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135 lines
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<!-- Common Lisp HyperSpec (TM), version 7.0 generated by Kent M. Pitman on Mon, 11-Apr-2005 2:31am EDT -->
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<TITLE>CLHS: Function OPEN</TITLE>
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<H1><A REV=MADE HREF="http://www.lispworks.com/"><IMG WIDTH=80 HEIGHT=65 ALT="[LISPWORKS]" SRC="../Graphics/LWSmall.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=TOP HREF="../Front/index.htm"><IMG WIDTH=237 HEIGHT=65 ALT="[Common Lisp HyperSpec (TM)]" SRC="../Graphics/CLHS_Sm.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A> <A REL=PREV HREF="f_file_s.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Previous]" SRC="../Graphics/Prev.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=UP HREF="c_stream.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Up]" SRC="../Graphics/Up.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=NEXT HREF="f_stm_ex.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Next]" SRC="../Graphics/Next.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A></H1>
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<HR>
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<A NAME="open"><I>Function</I> <B>OPEN</B></A> <P>
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<P><B>Syntax:</B><P>
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<P>
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<B>open</B> <I>filespec <TT>&key</TT> direction element-type if-exists if-does-not-exist external-format</I><P> => <I>stream</I><P>
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<P>
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<P><B>Arguments and Values:</B><P>
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<P>
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<I>filespec</I>---a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_p.htm#pathname_designator"><I>pathname designator</I></A>. <P>
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<I>direction</I>---one of <TT>:input</TT>, <TT>:output</TT>, <TT>:io</TT>, or <TT>:probe</TT>. The default is <TT>:input</TT>. <P>
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<I>element-type</I>---a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#type_specifier"><I>type specifier</I></A> for <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_r.htm#recognizable_subtype"><I>recognizable subtype</I></A> of <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="t_ch.htm#character"><B>character</B></A>; or a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#type_specifier"><I>type specifier</I></A> for a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_f.htm#finite"><I>finite</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_r.htm#recognizable_subtype"><I>recognizable subtype</I></A> of <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_i.htm#integer"><I>integer</I></A>; or one of the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#symbol"><I>symbols</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="t_sgn_by.htm#signed-byte"><B>signed-byte</B></A>, <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="t_unsgn_.htm#unsigned-byte"><B>unsigned-byte</B></A>, or <TT>:default</TT>. The default is <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="t_ch.htm#character"><B>character</B></A>. <P>
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<I>if-exists</I>---one of <TT>:error</TT>, <TT>:new-version</TT>, <TT>:rename</TT>, <TT>:rename-and-delete</TT>, <TT>:overwrite</TT>, <TT>:append</TT>, <TT>:supersede</TT>, or <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="a_nil.htm#nil"><B>nil</B></A>. The default is <TT>:new-version</TT> if the version component of <I>filespec</I> is <TT>:newest</TT>, or <TT>:error</TT> otherwise. <P>
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<I>if-does-not-exist</I>---one of <TT>:error</TT>, <TT>:create</TT>, or <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="a_nil.htm#nil"><B>nil</B></A>. The default is <TT>:error</TT> if <I>direction</I> is <TT>:input</TT> or <I>if-exists</I> is <TT>:overwrite</TT> or <TT>:append</TT>; <TT>:create</TT> if <I>direction</I> is <TT>:output</TT> or <TT>:io</TT>, and <I>if-exists</I> is neither <TT>:overwrite</TT> nor <TT>:append</TT>; or <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="a_nil.htm#nil"><B>nil</B></A> when <I>direction</I> is <TT>:probe</TT>. <P>
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<I>external-format</I>---an <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_e.htm#external_file_format_designator"><I>external file format designator</I></A>. The default is <TT>:default</TT>. <P>
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<I>stream</I>---a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_f.htm#file_stream"><I>file stream</I></A> or <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="a_nil.htm#nil"><B>nil</B></A>. <P>
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<P><B>Description:</B><P>
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<P>
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<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="#open"><B>open</B></A> creates, opens, and returns a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_f.htm#file_stream"><I>file stream</I></A> that is connected to the file specified by <I>filespec</I>. <I>Filespec</I> is the name of the file to be opened. If the <I>filespec</I> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_d.htm#designator"><I>designator</I></A> is a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#stream"><I>stream</I></A>, that <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#stream"><I>stream</I></A> is not closed first or otherwise affected. <P>
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The keyword arguments to <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="#open"><B>open</B></A> specify the characteristics of the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_f.htm#file_stream"><I>file stream</I></A> that is returned, and how to handle errors. <P>
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If <I>direction</I> is <TT>:input</TT> or <TT>:probe</TT>, or if <I>if-exists</I> is not <TT>:new-version</TT> and the version component of the <I>filespec</I> is <TT>:newest</TT>, then the file opened is that file already existing in the file system that has a version greater than that of any other file in the file system whose other pathname components are the same as those of <I>filespec</I>. <P>
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An implementation is required to recognize all of the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="#open"><B>open</B></A> keyword options and to do something reasonable in the context of the host operating system. For example, if a file system does not support distinct file versions and does not distinguish the notions of deletion and expunging, <TT>:new-version</TT> might be treated the same as <TT>:rename</TT> or <TT>:supersede</TT>, and <TT>:rename-and-delete</TT> might be treated the same as <TT>:supersede</TT>. <P>
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<P><DL><P>
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<DT><TT>:direction</TT> <P><DD>
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These are the possible values for <I>direction</I>, and how they affect the nature of the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#stream"><I>stream</I></A> that is created: <P>
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<P><DL><DT><TT>:input</TT> <P><DD>
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Causes the creation of an <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_i.htm#input"><I>input</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_f.htm#file_stream"><I>file stream</I></A>. <P>
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<DT><TT>:output</TT> <P><DD>
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Causes the creation of an <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_o.htm#output"><I>output</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_f.htm#file_stream"><I>file stream</I></A>. <P>
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<DT><TT>:io</TT> <P><DD>
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Causes the creation of a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_b.htm#bidirectional"><I>bidirectional</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_f.htm#file_stream"><I>file stream</I></A>. <P>
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<DT><TT>:probe</TT> <P><DD>
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Causes the creation of a ``no-directional'' <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_f.htm#file_stream"><I>file stream</I></A>; in effect, the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_f.htm#file_stream"><I>file stream</I></A> is created and then closed prior to being returned by <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="#open"><B>open</B></A>. <P>
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<P></DL><P>
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<DT><TT>:element-type</TT> <P><DD>
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The <I>element-type</I> specifies the unit of transaction for the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_f.htm#file_stream"><I>file stream</I></A>. If it is <TT>:default</TT>, the unit is determined by <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_f.htm#file_system"><I>file system</I></A>, possibly based on the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_f.htm#file"><I>file</I></A>. <P>
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<DT><TT>:if-exists</TT> <P><DD>
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<I>if-exists</I> specifies the action to be taken if <I>direction</I> is <TT>:output</TT> or <TT>:io</TT> and a file of the name <I>filespec</I> already exists. If <I>direction</I> is <TT>:input</TT>, not supplied, or <TT>:probe</TT>, <I>if-exists</I> is ignored. These are the results of <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="#open"><B>open</B></A> as modified by <I>if-exists</I>: <P>
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<P><DL><P>
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<DT><TT>:error</TT> <P><DD>
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An error of <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#type"><I>type</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="e_file_e.htm#file-error"><B>file-error</B></A> is signaled. <P>
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<DT><TT>:new-version</TT> <P><DD>
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A new file is created with a larger version number. <P>
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<DT><TT>:rename</TT> <P><DD>
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The existing file is renamed to some other name and then a new file is created. <P>
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<DT><TT>:rename-and-delete</TT> <P><DD>
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The existing file is renamed to some other name, then it is deleted but not expunged, and then a new file is created. <P>
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<DT><TT>:overwrite</TT> <P><DD>
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Output operations on the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#stream"><I>stream</I></A> destructively modify the existing file. If <I>direction</I> is <TT>:io</TT> the file is opened in a bidirectional mode that allows both reading and writing. The file pointer is initially positioned at the beginning of the file; however, the file is not truncated back to length zero when it is opened. <P>
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<DT><TT>:append</TT> <P><DD>
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Output operations on the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#stream"><I>stream</I></A> destructively modify the existing file. The file pointer is initially positioned at the end of the file. <P>
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If <I>direction</I> is <TT>:io</TT>, the file is opened in a bidirectional mode that allows both reading and writing. <P>
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<DT><TT>:supersede</TT> <P><DD>
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The existing file is superseded; that is, a new file with the same name as the old one is created. If possible, the implementation should not destroy the old file until the new <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#stream"><I>stream</I></A> is closed. <P>
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<DT><A REL=DEFINITION HREF="a_nil.htm#nil"><B>nil</B></A> <P><DD>
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No file or <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#stream"><I>stream</I></A> is created; instead, <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="a_nil.htm#nil"><B>nil</B></A> is returned to indicate failure. <P>
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<P></DL><P>
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<DT><TT>:if-does-not-exist</TT> <P><DD>
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<I>if-does-not-exist</I> specifies the action to be taken if a file of name <I>filespec</I> does not already exist. These are the results of <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="#open"><B>open</B></A> as modified by <I>if-does-not-exist</I>: <P>
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<P><DL><P>
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<DT><TT>:error</TT> <P><DD>
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An error of <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#type"><I>type</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="e_file_e.htm#file-error"><B>file-error</B></A> is signaled. <P>
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<DT><TT>:create</TT> <P><DD>
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An empty file is created. Processing continues as if the file had already existed but no processing as directed by <I>if-exists</I> is performed. <P>
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<DT><A REL=DEFINITION HREF="a_nil.htm#nil"><B>nil</B></A> <P><DD>
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No file or <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#stream"><I>stream</I></A> is created; instead, <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="a_nil.htm#nil"><B>nil</B></A> is returned to indicate failure. <P>
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<P></DL><P>
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<DT><TT>:external-format</TT> <P><DD>
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This option selects an <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_e.htm#external_file_format"><I>external file format</I></A> for the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_f.htm#file"><I>file</I></A>: The only <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#standardized"><I>standardized</I></A> value for this option is <TT>:default</TT>, although <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_i.htm#implementation"><I>implementations</I></A> are permitted to define additional <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_e.htm#external_file_format"><I>external file formats</I></A> and <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_i.htm#implementation-dependent"><I>implementation-dependent</I></A> values returned by <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_stm_ex.htm#stream-external-format"><B>stream-external-format</B></A> can also be used by <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#conforming_program"><I>conforming programs</I></A>. <P>
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The <I>external-format</I> is meaningful for any kind of <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_f.htm#file_stream"><I>file stream</I></A> whose <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_e.htm#element_type"><I>element type</I></A> is a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#subtype"><I>subtype</I></A> of <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#character"><I>character</I></A>. This option is ignored for <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#stream"><I>streams</I></A> for which it is not meaningful; however, <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_i.htm#implementation"><I>implementations</I></A> may define other <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_e.htm#element_type"><I>element types</I></A> for which it is meaningful. The consequences are unspecified if a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#character"><I>character</I></A> is written that cannot be represented by the given <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_e.htm#external_file_format"><I>external file format</I></A>. <P>
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<P></DL><P>
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When a file is opened, a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_f.htm#file_stream"><I>file stream</I></A> is constructed to serve as the file system's ambassador to the Lisp environment; operations on the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_f.htm#file_stream"><I>file stream</I></A> are reflected by operations on the file in the file system. <P>
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A file can be deleted, renamed, or destructively modified by <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="#open"><B>open</B></A>. <P>
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For information about opening relative pathnames, see <A REL=CHILD HREF="19_bc.htm">Section 19.2.3 (Merging Pathnames)</A>. <P>
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<P><B>Examples:</B><P>
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<P>
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<PRE>
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(open filespec :direction :probe) => #<Closed Probe File Stream...>
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(setq q (merge-pathnames (user-homedir-pathname) "test"))
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=> #<PATHNAME :HOST NIL :DEVICE device-name :DIRECTORY directory-name
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:NAME "test" :TYPE NIL :VERSION :NEWEST>
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(open filespec :if-does-not-exist :create) => #<Input File Stream...>
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(setq s (open filespec :direction :probe)) => #<Closed Probe File Stream...>
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(truename s) => #<PATHNAME :HOST NIL :DEVICE device-name :DIRECTORY
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directory-name :NAME filespec :TYPE extension :VERSION 1>
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(open s :direction :output :if-exists nil) => NIL
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</PRE>
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</TT> <P>
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<P><B>Affected By:</B><P>
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<P>
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The nature and state of the host computer's <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_f.htm#file_system"><I>file system</I></A>. <P>
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<P><B>Exceptional Situations:</B><P>
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<P>
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If <I>if-exists</I> is <TT>:error</TT>, (subject to the constraints on the meaning of <I>if-exists</I> listed above), an error of <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#type"><I>type</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="e_file_e.htm#file-error"><B>file-error</B></A> is signaled. <P>
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If <I>if-does-not-exist</I> is <TT>:error</TT> (subject to the constraints on the meaning of <I>if-does-not-exist</I> listed above), an error of <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#type"><I>type</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="e_file_e.htm#file-error"><B>file-error</B></A> is signaled. <P>
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If it is impossible for an implementation to handle some option in a manner close to what is specified here, an error of <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#type"><I>type</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="e_error.htm#error"><B>error</B></A> might be signaled. <P>
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An error of <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#type"><I>type</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="e_file_e.htm#file-error"><B>file-error</B></A> is signaled if <TT>(wild-pathname-p </TT><I>filespec</I><TT>)</TT> returns true. <P>
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An error of <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#type"><I>type</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="e_error.htm#error"><B>error</B></A> is signaled if the <I>external-format</I> is not understood by the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_i.htm#implementation"><I>implementation</I></A>. <P>
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The various <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_f.htm#file_system"><I>file systems</I></A> in existence today have widely differing capabilities, and some aspects of the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_f.htm#file_system"><I>file system</I></A> are beyond the scope of this specification to define. A given <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_i.htm#implementation"><I>implementation</I></A> might not be able to support all of these options in exactly the manner stated. An <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_i.htm#implementation"><I>implementation</I></A> is required to recognize all of these option keywords and to try to do something ``reasonable'' in the context of the host <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_f.htm#file_system"><I>file system</I></A>. Where necessary to accomodate the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_f.htm#file_system"><I>file system</I></A>, an <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_i.htm#implementation"><I>implementation</I></A> deviate slightly from the semantics specified here without being disqualified for consideration as a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#conforming_implementation"><I>conforming implementation</I></A>. If it is utterly impossible for an <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_i.htm#implementation"><I>implementation</I></A> to handle some option in a manner similar to what is specified here, it may simply signal an error. <P>
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With regard to the <TT>:element-type</TT> option, if a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#type"><I>type</I></A> is requested that is not supported by the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_f.htm#file_system"><I>file system</I></A>, a substitution of types such as that which goes on in <I>upgrading</I> is permissible. As a minimum requirement, it should be the case that opening an <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_o.htm#output"><I>output</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#stream"><I>stream</I></A> to a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_f.htm#file"><I>file</I></A> in a given <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_e.htm#element_type"><I>element type</I></A> and later opening an <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_i.htm#input"><I>input</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#stream"><I>stream</I></A> to the same <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_f.htm#file"><I>file</I></A> in the same <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_e.htm#element_type"><I>element type</I></A> should work compatibly. <P>
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<P><B>See Also:</B><P>
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<P>
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<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_w_open.htm#with-open-file"><B>with-open-file</B></A>, <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_close.htm#close"><B>close</B></A>, <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="t_pn.htm#pathname"><B>pathname</B></A>, <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="t_logica.htm#logical-pathname"><B>logical-pathname</B></A>, <A REL=CHILD HREF="19_bc.htm">Section 19.2.3 (Merging Pathnames)</A>, <A REL=CHILD HREF="19_ab.htm">Section 19.1.2 (Pathnames as Filenames)</A> <P>
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<P><B>Notes:</B><P>
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<P>
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<P>
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<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="#open"><B>open</B></A> does not automatically close the file when an abnormal exit occurs. <P>
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When <I>element-type</I> is a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#subtype"><I>subtype</I></A> of <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="t_ch.htm#character"><B>character</B></A>, <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_rd_cha.htm#read-char"><B>read-char</B></A> and/or <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_wr_cha.htm#write-char"><B>write-char</B></A> can be used on the resulting <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_f.htm#file_stream"><I>file stream</I></A>. <P>
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When <I>element-type</I> is a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#subtype"><I>subtype</I></A> of <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_i.htm#integer"><I>integer</I></A>, <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_rd_by.htm#read-byte"><B>read-byte</B></A> and/or <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_wr_by.htm#write-byte"><B>write-byte</B></A> can be used on the resulting <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_f.htm#file_stream"><I>file stream</I></A>. <P>
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When <I>element-type</I> is <TT>:default</TT>, the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#type"><I>type</I></A> can be determined by using <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_stm_el.htm#stream-element-type"><B>stream-element-type</B></A>. <P>
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<P><HR>The following <A REL=META HREF="../Front/X3J13Iss.htm">X3J13 cleanup issues</A>, <I>not part of the specification</I>, apply to this section:<P><UL><LI> <A REL=CHILD HREF="../Issues/iss258.htm">PATHNAME-HOST-PARSING:RECOGNIZE-LOGICAL-HOST-NAMES</A><LI> <A REL=CHILD HREF="../Issues/iss157.htm">FILE-OPEN-ERROR:SIGNAL-FILE-ERROR</A><LI> <A REL=CHILD HREF="../Issues/iss259.htm">PATHNAME-LOGICAL:ADD</A><LI> <A REL=CHILD HREF="../Issues/iss267.htm">PATHNAME-WILD:NEW-FUNCTIONS</A><LI> <A REL=CHILD HREF="../Issues/iss327.htm">STREAM-ACCESS:ADD-TYPES-ACCESSORS</A><LI> <A REL=CHILD HREF="../Issues/iss039.htm">CHARACTER-PROPOSAL:2-5-2</A><P></UL><HR>
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