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<!-- Common Lisp HyperSpec (TM), version 7.0 generated by Kent M. Pitman on Mon, 11-Apr-2005 2:31am EDT -->
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<TITLE>CLHS: Section 14.1.2</TITLE>
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<H1><A REV=MADE HREF="http://www.lispworks.com/"><IMG WIDTH=80 HEIGHT=65 ALT="[LISPWORKS]" SRC="../Graphics/LWSmall.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=TOP HREF="../Front/index.htm"><IMG WIDTH=237 HEIGHT=65 ALT="[Common Lisp HyperSpec (TM)]" SRC="../Graphics/CLHS_Sm.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A> <A REL=PREV HREF="14_aaa.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Previous]" SRC="../Graphics/Prev.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=UP HREF="14_a.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Up]" SRC="../Graphics/Up.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=NEXT HREF="14_aba.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Next]" SRC="../Graphics/Next.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A></H1>
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<H2>
14.1.2 Conses as Lists</H2> <P>
A <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_l.htm#list"><I>list</I></A> is a chain of <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#cons"><I>conses</I></A> in which the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#car"><I>car</I></A> of each <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#cons"><I>cons</I></A> is an <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_e.htm#element"><I>element</I></A> of the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_l.htm#list"><I>list</I></A>, and the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#cdr"><I>cdr</I></A> of each <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#cons"><I>cons</I></A> is either the next link in the chain or a terminating <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_a.htm#atom"><I>atom</I></A>. <P>
A <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_p.htm#proper_list"><I>proper list</I></A> is a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_l.htm#list"><I>list</I></A> terminated by the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_e.htm#empty_list"><I>empty list</I></A>. The <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_e.htm#empty_list"><I>empty list</I></A> is a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_p.htm#proper_list"><I>proper list</I></A>, but is not a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#cons"><I>cons</I></A>. <P>
An <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_i.htm#improper_list"><I>improper list</I></A> is a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_l.htm#list"><I>list</I></A> that is not a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_p.htm#proper_list"><I>proper list</I></A>; that is, it is a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#circular_list"><I>circular list</I></A> or a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_d.htm#dotted_list"><I>dotted list</I></A>. <P>
A <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_d.htm#dotted_list"><I>dotted list</I></A> is a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_l.htm#list"><I>list</I></A> that has a terminating <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_a.htm#atom"><I>atom</I></A> that is not the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_e.htm#empty_list"><I>empty list</I></A>. A <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_n.htm#non-nil"><I>non-nil</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_a.htm#atom"><I>atom</I></A> by itself is not considered to be a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_l.htm#list"><I>list</I></A> of any kind---not even a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_d.htm#dotted_list"><I>dotted list</I></A>. <P>
A <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#circular_list"><I>circular list</I></A> is a chain of <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#cons"><I>conses</I></A> that has no termination because some <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#cons"><I>cons</I></A> in the chain is the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#cdr"><I>cdr</I></A> of a later <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#cons"><I>cons</I></A>. <P>
<PRE>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_append.htm#append">append</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_last.htm#last">last</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_butlas.htm#nbutlast">nbutlast</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_rest.htm#rest">rest</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_butlas.htm#butlast">butlast</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_ldiffc.htm#ldiff">ldiff</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_nconc.htm#nconc">nconc</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_revapp.htm#revappend">revappend</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_cp_ali.htm#copy-alist">copy-alist</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="a_list.htm#list">list</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_firstc.htm#ninth">ninth</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_firstc.htm#second">second</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_cp_lis.htm#copy-list">copy-list</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_list_.htm#listST">list*</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_revapp.htm#nreconc">nreconc</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_firstc.htm#seventh">seventh</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_firstc.htm#eighth">eighth</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_list_l.htm#list-length">list-length</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_nth.htm#nth">nth</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_firstc.htm#sixth">sixth</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_endp.htm#endp">endp</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_mk_lis.htm#make-list">make-list</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_nthcdr.htm#nthcdr">nthcdr</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_ldiffc.htm#tailp">tailp</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_firstc.htm#fifth">fifth</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="a_member.htm#member">member</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_pop.htm#pop">pop</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_firstc.htm#tenth">tenth</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_firstc.htm#first">first</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_mem_m.htm#member-if">member-if</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_push.htm#push">push</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_firstc.htm#third">third</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_firstc.htm#fourth">fourth</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_mem_m.htm#member-if-not">member-if-not</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_pshnew.htm#pushnew">pushnew</A>
</PRE>
<P><B>Figure 14-3. Some defined names relating to lists.</B> <P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="14_aba.htm"><H2>
14.1.2.1 Lists as Association Lists</H2></A><P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="14_abb.htm"><H2>
14.1.2.2 Lists as Sets</H2></A><P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="14_abc.htm"><H2>
14.1.2.3 General Restrictions on Parameters that must be Lists</H2></A><P><HR>
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