about errno and multithreading
3.0.14: type changes to listener.c, pack2.c
3.0.15: fix inet_pton example
3.0.16: fix simple server output, optlen in getsockopt man page
3.0.17: fix small typo
3.0.18: reverse perror and close calls in getaddrinfo
3.0.19: add notes about O_NONBLOCK with select() under Linux
3.0.20: fix missing .fd in poll() example
3.0.21: change sizeof(int) to sizeof yes
3.0.22: C99 updates, bug fixes, markdown
3.0.23: Book reference and URL updates
3.1.0: Section on poll()
3.1.1: Add WSL note, telnot
3.1.2: pollserver.c bugfix
3.1.3: Fix freeaddrinfo memleak
3.1.4: Fix accept example header files
3.1.5: Fix dgram AF_UNSPEC
-->
<!-- prevent hyphenation of the following words: -->
<!--
Don't know how to make this work with underscores. I love
you, Knuth, but... daaahm.
\hyphenation{gai_strerr}
-->
<!--
\hyphenation{inet_ntoa}
\hyphenation{inet_aton}
\hyphenation{inet_addr}
\hyphenation{inet_ntop}
\hyphenation{inet_pton}
-->
<!--
\hyphenation{sockaddr_in}
\hyphenation{in_addr}
\hyphenation{sockaddr_in6}
\hyphenation{in6_addr}
-->
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