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603 lines
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3O//DTD W3 HTML 2.0//EN">
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<!Converted with LaTeX2HTML 0.6.5 (Tue Nov 15 1994) by Nikos Drakos (nikos@cbl.leeds.ac.uk), CBLU, University of Leeds >
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<HEAD>
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<TITLE>22.1.4. Standard Dispatching Macro Character Syntax</TITLE>
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</HEAD>
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<BODY>
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<meta name="description" value=" Standard Dispatching Macro Character Syntax">
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<meta name="keywords" value="clm">
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<meta name="resource-type" value="document">
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<meta name="distribution" value="global">
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<P>
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<b>Common Lisp the Language, 2nd Edition</b>
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<BR> <HR><A NAME=tex2html3927 HREF="node192.html"><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="next" SRC="icons/next_motif.gif"></A> <A NAME=tex2html3925 HREF="node187.html"><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="up" SRC="icons/up_motif.gif"></A> <A NAME=tex2html3919 HREF="node190.html"><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="previous" SRC="icons/previous_motif.gif"></A> <A NAME=tex2html3929 HREF="node1.html"><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="contents" SRC="icons/contents_motif.gif"></A> <A NAME=tex2html3930 HREF="index.html"><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="index" SRC="icons/index_motif.gif"></A> <BR>
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<B> Next:</B> <A NAME=tex2html3928 HREF="node192.html"> The Readtable</A>
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<B>Up:</B> <A NAME=tex2html3926 HREF="node187.html"> Printed Representation of </A>
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<B> Previous:</B> <A NAME=tex2html3920 HREF="node190.html"> Macro Characters</A>
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<HR> <P>
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<H2><A NAME=SECTION002614000000000000000>22.1.4. Standard Dispatching Macro Character Syntax</A></H2>
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<P>
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<A NAME=SHARPSIGNMACROCHARACTERSECTION>The</A>
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<A NAME=25511>standard</A>
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syntax includes forms introduced by the <tt>#</tt> character.
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These take the general form of a <tt>#</tt>,
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a second character that identifies the syntax,
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and following arguments in some form.
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If the second character is a letter, then case is not important;
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<tt>#O</tt> and <tt>#o</tt> are considered to be equivalent, for example.
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<P>
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Certain <tt>#</tt> forms allow an unsigned decimal number to appear
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between the <tt>#</tt> and the second character; some other
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forms even require it. Those forms that do not explicitly permit
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such a number to appear forbid it.
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<A NAME=StandardSharpMacroDefinitionsTable> </A>
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<pre>
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----------------------------------------------------------------
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Table 22-4: Standard # Macro Character Syntax
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#! <i>undefined</i> * #<backspace> <i>signals error</i>
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#" <i>undefined</i> #<tab> <i>signals error</i>
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## <i>reference to #= label</i> #<newline> <i>signals error</i>
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#$ <i>undefined</i> #<linefeed> <i>signals error</i>
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#% <i>undefined</i> #<page> <i>signals error</i>
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#& <i>undefined</i> #<return> <i>signals error</i>
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#' <i>function abbreviation</i> #<space> <i>signals error</i>
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#( <i>simple vector</i> #+ <i>read-time conditional</i>
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#) <i>signals error</i> #- <i>read-time conditional</i>
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#* <i>bit-vector</i> #. <i>read-time evaluation</i>
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#, <i>load-time evaluation</i> #/ <i>undefined</i>
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#0 <i>used for infix arguments</i> #A, #a <i>array</i>
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#1 <i>used for infix arguments</i> #B, #b <i>binary rational</i>
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#2 <i>used for infix arguments</i> #C, #c <i>complex number</i>
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#3 <i>used for infix arguments</i> #D, #d <i>undefined</i>
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#4 <i>used for infix arguments</i> #E, #e <i>undefined</i>
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#5 <i>used for infix arguments</i> #F, #f <i>undefined</i>
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#6 <i>used for infix arguments</i> #G, #g <i>undefined</i>
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#7 <i>used for infix arguments</i> #H, #h <i>undefined</i>
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#8 <i>used for infix arguments</i> #I, #i <i>undefined</i>
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#9 <i>used for infix arguments</i> #J, #j <i>undefined</i>
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#: <i>uninterned symbol</i> #K, #k <i>undefined</i>
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#; <i>undefined</i> #L, #l <i>undefined</i>
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#< <i>signals error</i> #M, #m <i>undefined</i>
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#= <i>label following object</i> #N, #n <i>undefined</i>
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#> <i>undefined</i> #O, #o <i>octal rational</i>
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#? <i>undefined</i> * #P, #p <i>pathname</i>
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#@ <i>undefined</i> #Q, #q <i>undefined</i>
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#[ <i>undefined</i> * #R, #r <i>radix-n rational</i>
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#\ <i>character object</i> #S, #s <i>structure</i>
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#] <i>undefined</i> * #T, #t <i>undefined</i>
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#^ <i>undefined</i> #U, #u <i>undefined</i>
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#_ <i>undefined</i> #V, #v <i>undefined</i>
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#` <i>undefined</i> #W, #w <i>undefined</i>
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#{ <i>undefined</i> * #X, #x <i>hexadecimal rational</i>
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#| <i>balanced comment</i> #Y, #y <i>undefined</i>
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#} <i>undefined</i> * #Z, #z <i>undefined</i>
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#~ <i>undefined</i> #<rubout> <i>undefined</i>
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The combinations marked by an asterisk are explicitly reserved to the user
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and will never be defined by Common Lisp.
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<img align=bottom alt="change_begin" src="gif/change_begin.gif"><br>
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X3J13 voted in June 1989 (PATHNAME-PRINT-READ) to
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specify #P and #p (<i>undefined</i> in the first edition).
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<br><img align=bottom alt="change_end" src="gif/change_end.gif">
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----------------------------------------------------------------
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</pre>
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<P>
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The currently defined <tt>#</tt> constructs are described below
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and summarized in table <A HREF="node191.html#StandardSharpMacroDefinitionsTable">22-4</A>;
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more are likely to be added in the future. However, the constructs
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<tt>#!</tt>, <tt>#?</tt>, <tt>#[</tt>, <tt>#]</tt>,
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<tt>#{</tt>, and <tt>#}</tt>
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are explicitly reserved for the user and will never be defined by the
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Common Lisp standard.
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<DL COMPACT><DT><tt>#\</tt>
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<DD>
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<tt>#\<i>x</i></tt> reads in as a character object that represents the
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character <i>x</i>. Also, <tt>#\<i>name</i></tt> reads in as the character object
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whose name is <i>name</i>.
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<A NAME=21358> </A>
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Note that the backslash <tt> </tt> allows this
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construct to be parsed easily by EMACS-like editors.
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<P>
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In the single-character case, the character <i>x</i> must be followed
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by a non-constituent character, lest a <i>name</i> appear to follow the
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<tt>#\</tt>. A good model of what happens is that after <tt>#\</tt> is read,
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the reader backs up over the <tt> </tt> and then reads an extended token,
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treating the initial <tt> </tt> as an escape character (whether it really
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is or not in the current readtable).
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<P>
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Uppercase and lowercase letters are distinguished after <tt>#\</tt>;
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<tt>#\A</tt> and <tt>#\a</tt> denote different character objects. Any
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character works after <tt>#\</tt>, even those that are normally special to
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<tt>read</tt>, such as parentheses. Non-printing characters may be used
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after <tt>#\</tt>, although for them names are generally preferred.
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<P>
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<tt>#\<i>name</i></tt> reads in as a character object whose name is <i>name</i>
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(actually, whose name is <tt>(string-upcase <i>name</i>)</tt>;
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therefore the syntax is case-insensitive).
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The <i>name</i> should have the syntax of a symbol.
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The following names are standard across all implementations:
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<PRE>
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newline The character that represents the division between lines
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space The space or blank character
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</PRE>
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The following names are semi-standard; if an implementation supports
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them, they should be used for the described characters and no others.
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<PRE>
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rubout The rubout or delete character.
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page The form-feed or page-separator character
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tab The tabulate character
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backspace The backspace character
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return The carriage return character
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linefeed The line-feed character
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</PRE>
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In some implementations, one or more of these characters might be
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a synonym for a standard character; the <tt>#\Linefeed</tt> character
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might be the same as <tt>#\Newline</tt>, for example.
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<P>
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When the Lisp printer types out the name of a special character, it uses the
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same table as the <tt>#\</tt> reader; therefore any character name you see typed out
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is acceptable as input (in that implementation). Standard names are always
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preferred over non-standard names for printing.
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<P>
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The following convention is used in implementations that support
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non-zero bits attributes for character objects.
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If a name after <tt>#\</tt> is longer than one character and has a hyphen in it,
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then it may be split into the two parts preceding
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and following the first hyphen; the first part (actually, <tt>string-upcase</tt>
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of the first part)
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may then be interpreted as
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the name or initial of a bit, and the second part as the name of the character
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(which may in turn contain a hyphen and be subject to further splitting).
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For example:
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<P><pre>
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#\Control-Space #\Control-Meta-Tab
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#\C-M-Return #\H-S-M-C-Rubout
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</pre><P>
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If the character name consists of a single character, then that character
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is used. Another <tt> </tt> may be necessary to quote the character.
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<P><pre>
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#\Control-% #\Control-Meta-\"
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#\Control-\a #\Meta->
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</pre><P>
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<P>
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</dL>
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<img align=bottom alt="old_change_begin" src="gif/old_change_begin.gif">
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<dl compact><dd>
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If an unsigned decimal integer appears between the <tt>#</tt> and <tt> </tt>,
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it is interpreted as a font number, to become the font attribute
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of the character object (see <tt>char-font</tt>).
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</dl>
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<img align=bottom alt="old_change_end" src="gif/old_change_end.gif">
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<p>
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<img align=bottom alt="change_begin" src="gif/change_begin.gif"><br>
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<dl compact><dd>
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X3J13 voted in March 1989 (CHARACTER-PROPOSAL) <A NAME=21416> </A>
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to replace the notion of bits and font attributes with
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that of implementation-defined attributes. Presumably
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this eliminates the portable use of this syntax for font information,
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although the vote did not address this question directly.
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</dl>
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<img align=bottom alt="change_end" src="gif/change_end.gif">
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<dl compact>
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<DT><tt>#'</tt>
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<DD>
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<tt>#'<i>foo</i></tt> is an abbreviation for <tt>(function <i>foo</i>)</tt>.
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<i>foo</i> may be the printed representation of any Lisp object.
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This abbreviation may be remembered by analogy with the <tt>'</tt>
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macro character, since the <tt>function</tt> and <tt>quote</tt> special forms are
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similar in form.
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<P>
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<DT><tt>#(</tt>
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<DD>
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A series of representations of objects enclosed by <tt>#(</tt> and <tt>)</tt>
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is read as a simple vector of those objects. This is analogous to
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the notation for lists.
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<P>
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If an unsigned decimal integer appears between the <tt>#</tt> and <tt>(</tt>,
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it specifies explicitly the length of the vector. In that case,
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it is an error if too many objects are specified before the closing <tt>)</tt>,
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and if too few are specified, the last object
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(it is an error if there are none in this case)
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is used to fill all
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remaining elements of the vector.
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For example,
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<P><pre>
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#(a b c c c c) #6(a b c c c c) #6(a b c) #6(a b c c)
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</pre><P>
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all mean the same thing: a vector of length 6 with elements <tt>a</tt>, <tt>b</tt>,
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and four instances of <tt>c</tt>.
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The notation <tt>#()</tt> denotes an empty vector, as does <tt>#0()</tt>
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(which is legitimate because it is not the case that too few elements
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are specified).
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<P>
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<DT><tt>#*</tt>
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<DD>
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A series of binary digits (<tt>0</tt> and <tt>1</tt>) preceded by <tt>#*</tt> is
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read as a simple bit-vector containing those bits, the leftmost bit
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in the series being bit 0 of the bit-vector.
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<P>
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If an unsigned decimal integer appears between the <tt>#</tt> and <tt>*</tt>,
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it specifies explicitly the length of the vector. In that case,
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it is an error if too many bits are specified,
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and if too few are specified the last one
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(it is an error if there are none in this case)
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is used to fill all remaining elements of the bit-vector.
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For example,
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<P><pre>
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#*101111 #6*101111 #6*101 #6*1011
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</pre><P>
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all mean the same thing: a vector of length 6 with elements <tt>1</tt>, <tt>0</tt>,
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<tt>1</tt>, <tt>1</tt>, <tt>1</tt>, and <tt>1</tt>.
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The notation <tt>#*</tt> denotes an empty bit-vector, as does <tt>#0*</tt>
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(which is legitimate because it is not the case that too few elements
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are specified).
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</dl>
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<img align=bottom alt="change_begin" src="gif/change_begin.gif">
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<dl compact><dd>
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Compare this to <tt>#B</tt>, used for expressing integers in binary notation.
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</dl>
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<img align=bottom alt="change_end" src="gif/change_end.gif">
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<dl compact>
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<DT><tt>#:</tt>
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<DD>
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<tt>#:<i>foo</i></tt> requires <i>foo</i> to have the syntax of an unqualified
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symbol name (no embedded colons). It denotes an <i>uninterned</i> symbol
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whose name is <i>foo</i>. Every time this syntax is encountered, a different
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uninterned symbol is created. If it is necessary to refer to the
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same uninterned symbol more than once in the same expression,
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the <tt>#=</tt> syntax may be useful.
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<P>
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<DT><tt>#.</tt>
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<DD>
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<tt>#.<i>foo</i></tt> is read as the object resulting from the evaluation
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of the Lisp object represented by <i>foo</i>,
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which may be the printed representation of any Lisp object.
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The evaluation is done during the <tt>read</tt> process, when the <tt>#.</tt>
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construct is encountered.
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<P>
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</dl>
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<img align=bottom alt="change_begin" src="gif/change_begin.gif">
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<dl compact><dd>
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X3J13 voted in June 1989 (DATA-IO) <A NAME=21469> </A> to add a new reader control variable,
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<tt>*read-eval*</tt>. If it is true,
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the <tt>#.</tt> reader macro behaves as described above;
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if it is false, the <tt>#.</tt> reader macro signals an error.
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</dl>
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<img align=bottom alt="change_end" src="gif/change_end.gif">
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<dl compact>
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<dd>
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The <tt>#.</tt> syntax therefore performs a read-time evaluation of <i>foo</i>.
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By contrast, <tt>#,</tt> (see below) performs a load-time evaluation.
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<P>
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Both <tt>#.</tt> and <tt>#,</tt> allow you to include, in an expression
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being read, an object that does not have a convenient printed
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representation; instead of writing a representation for the object,
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you write an expression that will <i>compute</i> the object.
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<P>
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</DL>
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<img align=bottom alt="old_change_begin" src="gif/old_change_begin.gif">
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<DL COMPACT><DT><tt>#,</tt>
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|
|
<DD>
|
||
|
|
<tt>#,<i>foo</i></tt> is read as the object resulting from the evaluation
|
||
|
|
of the Lisp object represented by <i>foo</i>,
|
||
|
|
which may be the printed representation of any Lisp object.
|
||
|
|
The evaluation is done during the <tt>read</tt> process,
|
||
|
|
unless the compiler is doing the reading, in which case it is arranged
|
||
|
|
that <i>foo</i> will be evaluated when the file of compiled code is loaded.
|
||
|
|
The <tt>#,</tt> syntax therefore performs a load-time evaluation of <i>foo</i>.
|
||
|
|
By contrast, <tt>#.</tt> (see above) performs a read-time evaluation.
|
||
|
|
In a sense, <tt>#,</tt> is like specifying <tt>(eval load)</tt> to
|
||
|
|
<tt>eval-when</tt>, whereas <tt>#.</tt> is more like specifying <tt>(eval compile)</tt>.
|
||
|
|
It makes no difference when loading interpreted code; when code
|
||
|
|
is to be compiled, however, <tt>#.</tt> specifies compile-time evaluation and
|
||
|
|
<tt>#,</tt> specifies load-time evaluation.
|
||
|
|
</DL>
|
||
|
|
<img align=bottom alt="old_change_end" src="gif/old_change_end.gif">
|
||
|
|
<P>
|
||
|
|
<img align=bottom alt="change_begin" src="gif/change_begin.gif"><br>
|
||
|
|
X3J13 voted in January 1989
|
||
|
|
(SHARP-COMMA-CONFUSION) <A NAME=21501> </A>
|
||
|
|
to remove <tt>#,</tt> from the language.
|
||
|
|
X3J13 noted that the first edition failed to make it clear that <tt>#,</tt>
|
||
|
|
can be meaningful only within quoted forms. All sorts of anomalies can arise,
|
||
|
|
including inconsistencies between the interpreter and compiler, if <tt>#,</tt>
|
||
|
|
is not properly restricted. See <tt>load-time-eval</tt>.
|
||
|
|
<br><img align=bottom alt="change_end" src="gif/change_end.gif">
|
||
|
|
<P>
|
||
|
|
<DL COMPACT><DT><tt>#B</tt>
|
||
|
|
<DD>
|
||
|
|
<tt>#b<i>rational</i></tt> reads <i>rational</i> in binary (radix 2).
|
||
|
|
For example, <tt>#B1101</tt> == <tt>13</tt>, and <tt>#b101/11</tt> == <tt>5/3</tt>.
|
||
|
|
</dl>
|
||
|
|
<img align=bottom alt="change_begin" src="gif/change_begin.gif">
|
||
|
|
<dl compact><dd>
|
||
|
|
Compare this to <tt>#*</tt>, used for expressing bit-vectors in binary notation.
|
||
|
|
</dl>
|
||
|
|
<img align=bottom alt="change_end" src="gif/change_end.gif">
|
||
|
|
<dl compact>
|
||
|
|
<DT><tt>#O</tt>
|
||
|
|
<DD>
|
||
|
|
<tt>#o<i>rational</i></tt> reads <i>rational</i> in octal (radix 8).
|
||
|
|
For example, <tt>#o37/15</tt> == <tt>31/13</tt>, and <tt>#o777</tt> == <tt>511</tt>.
|
||
|
|
<P>
|
||
|
|
<DT><tt>#X</tt>
|
||
|
|
<DD>
|
||
|
|
<tt>#x<i>rational</i></tt> reads <i>rational</i> in hexadecimal (radix 16).
|
||
|
|
The digits above <tt>9</tt> are the letters <tt>A</tt> through <tt>F</tt> (the lowercase
|
||
|
|
letters <tt>a</tt> through <tt>f</tt> are also acceptable). For example,
|
||
|
|
<tt>#xF00</tt> == <tt>3840</tt>.
|
||
|
|
<P>
|
||
|
|
<DT><tt>#<i>n</i>R</tt>
|
||
|
|
<DD>
|
||
|
|
<tt>#<i>radix</i>r<i>rational</i></tt> reads <i>rational</i> in radix <i>radix</i>.
|
||
|
|
<i>radix</i> must consist of only digits, and
|
||
|
|
it is read in decimal; its value must be between 2 and 36 (inclusive).
|
||
|
|
<P>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<P>
|
||
|
|
For example, <tt>#3r102</tt> is another way of writing <tt>11</tt>, and <tt>#11R32</tt>
|
||
|
|
is another way of writing <tt>35</tt>. For radices larger than 10, letters of
|
||
|
|
the alphabet are used in order for the digits after <tt>9</tt>.
|
||
|
|
<P>
|
||
|
|
<DT><tt>#<i>n</i>A</tt>
|
||
|
|
<DD>
|
||
|
|
The syntax <tt>#<i>n</i>A<i>object</i></tt> constructs an <i>n</i>-dimensional array,
|
||
|
|
using <i>object</i> as the value of the <tt>:initial-contents</tt> argument
|
||
|
|
to <tt>make-array</tt>.
|
||
|
|
<P>
|
||
|
|
The value of <i>n</i> makes a difference:
|
||
|
|
<tt>#2A((0 1 5) (foo 2 (hot dog)))</tt>, for example, represents a 2-by-3 matrix:
|
||
|
|
<P><pre>
|
||
|
|
0 1 5
|
||
|
|
foo 2 (hot dog)
|
||
|
|
</pre><P>
|
||
|
|
In contrast, <tt>#1A((0 1 5) (foo 2 (hot dog)))</tt> represents a length-2
|
||
|
|
array whose elements are lists:
|
||
|
|
<P><pre>
|
||
|
|
(0 1 5) (foo 2 (hot dog))
|
||
|
|
</pre><P>
|
||
|
|
Furthermore, <tt>#0A((0 1 5) (foo 2 (hot dog)))</tt> represents a zero-dimensional
|
||
|
|
array whose sole element is a list:
|
||
|
|
<P><pre>
|
||
|
|
((0 1 5) (foo 2 (hot dog)))
|
||
|
|
</pre><P>
|
||
|
|
Similarly, <tt>#0Afoo</tt> (or, more readably, <tt>#0A foo</tt>) represents
|
||
|
|
a zero-dimensional array whose sole element is the symbol <tt>foo</tt>.
|
||
|
|
The expression <tt>#1Afoo</tt> would not be legal because <tt>foo</tt> is
|
||
|
|
not a sequence.
|
||
|
|
<P>
|
||
|
|
<DT><tt>#S</tt>
|
||
|
|
<DD>
|
||
|
|
The syntax <tt>#s(<i>name</i> <i>slot1</i> <i>value1</i> <i>slot2</i> <i>value2</i> ...)</tt>
|
||
|
|
denotes a structure. This is legal only if <i>name</i> is the name
|
||
|
|
of a structure already defined by <tt>defstruct</tt> and if the
|
||
|
|
structure has a standard constructor macro, which it normally will.
|
||
|
|
Let <i>cm</i> stand for the name of this constructor macro;
|
||
|
|
then this syntax is equivalent to
|
||
|
|
<P><pre>
|
||
|
|
#.(<i>cm</i> <i>keyword1</i> '<i>value1</i> <i>keyword2</i> '<i>value2</i> ...)
|
||
|
|
</pre><P>
|
||
|
|
where each <i>keywordj</i> is the result of computing
|
||
|
|
<P><pre>
|
||
|
|
(intern (string <i>slotj</i>) 'keyword)
|
||
|
|
</pre><P>
|
||
|
|
(This computation is made so that one need not write a colon in
|
||
|
|
front of every slot name.)
|
||
|
|
The net effect is that the constructor macro is called
|
||
|
|
with the specified slots
|
||
|
|
having the specified values (note that one does not write quote marks
|
||
|
|
in the <tt>#S</tt> syntax). Whatever object the constructor macro returns
|
||
|
|
is returned by the <tt>#S</tt> syntax.
|
||
|
|
</DL>
|
||
|
|
<img align=bottom alt="change_begin" src="gif/change_begin.gif"><br>
|
||
|
|
<DL COMPACT><DT><tt>#P</tt>
|
||
|
|
<DD>
|
||
|
|
X3J13 voted in June 1989 (PATHNAME-PRINT-READ) <A NAME=21594> </A>
|
||
|
|
to define the reader syntax <tt>#p"..."</tt> to be equivalent to
|
||
|
|
<tt>#.(parse-namestring "...")</tt>. Presumably this was meant to
|
||
|
|
be taken descriptively and not literally. I would think, for example,
|
||
|
|
that the committee did not wish to quibble over the package in which
|
||
|
|
the name <tt>parse-namestring</tt> was to be read. Similarly, I would
|
||
|
|
presume that the <tt>#p</tt> syntax operates normally rather than signaling
|
||
|
|
an error when <tt>*read-eval*</tt> is false. I interpret the intent
|
||
|
|
of the vote to be that <tt>#p</tt> reads a following form, which should be
|
||
|
|
a string, that is then converted to a pathname as if by application
|
||
|
|
of the standard function <tt>parse-namestring</tt>.
|
||
|
|
</DL>
|
||
|
|
<img align=bottom alt="change_end" src="gif/change_end.gif">
|
||
|
|
<DL COMPACT><DT><tt>#<i>n</i>=</tt>
|
||
|
|
<DD>
|
||
|
|
The syntax <tt>#<i>n</i>=<i>object</i></tt> reads as whatever Lisp object
|
||
|
|
has <i>object</i> as its printed representation. However, that object
|
||
|
|
is labelled by <i>n</i>, a required unsigned decimal integer, for
|
||
|
|
possible reference by the syntax <tt>#<i>n</i>#</tt> (below).
|
||
|
|
The scope of the label is the expression being read by the outermost
|
||
|
|
call to <tt>read</tt>. Within this expression
|
||
|
|
the same label may not appear twice.
|
||
|
|
<P>
|
||
|
|
<DT><tt>#<i>n</i>#</tt>
|
||
|
|
<DD>
|
||
|
|
The syntax <tt>#<i>n</i>#</tt>, where <i>n</i> is a required unsigned decimal integer,
|
||
|
|
serves as a reference to some object labelled by <tt>#<i>n</i>=</tt>;
|
||
|
|
that is, <tt>#<i>n</i>#</tt> represents a pointer to the same identical
|
||
|
|
(<tt>eq</tt>) object labelled by <tt>#<i>n</i>=</tt>.
|
||
|
|
This permits notation of structures with shared or circular substructure.
|
||
|
|
For example, a structure created in the variable <tt>y</tt> by this code:
|
||
|
|
<P><pre>
|
||
|
|
(setq x (list 'p 'q))
|
||
|
|
(setq y (list (list 'a 'b) x 'foo x))
|
||
|
|
(rplacd (last y) (cdr y))
|
||
|
|
</pre><P>
|
||
|
|
could be represented in this way:
|
||
|
|
<P><pre>
|
||
|
|
((a b) . #1=(#2=(p q) foo #2# . #1#))
|
||
|
|
</pre><P>
|
||
|
|
Without this notation, but with <tt>*print-length*</tt> set to <tt>10</tt>,
|
||
|
|
the structure would print in this way:
|
||
|
|
<P><pre>
|
||
|
|
((a b) (p q) foo (p q) (p q) foo (p q) (p q) foo (p q) ...)
|
||
|
|
</pre><P>
|
||
|
|
A reference <tt>#<i>n</i>#</tt> may occur only after a label <tt>#<i>n</i>=</tt>;
|
||
|
|
forward references are not permitted. In addition, the reference
|
||
|
|
may not appear as the labelled object itself (that is,
|
||
|
|
one may not write <tt>#<i>n</i>= #<i>n</i>#</tt>), because the object
|
||
|
|
labelled by <tt>#<i>n</i>=</tt> is not well defined in this case.
|
||
|
|
<P>
|
||
|
|
<DT><tt>#+</tt>
|
||
|
|
<DD>
|
||
|
|
<A NAME=READTIMECONDITIONAL> </A>
|
||
|
|
The <tt>#+</tt> syntax provides a read-time conditionalization facility;
|
||
|
|
the syntax is
|
||
|
|
<P><pre>
|
||
|
|
#+<i>feature</i> <i>form</i>
|
||
|
|
</pre><P>
|
||
|
|
If <i>feature</i> is ``true,'' then this syntax represents a Lisp object
|
||
|
|
whose printed representation is <i>form</i>. If <i>feature</i> is ``false,''
|
||
|
|
then this syntax is effectively whitespace; it is as if it did not appear.
|
||
|
|
<P>
|
||
|
|
The <i>feature</i> should be the printed representation of a symbol or list.
|
||
|
|
If <i>feature</i> is a symbol, then
|
||
|
|
it is true if and only if it is a member of the list that is the value of
|
||
|
|
the global variable <tt>*features*</tt>.
|
||
|
|
<P>
|
||
|
|
</dl>
|
||
|
|
<hr>
|
||
|
|
<b>Compatibility note:</b> MacLisp uses the <tt>status</tt> special form for
|
||
|
|
this purpose, and Lisp Machine Lisp duplicates <tt>status</tt> essentially only
|
||
|
|
for the sake of <tt>(status features)</tt>. The use of a variable allows
|
||
|
|
one to bind the features list, when compiling, for example.
|
||
|
|
<hr>
|
||
|
|
<dl compact><dd>
|
||
|
|
Otherwise,
|
||
|
|
<i>feature</i> should be a Boolean expression composed of <tt>and</tt>, <tt>or</tt>, and
|
||
|
|
<tt>not</tt> operators on (recursive) <i>feature</i> expressions.
|
||
|
|
<P>
|
||
|
|
For example, suppose that in implementation A the features <tt>spice</tt> and
|
||
|
|
<tt>perq</tt> are true, and in implementation B the feature <tt>lispm</tt> is true.
|
||
|
|
Then the expressions on the left below are read the same as those on the
|
||
|
|
right in implementation A:
|
||
|
|
<P><listing>
|
||
|
|
(cons #+spice "Spice" #+lispm "Lispm" x) (cons "Spice" x)
|
||
|
|
(setq a '(1 2 #+perq 43 #+(not perq) 27)) (setq a '(1 2 43))
|
||
|
|
(let ((a 3) #+(or spice lispm) (b 3)) (let ((a 3) (b 3))
|
||
|
|
(foo a)) (foo a))
|
||
|
|
(cons a #+perq #-perq b c) (cons a c)
|
||
|
|
</listing>
|
||
|
|
In implementation B, however, they are read in this way:
|
||
|
|
<P><listing>
|
||
|
|
(cons #+spice "Spice" #+lispm "Lispm" x) (cons "Lispm" x)
|
||
|
|
(setq a '(1 2 #+perq 43 #+(not perq) 27)) (setq a '(1 2 27))
|
||
|
|
(let ((a 3) #+(or spice lispm) (b 3)) (let ((a 3) (b 3))
|
||
|
|
(foo a)) (foo a))
|
||
|
|
(cons a #+perq #-perq b c) (cons a c)
|
||
|
|
</listing><P>
|
||
|
|
<P>
|
||
|
|
The <tt>#+</tt> construction must be used judiciously if unreadable code is
|
||
|
|
not to result. The user should make a careful choice between read-time
|
||
|
|
conditionalization and run-time conditionalization.
|
||
|
|
</dl>
|
||
|
|
<img align=bottom alt="old_change_begin" src="gif/old_change_begin.gif">
|
||
|
|
<dl compact><dd>
|
||
|
|
The <tt>#+</tt> syntax operates by first reading the <i>feature</i> specification
|
||
|
|
and then skipping over the <i>form</i> if the <i>feature</i> is ``false.''
|
||
|
|
This skipping of a form is a bit tricky because of the possibility of
|
||
|
|
user-defined macro characters and side effects caused by the <tt>#.</tt> and
|
||
|
|
<tt>#,</tt> constructions. It is accomplished by binding the variable
|
||
|
|
<tt>*read-suppress*</tt> to a non-<tt>nil</tt> value and then calling the <tt>read</tt>
|
||
|
|
function. See the description of <tt>*read-suppress*</tt> for the details
|
||
|
|
of this operation.
|
||
|
|
</dl>
|
||
|
|
<img align=bottom alt="old_change_end" src="gif/old_change_end.gif">
|
||
|
|
<p>
|
||
|
|
<img align=bottom alt="change_begin" src="gif/change_begin.gif">
|
||
|
|
<dl compact><dd>
|
||
|
|
X3J13 voted in January 1989
|
||
|
|
(SHARP-COMMA-CONFUSION) <A NAME=21678> </A>
|
||
|
|
to remove <tt>#,</tt> from the language.
|
||
|
|
<P>
|
||
|
|
X3J13 voted in March 1988 (SHARPSIGN-PLUS-MINUS-PACKAGE) <A NAME=21682> </A>
|
||
|
|
to specify that the <tt>keyword</tt> package is the default package during
|
||
|
|
the reading of a feature specification. Thus <tt>#+spice</tt> means the
|
||
|
|
same thing as <tt>#+:spice</tt>, and
|
||
|
|
<tt>#+(or spice lispm)</tt> means the same thing as <tt>#+(or :spice :lispm)</tt>.
|
||
|
|
Symbols in other packages
|
||
|
|
may be used as feature names, but one must use an explicit package prefix
|
||
|
|
to cite one after <tt>#+</tt>.
|
||
|
|
</dl>
|
||
|
|
<img align=bottom alt="change_end" src="gif/change_end.gif">
|
||
|
|
<dl compact>
|
||
|
|
<DT><tt>#-</tt>
|
||
|
|
<DD>
|
||
|
|
<tt>#-<i>feature</i> <i>form</i></tt> is equivalent to <tt>#+(not <i>feature</i>) <i>form</i></tt>.
|
||
|
|
<P>
|
||
|
|
<DT><tt>#|</tt>
|
||
|
|
<DD>
|
||
|
|
<tt>#|...|#</tt> is treated as a comment by the reader, just as everything
|
||
|
|
from a semicolon to the next newline is treated as a comment.
|
||
|
|
Anything may appear in the comment, except that it must be balanced
|
||
|
|
with respect to other occurrences of <tt>#|</tt> and <tt>|#</tt>.
|
||
|
|
Except for this nesting rule, the comment may contain any characters
|
||
|
|
whatsoever.
|
||
|
|
<P>
|
||
|
|
The main purpose of this construct is to allow ``commenting out''
|
||
|
|
of blocks of code or data. The balancing rule allows such blocks
|
||
|
|
to contain pieces already so commented out. In this respect
|
||
|
|
the <tt>#|...|#</tt> syntax of Common Lisp differs from the <tt>/*...*/</tt> comment syntax
|
||
|
|
used by PL/I and C.
|
||
|
|
<P>
|
||
|
|
<DT><tt>#<</tt>
|
||
|
|
<DD>
|
||
|
|
This is not legal reader syntax.
|
||
|
|
It is conventionally used in the printed representation of objects that cannot
|
||
|
|
be read back in. Attempting to read a <tt>#<</tt> will cause an error.
|
||
|
|
(More precisely, it <i>is</i> legal syntax, but the macro-character
|
||
|
|
function for <tt>#<</tt> signals an error.)
|
||
|
|
</dl>
|
||
|
|
<img align=bottom alt="change_begin" src="gif/change_begin.gif">
|
||
|
|
<dl compact><dd>
|
||
|
|
The usual convention for printing unreadable data objects is to print some identifying
|
||
|
|
information (the internal machine address of the object, if nothing else)
|
||
|
|
preceded by <tt>#<</tt> and followed by <tt>></tt>.
|
||
|
|
<P>
|
||
|
|
X3J13 voted in June 1989 (DATA-IO) <A NAME=21709> </A> to add
|
||
|
|
<tt>print-unreadable-object</tt>, a macro that prints an object using <tt>#<...></tt>
|
||
|
|
syntax and also takes care of checking the variable <tt>*print-readably*</tt>.
|
||
|
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</dl>
|
||
|
|
<img align=bottom alt="change_end" src="gif/change_end.gif">
|
||
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|
<dl compact>
|
||
|
|
<DT><tt>#</tt><b><</b>space<b>></b>, <tt> #</tt><b><</b>tab<b>></b>,
|
||
|
|
<tt> #</tt><b><</b>newline<b>></b>,
|
||
|
|
<tt> #</tt><b><</b>page<b>></b>, <tt> #</tt><b><</b>return<b>></b>
|
||
|
|
<DD>
|
||
|
|
A <tt>#</tt> followed by a whitespace character is not legal reader syntax.
|
||
|
|
This prevents abbreviated forms produced via <tt>*print-level*</tt> cutoff
|
||
|
|
from reading in again, as a safeguard against losing
|
||
|
|
information.
|
||
|
|
(More precisely, this <i>is</i> legal syntax, but the macro-character
|
||
|
|
function for it signals an error.)
|
||
|
|
<P>
|
||
|
|
<DT><tt>#)</tt>
|
||
|
|
<DD>
|
||
|
|
This is not legal reader syntax.
|
||
|
|
This prevents abbreviated forms produced via <tt>*print-level*</tt> cutoff
|
||
|
|
from reading in again, as a safeguard against losing information.
|
||
|
|
(More precisely, this <i>is</i> legal syntax, but the macro-character
|
||
|
|
function for it signals an error.)
|
||
|
|
<P>
|
||
|
|
</DL>
|
||
|
|
<P>
|
||
|
|
<BR> <HR><A NAME=tex2html3927 HREF="node192.html"><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="next" SRC="icons/next_motif.gif"></A> <A NAME=tex2html3925 HREF="node187.html"><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="up" SRC="icons/up_motif.gif"></A> <A NAME=tex2html3919 HREF="node190.html"><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="previous" SRC="icons/previous_motif.gif"></A> <A NAME=tex2html3929 HREF="node1.html"><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="contents" SRC="icons/contents_motif.gif"></A> <A NAME=tex2html3930 HREF="index.html"><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="index" SRC="icons/index_motif.gif"></A> <BR>
|
||
|
|
<B> Next:</B> <A NAME=tex2html3928 HREF="node192.html"> The Readtable</A>
|
||
|
|
<B>Up:</B> <A NAME=tex2html3926 HREF="node187.html"> Printed Representation of </A>
|
||
|
|
<B> Previous:</B> <A NAME=tex2html3920 HREF="node190.html"> Macro Characters</A>
|
||
|
|
<HR> <P>
|
||
|
|
<HR>
|
||
|
|
<P><ADDRESS>
|
||
|
|
AI.Repository@cs.cmu.edu
|
||
|
|
</ADDRESS>
|
||
|
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</BODY>
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