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docSidebarContainer_YfHR"><div class="sidebarViewport_aRkj"><div class="sidebar_njMd"><nav aria-label="Docs sidebar" class="menu thin-scrollbar menu_SIkG"><ul class="theme-doc-sidebar-menu menu__list"><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-1 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" href="../index.html">Introduction</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-0/intro.html">Contents and Figures</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-1/b-b-scope-purpose-and-history.html">1. Introduction</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-2/c-b-character-syntax.html">2. Syntax</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-3/d-b-evaluation.html">3. Evaluation and Compilation</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-4/e-b-introduction.html">4. Types and Classes</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-5/f-b-generalized-reference.html">5. Data and Control Flow</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-6/g-b-the-loop-facility.html">6. Iteration</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-7/h-b-object-creation-and-initialization.html">7. Objects</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../category/81-structures-dictionary.html">8. Structures</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-9/j-b-condition-system-concepts.html">9. Conditions</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-10/ba-b-symbol-concepts.html">10. Symbols</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-11/bb-b-package-concepts.html">11. Packages</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-12/bc-b-number-concepts.html">12. Numbers</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-13/bd-b-character-concepts.html">13. Characters</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-14/be-b-cons-concepts.html">14. Conses</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-15/bf-b-array-concepts.html">15. Arrays</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-16/bg-b-string-concepts.html">16. Strings</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-17/bh-b-sequence-concepts.html">17. Sequences</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-18/bi-b-hash-table-concepts.html">18. Hash Tables</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-19/bj-b-overview-of-filenames.html">19. Filenames</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-20/ca-b-file-system-concepts.html">20. Files</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-21/cb-b-stream-concepts.html">21. Streams</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-22/cc-b-the-lisp-printer.html">22. Printer</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-23/cd-b-reader-concepts.html">23. Reader</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-24/ce-b-system-construction-concepts.html">24. System Construction</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-25/cf-b-the-external-environment.html">25. External Environment</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../environments.html">26. Environments</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../meta-object-protocol.html">27. Meta Object Protocol</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../data-structures.html">28. Data Structures</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../portability/trivial-packages.html">29. Portability</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-1 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" href="../dictionary-entries.html">dictionary-entries</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret menu__link--active" aria-expanded="true" href="intro.html">Glossary</a></div><ul style="display:block;overflow:visible;height:auto" class="menu__list"><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-2 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="0" href="intro.html">Glossary - Introduction</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-2 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="0" href="a.html">A</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-2 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link 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1-.45 1-1z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></li><li class="breadcrumbs__item"><span class="breadcrumbs__link">Glossary</span><meta itemprop="position" content="1"></li><li itemscope="" itemprop="itemListElement" itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem" class="breadcrumbs__item breadcrumbs__item--active"><span class="breadcrumbs__link" itemprop="name">B</span><meta itemprop="position" content="2"></li></ul></nav><div class="theme-doc-markdown markdown"><header><h1>B</h1></header><p><strong>B</strong></p>
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<p><strong>backquote</strong> <em>n.</em> the <span><i>standard character</i></span> that is variously called “grave accent” or</p>
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<p>“backquote” (‘). See Figure 2–5.</p>
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<p><strong>backslash</strong> <em>n.</em> the <span><i>standard character</i></span> that is variously called “reverse solidus” or “backslash” (). See Figure 2–5.</p>
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<p><strong>base character</strong> <em>n.</em> a <span><i>character</i></span> of <span><i>type</i></span> <span><b>base-char</b></span>.</p>
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<p><strong>base string</strong> <em>n.</em> a <span><i>string</i></span> of <span><i>type</i></span> <span><b>base-string</b></span>.</p>
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<p><strong>before method</strong> <em>n.</em> a <span><i>method</i></span> having the <span><i>qualifier</i></span> <!-- -->:before<!-- -->.</p>
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<p><strong>bidirectional</strong> <em>adj.</em> (of a <span><i>stream</i></span>) being both an <em>input stream</em> and an <em>output stream</em>.</p>
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<p><strong>binary</strong> <em>adj.</em> 1. (of a <span><i>stream</i></span>) being a <span><i>stream</i></span> that has an <span><i>element type</i></span> that is a</p>
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<p><span><i>subtype</i></span> of <span><i>type</i></span> <span><b>integer</b></span>. The most fundamental operation on a <em>binary input stream</em> is <span><b>read-byte</b></span> and on a <em>binary output stream</em> is <span><b>write-byte</b></span>. See <span><i>character</i></span> . 2. (of a <span><i>file</i></span>) having been created by opening a <em>binary stream</em>. (It is <span><i>implementation-dependent</i></span> whether this is an detectable aspect of the <span><i>file</i></span>, or whether any given <em>character file</em> can be treated as a <em>binary file</em>.)</p>
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<p><strong>bind</strong> <em>v.t.</em> (a <span><i>variable</i></span>) to establish a <span><i>binding</i></span> for the <span><i>variable</i></span>.</p>
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<p><strong>binding</strong> <em>n.</em> an association between a <span><i>name</i></span> and that which the <span><i>name</i></span> denotes. “A lexical binding is a lexical association between a name and its value.” When the term <span><i>binding</i></span> is qualified by the name of a <span><i>namespace</i></span>, such as “variable” or “function,” it restricts the binding to the indicated namespace, as in: “<span><b>let</b></span> establishes variable bindings.” or “<span><b>let</b></span> establishes bindings of variables.”</p>
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<p><span><b>bit</b></span> <em>n.</em> an <span><i>object</i></span> of <span><i>type</i></span> <span><b>bit</b></span>; that is, the <em>integer</em> 0 or the <em>integer</em> 1.</p>
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<p><strong>bit array</strong> <em>n.</em> a specialized <span><i>array</i></span> that is of <span><i>type</i></span> (array bit), and whose elements are of <span><i>type</i></span> <span><b>bit</b></span>.</p>
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<p><strong>bit vector</strong> <em>n.</em> a specialized <span><i>vector</i></span> that is of <span><i>type</i></span> <span><b>bit-vector</b></span>, and whose elements are of <span><i>type</i></span> <span><b>bit</b></span>.</p>
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<p><strong>bit-wise logical operation specifier</strong> <em>n.</em> an <span><i>object</i></span> which names one of the sixteen possible bit-wise logical operations that can be performed by the <span><b>boole</b></span> function, and which is the <span><i>value</i></span> of exactly one of the <span><i>constant variables</i></span> <span><b>boole-clr</b></span>, <span><b>boole-set</b></span>, <span><b>boole-1</b></span>, <span><b>boole-2</b></span>, <span><b>boole-c1</b></span>, <span><b>boole-c2</b></span>, <span><b>boole-and</b></span>, <span><b>boole-ior</b></span>, <span><b>boole-xor</b></span>, <span><b>boole-eqv</b></span>, <span><b>boole-nand</b></span>, <span><b>boole-nor</b></span>, <span><b>boole-andc1</b></span>, <span><b>boole-andc2</b></span>, <span><b>boole-orc1</b></span>, or <span><b>boole-orc2</b></span>.</p>
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<p><span><b>block</b></span> <em>n.</em> a named lexical <em>exit point<span><i>, </i></span>established</em> explicitly by <span><b>block</b></span> or implicitly by <span><i>operators</i></span> such as <span><b>loop</b></span>, <span><b>do</b></span> and <strong>prog</strong>, to which control and values may be transfered by using a <span><b>return-from</b></span> <span><i>form</i></span> with the name of the <span><i>block</i></span>.</p>
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<p><strong>block tag</strong> <em>n.</em> the <span><i>symbol</i></span> that, within the <span><i>lexical scope</i></span> of a <span><b>block</b></span> <span><i>form</i></span>, names the <em>block established</em> by that <span><b>block</b></span> <span><i>form</i></span>. See <span><b>return</b></span> or <span><b>return-from</b></span>.</p>
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<p><strong>boa lambda list</strong> <em>n.</em> a <span><i>lambda list</i></span> that is syntactically like an <span><i>ordinary lambda list</i></span>, but that is processed in “<strong>b</strong>y <strong>o</strong>rder of <strong>a</strong>rgument” style. See Section 3.4.6 (Boa Lambda Lists).</p>
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<p><strong>body parameter</strong> <em>n.</em> a <span><i>parameter</i></span> available in certain <span><i>lambda lists</i></span> which from the point of view of <span><i>conforming programs</i></span> is like a <span><i>rest parameter</i></span> in every way except that it is introduced by <strong>&body</strong> instead of <strong>&rest</strong>. (<span><i>Implementations</i></span> are permitted to provide extensions which distinguish <span><i>body parameters</i></span> and <span><i>rest parameters</i></span>—<em>e.g.</em>, the <span><i>forms</i></span> for <span><i>operators</i></span> which were defined using a <span><i>body parameter</i></span> might be pretty printed slightly differently than <span><i>forms</i></span> for <span><i>operators</i></span> which were defined using <span><i>rest parameters</i></span>.)</p>
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<p><span><b>boolean</b></span> <em>n.</em> an <span><i>object</i></span> of <span><i>type</i></span> <span><b>boolean</b></span>; that is, one of the following <span><i>objects</i></span>: the</p>
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<p>symbol <span><b>t</b></span> (representing <span><i>true</i></span>), or the symbol <span><b>nil</b></span> (representing <span><i>false</i></span>). See <span><i>generalized boolean</i></span>.</p>
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<p><strong>boolean equivalent</strong> <em>n.</em> (of an <em>object O</em><sub>1</sub>) any <em>object O</em><sub>2</sub> that has the same truth value as <em>O</em><sub>1</sub> when both <em>O</em><sub>1</sub> and <em>O</em><sub>2</sub> are viewed as <span><i>generalized booleans</i></span>.</p>
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<p><strong>bound</strong> <em>adj.</em>, <em>v.t.</em> 1. <em>adj.</em> having an associated denotation in a <span><i>binding</i></span>. “The variables named by a <span><b>let</b></span> are bound within its body.” See <span><i>unbound</i></span>. 2. <em>adj.</em> having a local <span><i>binding</i></span> which <span><i>shadows</i></span><sub>2</sub> another. “The variable <span><b>*print-escape*</b></span> is bound while in the <span><b>princ</b></span> function.” 3. <em>v.t.</em> the past tense of <span><i>bind</i></span>.</p>
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<p><strong>bound declaration</strong> <em>n.</em> a <span><i>declaration</i></span> that refers to or is associated with a <span><i>variable</i></span> or <span><i>function</i></span> and that appears within the <span><i>special form</i></span> that <em>establishes</em> the <span><i>variable</i></span> or <span><i>function</i></span>, but before the body of that <span><i>special form</i></span> (specifically, at the head of that <span><i>form</i></span>’s body). (If a <span><i>bound declaration</i></span> refers to a <em>function binding</em> or a <em>lexical variable binding</em>, the <span><i>scope</i></span> of the <span><i>declaration</i></span> is exactly the <span><i>scope</i></span> of that <span><i>binding</i></span>. If the</p>
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<p><span><i>declaration</i></span> refers to a <em>dynamic variable binding</em>, the <span><i>scope</i></span> of the <span><i>declaration</i></span> is what the <span><i>scope</i></span> of the <span><i>binding</i></span> would have been if it were lexical rather than dynamic.)</p>
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<p><b>bounded</b> <i>adj.</i> (of a <i>sequence S</i>, by an ordered pair of <i>bounding indices i<sub>start</sub></i> and <i>i<sub>end</sub></i>) restricted to a subrange of the <i>elements</i> of <i>S</i> that includes each <i>element</i> beginning with (and including) the one indexed by <i>i<sub>start</sub></i> and continuing up to (but not including) the one indexed by <i>i<sub>end</sub></i>.</p>
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<p><b>bounding index</b> <i>n.</i> (of a <i>sequence</i> with <i>length n</i>) either of a conceptual pair of <i>integers</i>, <i>i<sub>start</sub></i> and <i>i<sub>end</sub></i>, respectively called the “lower bounding index” and “upper</p>
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<p>bounding index”, such that 0 <i>≤ i<sub>start</sub> ≤ i<sub>end</sub> ≤ n</i>, and which therefore delimit a subrange of the <i>sequence bounded</i> by <i>i<sub>start</sub></i> and <i>i<sub>end</sub></i>.</p>
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<p><strong>bounding index designator</strong> (for a <em>sequence</em>) one of two <span><i>objects</i></span> that, taken together as an ordered pair, behave as a <span><i>designator</i></span> for <em>bounding indices</em> of the <em>sequence</em>; that is, they denote <em>bounding indices</em> of the <em>sequence</em>, and are either: an <em>integer</em> (denoting</p>
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<p>itself) and <span><b>nil</b></span> (denoting the <span><i>length</i></span> of the <em>sequence</em>), or two <em>integers</em> (each denoting themselves).</p>
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<p><strong>break loop</strong> <em>n.</em> A variant of the normal <em>Lisp read-eval-print loop</em> that is recursively entered, usually because the ongoing <span><i>evaluation</i></span> of some other <span><i>form</i></span> has been suspended for the purpose of debugging. Often, a <span><i>break loop</i></span> provides the ability to exit in such a way as to continue the suspended computation. See the <span><i>function</i></span> <span><b>break</b></span>.</p>
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<p><strong>broadcast stream</strong> <em>n.</em> an <em>output stream</em> of <span><i>type</i></span> <span><b>broadcast-stream</b></span>.</p>
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<p><strong>built-in class</strong> <em>n.</em> a <span><i>class</i></span> that is a <span><i>generalized instance</i></span> of <span><i>class</i></span> <span><b>built-in-class</b></span>.</p>
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<p><strong>built-in type</strong> <em>n.</em> one of the <span><i>types</i></span> in Figure 4–2.</p>
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<p><span><b>byte</b></span> <em>n.</em> 1. adjacent bits within an <em>integer</em> . (The specific number of bits can vary from point to point in the program; see the <span><i>function</i></span> <span><b>byte</b></span>.) 2. an integer in a specified range. (The specific range can vary from point to point in the program; see the <span><i>functions</i></span> <span><b>open</b></span> and <span><b>write-byte</b></span>.)</p>
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<p><strong>byte specifier</strong> <em>n.</em> An <span><i>object</i></span> of <span><i>implementation-dependent</i></span> nature that is returned by the <span><i>function</i></span> <span><b>byte</b></span> and that specifies the range of bits in an <em>integer</em> to be used as a <span><i>byte</i></span> by <span><i>functions</i></span> such as <span><b>ldb</b></span>.</p></div><footer class="theme-doc-footer docusaurus-mt-lg"><div class="theme-doc-footer-edit-meta-row row"><div class="col"><a href="https://github.com/lisp-docs/cl-language-reference/tree/main/docs/chap-26/b.md" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="theme-edit-this-page"><svg fill="currentColor" height="20" width="20" viewBox="0 0 40 40" class="iconEdit_Z9Sw" aria-hidden="true"><g><path d="m34.5 11.7l-3 3.1-6.3-6.3 3.1-3q0.5-0.5 1.2-0.5t1.1 0.5l3.9 3.9q0.5 0.4 0.5 1.1t-0.5 1.2z m-29.5 17.1l18.4-18.5 6.3 6.3-18.4 18.4h-6.3v-6.2z"></path></g></svg>Edit this page</a></div><div class="col 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