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docSidebarContainer_YfHR"><div class="sidebarViewport_aRkj"><div class="sidebar_njMd"><nav aria-label="Docs sidebar" class="menu thin-scrollbar menu_SIkG"><ul class="theme-doc-sidebar-menu menu__list"><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-1 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" href="../index.html">Introduction</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-0/intro.html">Contents and Figures</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-1/b-b-scope-purpose-and-history.html">1. Introduction</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-2/c-b-character-syntax.html">2. Syntax</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-3/d-b-evaluation.html">3. Evaluation and Compilation</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-4/e-b-introduction.html">4. Types and Classes</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-5/f-b-generalized-reference.html">5. Data and Control Flow</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-6/g-b-the-loop-facility.html">6. Iteration</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-7/h-b-object-creation-and-initialization.html">7. Objects</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../category/81-structures-dictionary.html">8. Structures</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-9/j-b-condition-system-concepts.html">9. Conditions</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-10/ba-b-symbol-concepts.html">10. Symbols</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-11/bb-b-package-concepts.html">11. Packages</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-12/bc-b-number-concepts.html">12. Numbers</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-13/bd-b-character-concepts.html">13. Characters</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-14/be-b-cons-concepts.html">14. Conses</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-15/bf-b-array-concepts.html">15. Arrays</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-16/bg-b-string-concepts.html">16. Strings</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-17/bh-b-sequence-concepts.html">17. Sequences</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-18/bi-b-hash-table-concepts.html">18. Hash Tables</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-19/bj-b-overview-of-filenames.html">19. Filenames</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-20/ca-b-file-system-concepts.html">20. Files</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-21/cb-b-stream-concepts.html">21. Streams</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-22/cc-b-the-lisp-printer.html">22. Printer</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-23/cd-b-reader-concepts.html">23. Reader</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-24/ce-b-system-construction-concepts.html">24. System Construction</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-25/cf-b-the-external-environment.html">25. External Environment</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../environments.html">26. Environments</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../meta-object-protocol.html">27. Meta Object Protocol</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../data-structures.html">28. Data Structures</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../portability/trivial-packages.html">29. Portability</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-1 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" href="../dictionary-entries.html">dictionary-entries</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret menu__link--active" aria-expanded="true" href="intro.html">Glossary</a></div><ul style="display:block;overflow:visible;height:auto" class="menu__list"><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-2 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="0" href="intro.html">Glossary - Introduction</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-2 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="0" href="a.html">A</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-2 menu__list-item"><a 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0l-8.36 7.53c-.34.3-.13.87.33.87H5v7c0 .55.45 1 1 1h3c.55 0 1-.45 1-1z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></li><li class="breadcrumbs__item"><span class="breadcrumbs__link">Glossary</span><meta itemprop="position" content="1"></li><li itemscope="" itemprop="itemListElement" itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem" class="breadcrumbs__item breadcrumbs__item--active"><span class="breadcrumbs__link" itemprop="name">C</span><meta itemprop="position" content="2"></li></ul></nav><div class="theme-doc-markdown markdown"><header><h1>C</h1></header><p><strong>C</strong></p>
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<p><span><b>cadr</b></span> [ <strong>ka d</strong>* <strong>r</strong> ], <em>n.</em> (of an <span><i>object</i></span>) the <span><i>car</i></span> of the <span><i>cdr</i></span> of that <span><i>object</i></span>.</p>
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<p><strong>call</strong> <em>v.t.</em>, <em>n.</em> 1. <em>v.t.</em> (a <span><i>function</i></span> with <span><i>arguments</i></span>) to cause the <span><i>code</i></span> represented by that <span><i>function</i></span> to be <em>executed</em> in an <span><i>environment</i></span> where <span><i>bindings</i></span> for the <span><i>values</i></span> of its <span><i>parameters</i></span> have been <em>established</em> based on the <span><i>arguments</i></span>. “Calling the function <span><b>+</b></span> with the arguments 5 and 1 yields a value of 6.” 2. <em>n.</em> a <span><i>situation</i></span> in which a <span><i>function</i></span> is called.</p>
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<p><strong>captured initialization form</strong> <em>n.</em> an <span><i>initialization form</i></span> along with the <em>lexical</em></p>
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<p><span><i>environment</i></span> in which the <span><i>form</i></span> that defined the <span><i>initialization form</i></span> was <em>evaluated</em>. “Each newly added shared slot is set to the result of evaluating the captured</p>
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<p>initialization form for the slot that was specified in the <span><b>defclass</b></span> form for the new class.”</p>
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<p><span><b>car</b></span> <em>n.</em> 1. a. (of a <span><i>cons</i></span>) the component of a <span><i>cons</i></span> corresponding to the first <span><i>argument</i></span> to <span><b>cons</b></span>; the other component is the <span><i>cdr</i></span> . “The function <span><b>rplaca</b></span> modifies the car of a cons.” b. (of a <span><i>list</i></span>) the first <span><i>element</i></span> of the <span><i>list</i></span>, or <span><b>nil</b></span> if the <span><i>list</i></span> is the <span><i>empty list</i></span>. 2. the <span><i>object</i></span> that is held in the <span><i>car</i></span> <sub>1</sub>. “The function <span><b>car</b></span> returns the car of a cons.”</p>
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<p><span><b>case</b></span> <em>n.</em> (of a <span><i>character</i></span> ) the property of being either <span><i>uppercase</i></span> or <span><i>lowercase</i></span>. Not all <span><i>characters</i></span> have <span><i>case</i></span>. “The characters #\A and #\a have case, but the character #$ has no case.” See Section 13.1.4.3 (Characters With Case) and the <span><i>function</i></span> <span><b>both-case-p</b></span>.</p>
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<p><strong>case sensitivity mode</strong> <em>n.</em> one of the <span><i>symbols</i></span> <!-- -->:upcase<!-- -->, <!-- -->:downcase<!-- -->, <!-- -->:preserve<!-- -->, or</p>
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<p>:invert<!-- -->.</p>
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<p><span><b>catch</b></span> <em>n.</em> an <span><i>exit point</i></span> which is <em>established</em> by a <span><b>catch</b></span> <span><i>form</i></span> within the <span><i>dynamic scope</i></span> of its body, which is named by a <span><i>catch tag</i></span>, and to which control and <span><i>values</i></span> may be <em>thrown</em>.</p>
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<p><strong>catch tag</strong> <em>n.</em> an <span><i>object</i></span> which names an <em>active catch</em>. (If more than one <span><i>catch</i></span> is active with the same <span><i>catch tag</i></span>, it is only possible to <span><i>throw</i></span> to the innermost such <span><i>catch</i></span> because the outer one is <em>shadowed</em> <sub>2</sub>.)</p>
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<p><span><b>cddr</b></span> [ <strong>k_ud</strong>* <strong>d</strong>* <strong>r</strong> ] or [ <strong>k</strong>* <strong>d_ud</strong>* <strong>r</strong> ], <em>n.</em> (of an <span><i>object</i></span>) the <span><i>cdr</i></span> of the <span><i>cdr</i></span> of that <span><i>object</i></span>.</p>
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<p><span><b>cdr</b></span> [ <strong>k_u d</strong>* <strong>r</strong> ], <em>n.</em> 1. a. (of a <span><i>cons</i></span>) the component of a <span><i>cons</i></span> corresponding to the second <span><i>argument</i></span> to <span><b>cons</b></span>; the other component is the <span><i>car</i></span> . “The function <span><b>rplacd</b></span> modifies the cdr of a cons.” b. (of a <em>list L</em><sub>1</sub>) either the <em>list L</em><sub>2</sub> that contains the <span><i>elements</i></span> of <em>L</em><sub>1</sub> that follow after the first, or else <span><b>nil</b></span> if <em>L</em><sub>1</sub> is the <span><i>empty list</i></span>. 2. the <span><i>object</i></span> that is held in the <span><i>cdr</i></span> <sub>1</sub>. “The function <span><b>cdr</b></span> returns the cdr of a cons.”</p>
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<p><strong>cell</strong> <em>n. Trad.</em> (of an <span><i>object</i></span>) a conceptual <span><i>slot</i></span> of that <span><i>object</i></span>. The <span><i>dynamic variable</i></span> and global <em>function bindings</em> of a <span><i>symbol</i></span> are sometimes referred to as its <span><i>value cell</i></span> and <span><i>function cell</i></span>, respectively.</p>
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<p><span><b>character</b></span> <em>n.</em>, <em>adj.</em> 1. <em>n.</em> an <span><i>object</i></span> of <span><i>type</i></span> <span><b>character</b></span>; that is, an <span><i>object</i></span> that represents a unitary token in an aggregate quantity of text; see Section 13.1 (Character Concepts). 2. <em>adj.</em> a. (of a <span><i>stream</i></span>) having an <span><i>element type</i></span> that is a <span><i>subtype</i></span> of <span><i>type</i></span> <span><b>character</b></span>. The most fundamental operation on a <em>character input stream</em> is <span><b>read-char</b></span> and on a <em>character output stream</em> is <span><b>write-char</b></span>. See <span><i>binary</i></span>. b. (of a <span><i>file</i></span>) having been created by opening a <em>character stream</em>. (It is <span><i>implementation-dependent</i></span> whether this is an inspectable aspect of the <span><i>file</i></span>, or whether any given <em>binary file</em> can be treated as a <em>character file</em>.)</p>
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<p><strong>character code</strong> <em>n.</em> 1. one of possibly several <span><i>attributes</i></span> of a <span><i>character</i></span> . 2. a</p>
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<p>non-negative <em>integer</em> less than the <span><i>value</i></span> of <span><b>char-code-limit</b></span> that is suitable for use as a <span><i>character code</i></span><sub>1</sub>.</p>
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<p><strong>character designator</strong> <em>n.</em> a <span><i>designator</i></span> for a <span><i>character</i></span> ; that is, an <span><i>object</i></span> that denotes a <span><i>character</i></span> and that is one of: a <span><i>designator</i></span> for a <span><i>string</i></span> of <span><i>length</i></span> one (denoting the <span><i>character</i></span> that is its only <span><i>element</i></span>), or a <span><i>character</i></span> (denoting itself).</p>
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<p><strong>circular</strong> <em>adj.</em> 1. (of a <span><i>list</i></span>) a <span><i>circular list</i></span>. 2. (of an arbitrary <span><i>object</i></span>) having a</p>
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<p><em>component</em>, <span><i>element</i></span>, <span><i>constituent</i></span><sub>2</sub>, or <span><i>subexpression</i></span> (as appropriate to the context) that is the <span><i>object</i></span> itself.</p>
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<p><strong>circular list</strong> <em>n.</em> a chain of <em>conses</em> that has no termination because some <span><i>cons</i></span> in the chain is the <span><i>cdr</i></span> of a later <span><i>cons</i></span>.</p>
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<p><span><b>class</b></span> <em>n.</em> 1. an <span><i>object</i></span> that uniquely determines the structure and behavior of a set of other <span><i>objects</i></span> called its <span><i>direct instances</i></span>, that contributes structure and behavior to a set of other <span><i>objects</i></span> called its <span><i>indirect instances</i></span>, and that acts as a <span><i>type specifier</i></span> for a set of objects called its <span><i>generalized instances</i></span>. “The class <span><b>integer</b></span> is a subclass of the</p>
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<p>class <span><b>number</b></span>.” (Note that the phrase “the <span><i>class</i></span> foo” is often substituted for the more precise phrase “the <span><i>class</i></span> named foo”—in both cases, a <em>class object</em> (not a <span><i>symbol</i></span>) is denoted.) 2. (of an <span><i>object</i></span>) the uniquely determined <span><i>class</i></span> of which the <span><i>object</i></span> is a <span><i>direct instance</i></span>. See the <span><i>function</i></span> <span><b>class-of</b></span>. “The class of the object returned by <span><b>gensym</b></span> is <span><b>symbol</b></span>.” (Note that with this usage a phrase such as “its <span><i>class</i></span> is foo” is often substituted for the more precise phrase “its <span><i>class</i></span> is the <span><i>class</i></span> named foo”—in both cases, a <em>class object</em> (not a <span><i>symbol</i></span>) is denoted.)</p>
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<p><strong>class designator</strong> <em>n.</em> a <span><i>designator</i></span> for a <span><i>class</i></span>; that is, an <span><i>object</i></span> that denotes a <span><i>class</i></span> and that is one of: a <span><i>symbol</i></span> (denoting the <span><i>class</i></span> named by that <span><i>symbol</i></span>; see the <span><i>function</i></span> <span><b>find-class</b></span>) or a <span><i>class</i></span> (denoting itself).</p>
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<p><strong>class precedence list</strong> <em>n.</em> a unique total ordering on a <span><i>class</i></span> and its <em>superclasses</em> that is consistent with the <span><i>local precedence orders</i></span> for the <span><i>class</i></span> and its <em>superclasses</em>. For detailed information, see Section 4.3.5 (Determining the Class Precedence List).</p>
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<p><span><b>close</b></span> <em>v.t.</em> (a <span><i>stream</i></span>) to terminate usage of the <span><i>stream</i></span> as a source or sink of data, permitting the <span><i>implementation</i></span> to reclaim its internal data structures, and to free any external resources which might have been locked by the <span><i>stream</i></span> when it was opened.</p>
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<p><strong>closed</strong> <em>adj.</em> (of a <span><i>stream</i></span>) having been <span><i>closed</i></span> (see close). Some (but not all) operations that are valid on <em>open streams</em> are not valid on <em>closed streams</em>. See Section 21.1.1.1.2 (Open and Closed Streams).</p>
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<p><strong>closure</strong> <em>n.</em> a <span><i>lexical closure</i></span>.</p>
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<p><strong>coalesce</strong> <em>v.t.</em> (<em>literal objects</em> that are <span><i>similar</i></span> ) to consolidate the identity of those <span><i>objects</i></span>, such that they become the <em>same object</em>. See Section 3.2.1 (Compiler</p>
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<p>Terminology).</p>
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<p><strong>code</strong> <em>n.</em> 1. <em>Trad.</em> any representation of actions to be performed, whether conceptual or as an actual <span><i>object</i></span>, such as <span><i>forms</i></span>, <span><i>lambda expressions</i></span>, <span><i>objects</i></span> of <em>type function</em>, text in a <span><i>source file</i></span>, or instruction sequences in a <span><i>compiled file</i></span>. This is a generic term; the specific nature of the representation depends on its context. 2. (of a <span><i>character</i></span> ) a <span><i>character code</i></span>.</p>
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<p><span><b>coerce</b></span> <em>v.t.</em> (an <span><i>object</i></span> to a <span><i>type</i></span>) to produce an <span><i>object</i></span> from the given <span><i>object</i></span>, without modifying that <span><i>object</i></span>, by following some set of coercion rules that must be specifically stated for any context in which this term is used. The resulting <span><i>object</i></span> is necessarily of the indicated <span><i>type</i></span>, except when that type is a <span><i>subtype</i></span> of <span><i>type</i></span> <span><b>complex</b></span>; in that case, if a <span><i>complex rational</i></span> with an imaginary part of zero would result, the result is a <span><i>rational</i></span></p>
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<p>rather than a <span><i>complex</i></span>—see Section 12.1.5.3 (Rule of Canonical Representation for Complex Rationals).</p>
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<p><strong>colon</strong> <em>n.</em> the <span><i>standard character</i></span> that is called “colon” (:). See Figure 2–5.</p>
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<p><strong>comma</strong> <em>n.</em> the <span><i>standard character</i></span> that is called “comma” (,). See Figure 2–5.</p>
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<p><strong>compilation</strong> <em>n.</em> the process of <em>compiling code</em> by the <span><i>compiler</i></span> .</p>
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<p><strong>compilation environment</strong> <em>n.</em> 1. An <span><i>environment</i></span> that represents information known by the <span><i>compiler</i></span> about a <span><i>form</i></span> that is being <em>compiled</em>. See Section 3.2.1 (Compiler Terminology). 2. An <span><i>object</i></span> that represents the <span><i>compilation environment</i></span> <sub>1</sub> and that is used as a second argument to a <span><i>macro function</i></span> (which supplies a <span><i>value</i></span> for any <strong>&environment</strong> <span><i>parameter</i></span> in the <span><i>macro function</i></span>’s definition).</p>
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<p><strong>compilation unit</strong> <em>n.</em> an interval during which a single unit of compilation is occurring. See the <span><i>macro</i></span> <span><b>with-compilation-unit</b></span>.</p>
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<p><span><b>compile</b></span> <em>v.t.</em> 1. (<span><i>code</i></span>) to perform semantic preprocessing of the <span><i>code</i></span>, usually</p>
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<p>optimizing one or more qualities of the code, such as run-time speed of <em>execution</em> or run-time storage usage. The minimum semantic requirements of compilation are that it must remove all macro calls and arrange for all <span><i>load time values</i></span> to be resolved prior to run time. 2. (a <span><i>function</i></span>) to produce a new <span><i>object</i></span> of <span><i>type</i></span> <span><b>compiled-function</b></span> which represents the result of <em>compiling</em> the <span><i>code</i></span> represented by the <span><i>function</i></span>. See the <span><i>function</i></span> <span><b>compile</b></span>. 3. (a <span><i>source file</i></span>) to produce a <span><i>compiled file</i></span> from a <span><i>source file</i></span>. See the <span><i>function</i></span> <span><b>compile-file</b></span>.</p>
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<p><strong>compile time</strong> <em>n.</em> the duration of time that the <span><i>compiler</i></span> is processing <span><i>source code</i></span>. <strong>compile-time definition</strong> <em>n.</em> a definition in the <span><i>compilation environment</i></span>.</p>
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<p><strong>compiled code</strong> <em>n.</em> 1. <span><i>compiled functions</i></span>. 2. <span><i>code</i></span> that represents <span><i>compiled functions</i></span>, such as the contents of a <span><i>compiled file</i></span>.</p>
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<p><strong>compiled file</strong> <em>n.</em> a <span><i>file</i></span> which represents the results of <em>compiling</em> the <span><i>forms</i></span> which appeared in a corresponding <span><i>source file</i></span>, and which can be <em>loaded</em>. See the <span><i>function</i></span> <span><b>compile-file</b></span>.</p>
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<p><strong>compiled function</strong> <em>n.</em> an <span><i>object</i></span> of <span><i>type</i></span> <span><b>compiled-function</b></span>, which is a <span><i>function</i></span> that has been <em>compiled</em>, which contains no references to <span><i>macros</i></span> that must be expanded at run time, and which contains no unresolved references to <span><i>load time values</i></span>.</p>
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<p><strong>compiler</strong> <em>n.</em> a facility that is part of Lisp and that translates <span><i>code</i></span> into an</p>
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<p><span><i>implementation-dependent</i></span> form that might be represented or <em>executed</em> efficiently. The functions <span><b>compile</b></span> and <span><b>compile-file</b></span> permit programs to invoke the <span><i>compiler</i></span> .</p>
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<p><strong>compiler macro</strong> <em>n.</em> an auxiliary macro definition for a globally defined <span><i>function</i></span> or <span><i>macro</i></span> which might or might not be called by any given <span><i>conforming implementation</i></span> and which must preserve the semantics of the globally defined <span><i>function</i></span> or <span><i>macro</i></span> but</p>
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<p>which might perform some additional optimizations. (Unlike a <span><i>macro</i></span>, a <span><i>compiler macro</i></span> does not extend the syntax of Common Lisp; rather, it provides an alternate implementation strategy for some existing syntax or functionality.)</p>
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<p><strong>compiler macro expansion</strong> <em>n.</em> 1. the process of translating a <span><i>form</i></span> into another <span><i>form</i></span> by a <span><i>compiler macro</i></span>. 2. the <span><i>form</i></span> resulting from this process.</p>
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<p><strong>compiler macro form</strong> <em>n.</em> a <span><i>function form</i></span> or <span><i>macro form</i></span> whose <span><i>operator</i></span> has a definition as a <span><i>compiler macro</i></span>, or a <span><b>funcall</b></span> <span><i>form</i></span> whose first <span><i>argument</i></span> is a <span><b>function</b></span> <span><i>form</i></span> whose <span><i>argument</i></span> is the <span><i>name</i></span> of a <span><i>function</i></span> that has a definition as a <span><i>compiler macro</i></span>.</p>
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<p><strong>compiler macro function</strong> <em>n.</em> a <span><i>function</i></span> of two arguments, a <span><i>form</i></span> and an</p>
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<p><span><i>environment</i></span>, that implements <span><i>compiler macro expansion</i></span> by producing either a <span><i>form</i></span> to be used in place of the original argument <span><i>form</i></span> or else <span><b>nil</b></span>, indicating that the original <span><i>form</i></span> should not be replaced. See Section 3.2.2.1 (Compiler Macros).</p>
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<p><span><b>complex</b></span> <em>n.</em> an <span><i>object</i></span> of <span><i>type</i></span> <span><b>complex</b></span>.</p>
|
||
<p><strong>complex float</strong> <em>n.</em> an <span><i>object</i></span> of <span><i>type</i></span> <span><b>complex</b></span> which has a <span><i>complex part type</i></span> that is a <span><i>subtype</i></span> of <span><b>float</b></span>. A <span><i>complex float</i></span> is a <span><i>complex</i></span> , but it is not a <span><i>float</i></span>.</p>
|
||
<p><strong>complex part type</strong> <em>n.</em> (of a <span><i>complex</i></span> ) 1. the <span><i>type</i></span> which is used to represent both the real part and the imaginary part of the <span><i>complex</i></span> . 2. the <span><i>actual complex part type</i></span> of the <span><i>complex</i></span> . 3. the <span><i>expressed complex part type</i></span> of the <span><i>complex</i></span> .</p>
|
||
<p><strong>complex rational</strong> <em>n.</em> an <span><i>object</i></span> of <span><i>type</i></span> <span><b>complex</b></span> which has a <span><i>complex part type</i></span> that is a <span><i>subtype</i></span> of <span><b>rational</b></span>. A <span><i>complex rational</i></span> is a <span><i>complex</i></span> , but it is not a <span><i>rational</i></span>. No <span><i>complex rational</i></span> has an imaginary part of zero because such a number is always represented by Common Lisp as an <span><i>object</i></span> of <span><i>type</i></span> <span><b>rational</b></span>; see Section 12.1.5.3 (Rule of Canonical Representation for Complex Rationals).</p>
|
||
<p><strong>complex single float</strong> <em>n.</em> an <span><i>object</i></span> of <span><i>type</i></span> <span><b>complex</b></span> which has a <span><i>complex part type</i></span> that is a <span><i>subtype</i></span> of <span><b>single-float</b></span>. A <span><i>complex single float</i></span> is a <span><i>complex</i></span> , but it is not a <span><i>single float</i></span>.</p>
|
||
<p><strong>composite stream</strong> <em>n.</em> a <span><i>stream</i></span> that is composed of one or more other <span><i>streams</i></span>. “<span><b>make-synonym-stream</b></span> creates a composite stream.”</p>
|
||
<p><strong>compound form</strong> <em>n.</em> a <em>non-empty list</em> which is a <span><i>form</i></span>: a <span><i>special form</i></span>, a <span><i>lambda form</i></span>, a <span><i>macro form</i></span>, or a <span><i>function form</i></span>.</p>
|
||
<p><strong>compound type specifier</strong> <em>n.</em> a <span><i>type specifier</i></span> that is a <span><i>cons</i></span>; <em>i.e.</em>, a <span><i>type specifier</i></span> that is not an <span><i>atomic type specifier</i></span> . “(vector single-float) is a compound type specifier.”</p>
|
||
<p><strong>concatenated stream</strong> <em>n.</em> an <em>input stream</em> of <span><i>type</i></span> <span><b>concatenated-stream</b></span>.</p>
|
||
<p><span><b>condition</b></span> <em>n.</em> 1. an <span><i>object</i></span> which represents a <span><i>situation</i></span>—usually, but not necessarily, during <em>signaling</em>. 2. an <span><i>object</i></span> of <span><i>type</i></span> <span><b>condition</b></span>.</p>
|
||
<p><strong>condition designator</strong> <em>n.</em> one or more <span><i>objects</i></span> that, taken together, denote either an existing <em>condition object</em> or a <em>condition object</em> to be implicitly created. For details, see Section 9.1.2.1 (Condition Designators).</p>
|
||
<p><strong>condition handler</strong> <em>n.</em> a <span><i>function</i></span> that might be invoked by the act of <em>signaling</em>, that receives the <span><i>condition</i></span> being signaled as its only argument, and that is permitted to <span><i>handle</i></span> the <span><i>condition</i></span> or to <span><i>decline</i></span>. See Section 9.1.4.1 (Signaling).</p>
|
||
<p><strong>condition reporter</strong> <em>n.</em> a <span><i>function</i></span> that describes how a <span><i>condition</i></span> is to be printed when the <em>Lisp printer</em> is invoked while <span><b>*print-escape*</b></span> is <span><i>false</i></span>. See Section 9.1.3 (Printing Conditions).</p>
|
||
<p><strong>conditional newline</strong> <em>n.</em> a point in output where a <span><i>newline</i></span> might be inserted at the discretion of the <span><i>pretty printer</i></span> . There are four kinds of <span><i>conditional newlines</i></span>, called “linear-style,” “fill-style,” “miser-style,” and “mandatory-style.” See the <span><i>function</i></span> <span><b>pprint-newline</b></span> and Section 22.2.1.1 (Dynamic Control of the Arrangement of Output).</p>
|
||
<p><strong>conformance</strong> <em>n.</em> a state achieved by proper and complete adherence to the</p>
|
||
<p>requirements of this specification. See Section 1.5 (Conformance).</p>
|
||
<p><strong>conforming code</strong> <em>n. code</em> that is all of part of a <span><i>conforming program</i></span>.</p>
|
||
<p><strong>conforming implementation</strong> <em>n.</em> an <span><i>implementation</i></span>, used to emphasize complete and correct adherance to all conformance criteria. A <span><i>conforming implementation</i></span> is capable of accepting a <span><i>conforming program</i></span> as input, preparing that <span><i>program</i></span> for <em>execution</em>, and executing the prepared <span><i>program</i></span> in accordance with this specification. An <span><i>implementation</i></span> which has been extended may still be a <span><i>conforming implementation</i></span></p>
|
||
<p>provided that no extension interferes with the correct function of any <span><i>conforming program</i></span>.</p>
|
||
<p><strong>conforming processor</strong> <em>n. ANSI</em> a <span><i>conforming implementation</i></span>.</p>
|
||
<p><strong>conforming program</strong> <em>n.</em> a <span><i>program</i></span>, used to emphasize the fact that the <span><i>program</i></span> depends for its correctness only upon documented aspects of Common Lisp, and can therefore be expected to run correctly in any <span><i>conforming implementation</i></span>.</p>
|
||
<p><strong>congruent</strong> <em>n.</em> conforming to the rules of <span><i>lambda list</i></span> congruency, as detailed in Section 7.6.4 (Congruent Lambda-lists for all Methods of a Generic Function).</p>
|
||
<p><span><b>cons</b></span> <em>n.v.</em> 1. <em>n.</em> a compound data <span><i>object</i></span> having two components called the <span><i>car</i></span> and the <span><i>cdr</i></span> . 2. <em>v.</em> to create such an <span><i>object</i></span>. 3. <em>v. Idiom.</em> to create any <span><i>object</i></span>, or to allocate storage.</p>
|
||
<p><strong>constant</strong> <em>n.</em> 1. a <span><i>constant form</i></span>. 2. a <span><i>constant variable</i></span>. 3. a <span><i>constant object</i></span>. 4. a <span><i>self-evaluating object</i></span>.</p>
|
||
<p><strong>constant form</strong> <em>n.</em> any <span><i>form</i></span> for which <span><i>evaluation</i></span> always <span><i>yields</i></span> the same <span><i>value</i></span>, that neither affects nor is affected by the <span><i>environment</i></span> in which it is <em>evaluated</em> (except that it is permitted to refer to the names of <span><i>constant variables</i></span> defined in the <span><i>environment</i></span>), and that neither affects nor is affected by the state of any <span><i>object</i></span> except those <span><i>objects</i></span> that are <span><i>otherwise inaccessible parts</i></span> of <span><i>objects</i></span> created by the <span><i>form</i></span> itself. “A <span><b>car</b></span> form in which the argument is a <span><b>quote</b></span> form is a constant form.”</p>
|
||
<p><strong>constant object</strong> <em>n.</em> an <span><i>object</i></span> that is constrained (<em>e.g.</em>, by its context in a <span><i>program</i></span> or by the source from which it was obtained) to be <span><i>immutable</i></span>. “A literal object that has been processed by <span><b>compile-file</b></span> is a constant object.”</p>
|
||
<p><strong>constant variable</strong> <em>n.</em> a <span><i>variable</i></span>, the <span><i>value</i></span> of which can never change; that</p>
|
||
<p>is, a <span><i>keyword</i></span> <sub>1</sub> or a <span><i>named constant</i></span>. “The symbols <span><b>t</b></span>, <span><b>nil</b></span>, <!-- -->:direction<!-- -->, and</p>
|
||
<p><span><b>most-positive-fixnum</b></span> are constant variables.”</p>
|
||
<p><b>constituent</b> <i>n.</i>, <i>adj.</i> 1. a. <i>n.</i> the <i>syntax type</i> of a <i>character</i> that is part of a <i>token</i>. For details, see Section 2.1.4.1 (Constituent Characters). b. <i>adj.</i> (of a <i>character</i> ) having the <i>constituent</i><sub>1<i>a</i></sub> syntax type<sub>2</sub>. c. <i>n.</i> a <i>constituent</i><sub>1<i>b</i></sub> character . 2. <i>n.</i> (of a <i>composite stream</i>) one of possibly several <i>objects</i> that collectively comprise the source or sink of that <i>stream</i>.</p>
|
||
<p><strong>constituent trait</strong> <em>n.</em> (of a <span><i>character</i></span> ) one of several classifications of a <em>constituent character</em> in a <span><i>readtable</i></span>. See Section 2.1.4.1 (Constituent Characters).</p>
|
||
<p><strong>constructed stream</strong> <em>n.</em> a <span><i>stream</i></span> whose source or sink is a Lisp <span><i>object</i></span>. Note that since a <span><i>stream</i></span> is another Lisp <span><i>object</i></span>, <span><i>composite streams</i></span> are considered <span><i>constructed streams</i></span>. “A string stream is a constructed stream.”</p>
|
||
<p><strong>contagion</strong> <em>n.</em> a process whereby operations on <span><i>objects</i></span> of differing <span><i>types</i></span> (<em>e.g.</em>,</p>
|
||
<p>arithmetic on mixed <span><i>types</i></span> of <span><i>numbers</i></span>) produce a result whose <span><i>type</i></span> is controlled by the dominance of one <span><i>argument</i></span>’s <span><i>type</i></span> over the <span><i>types</i></span> of the other <span><i>arguments</i></span>. See Section 12.1.1.2 (Contagion in Numeric Operations).</p>
|
||
<p><strong>continuable</strong> <em>n.</em> (of an <span><i>error</i></span> ) an <span><i>error</i></span> that is <span><i>correctable</i></span> by the continue restart.</p>
|
||
<p><strong>control form</strong> <em>n.</em> 1. a <span><i>form</i></span> that establishes one or more places to which control can be transferred. 2. a <span><i>form</i></span> that transfers control.</p>
|
||
<p><b>copy</b> <i>n.</i> 1. (of a <i>cons C</i>) a <i>fresh cons</i> with the <i>same car</i> and <i>cdr</i> as <i>C</i>. 2. (of a <i>list L</i>) a <i>fresh list</i> with the <i>same elements</i> as <i>L</i>. (Only the <i>list structure</i> is <i>fresh</i>; the <i>elements</i> are the <i>same</i>.) See the <i>function</i> <b>copy-list</b>. 3. (of an <i>association list A</i> with <i>elements A<sub>i</sub></i>) a <i>fresh list B</i> with <i>elements B<sub>i</sub></i>, each of which is <b>nil</b> if <i>A<sub>i</sub></i>is <b>nil</b>, or else a <i>copy</i> of the <i>cons A<sub>i</sub></i>. See the <i>function</i> <b>copy-alist</b>. 4. (of a <i>tree T</i>) a <i>fresh tree</i> with the <i>same</i></p>
|
||
<p><em>leaves</em> as <span><i>T</i></span>. See the <span><i>function</i></span> <span><b>copy-tree</b></span>. 5. (of a <em>random state R</em>) a <em>fresh random state</em> that, if used as an argument to to the <span><i>function</i></span> <span><b>random</b></span> would produce the same series of “random” values as <em>R</em> would produce. 6. (of a <em>structure S</em>) a <em>fresh structure</em> that has the same <span><i>type</i></span> as <em>S</em>, and that has slot values, each of which is the <span><i>same</i></span> as the corresponding slot value of <em>S</em>. (Note that since the difference between a <span><i>cons</i></span>, a <span><i>list</i></span>, and a <span><i>tree</i></span> is a matter of “view” or “intention,” there can be no general-purpose <span><i>function</i></span> which, based solely on the <span><i>type</i></span> of an <span><i>object</i></span>, can determine which of these distinct meanings is intended. The distinction rests solely on the basis of the text description within this document. For example, phrases like “a <span><i>copy</i></span> of the given <span><i>list</i></span>” or “copy of the <em>list x</em>” imply the second definition.)</p>
|
||
<p><strong>correctable</strong> <em>adj.</em> (of an <span><i>error</i></span> ) 1. (by a <span><i>restart</i></span> other than <strong>abort</strong> that has been</p>
|
||
<p>associated with the <span><i>error</i></span> ) capable of being corrected by invoking that <span><i>restart</i></span>. “The function <span><b>cerror</b></span> signals an error that is correctable by the <strong>continue</strong> <span><i>restart</i></span>.” (Note that correctability is not a property of an <em>error object</em>, but rather a property of the <span><i>dynamic environment</i></span> that is in effect when the <span><i>error</i></span> is <em>signaled</em>. Specifically, the <span><i>restart</i></span> is “associated with” the <em>error condition object</em>. See Section 9.1.4.2.4 (Associating a Restart with a Condition).) 2. (when no specific <span><i>restart</i></span> is mentioned) <span><i>correctable</i></span><sub>1</sub> by at least one <span><i>restart</i></span>. “<span><b>import</b></span> signals a correctable error of <span><i>type</i></span> <span><b>package-error</b></span> if any of the imported symbols has the same name as some distinct symbol already accessible in the package.”</p>
|
||
<p><strong>current input base</strong> <em>n.</em> (in a <span><i>dynamic environment</i></span>) the <span><i>radix</i></span> that is the <span><i>value</i></span> of <strong>*read-base*</strong> in that <span><i>environment</i></span>, and that is the default <span><i>radix</i></span> employed by the <em>Lisp reader</em> and its related <span><i>functions</i></span>.</p>
|
||
<p><strong>current logical block</strong> <em>n.</em> the context of the innermost lexically enclosing use of <span><b>pprint-logical-block</b></span>.</p>
|
||
<p><strong>current output base</strong> <em>n.</em> (in a <span><i>dynamic environment</i></span>) the <span><i>radix</i></span> that is the <span><i>value</i></span> of</p>
|
||
<p><strong>*print-base*</strong> in that <span><i>environment</i></span>, and that is the default <span><i>radix</i></span> employed by the <em>Lisp printer</em> and its related <span><i>functions</i></span>.</p>
|
||
<p><strong>current package</strong> <em>n.</em> (in a <span><i>dynamic environment</i></span>) the <span><i>package</i></span> that is the <span><i>value</i></span> of <span><b>*package*</b></span> in that <span><i>environment</i></span>, and that is the default <span><i>package</i></span> employed by the <em>Lisp reader</em> and <em>Lisp printer</em> , and their related <span><i>functions</i></span>.</p>
|
||
<p><strong>current pprint dispatch table</strong> <em>n.</em> (in a <span><i>dynamic environment</i></span>) the <span><i>pprint dispatch table</i></span> that is the <span><i>value</i></span> of <span><b>*print-pprint-dispatch*</b></span> in that <span><i>environment</i></span>, and that is the default <span><i>pprint dispatch table</i></span> employed by the <span><i>pretty printer</i></span> .</p>
|
||
<p><strong>current random state</strong> <em>n.</em> (in a <span><i>dynamic environment</i></span>) the <span><i>random state</i></span> that is the <span><i>value</i></span> of <span><b>*random-state*</b></span> in that <span><i>environment</i></span>, and that is the default <span><i>random state</i></span> employed by <span><b>random</b></span>.</p>
|
||
<p><strong>current readtable</strong> <em>n.</em> (in a <span><i>dynamic environment</i></span>) the <span><i>readtable</i></span> that is the <span><i>value</i></span> of <span><b>*readtable*</b></span> in that <span><i>environment</i></span>, and that affects the way in which <span><i>expressions</i></span><sub>2</sub> are parsed into <span><i>objects</i></span> by the <em>Lisp reader</em> .</p></div><footer class="theme-doc-footer docusaurus-mt-lg"><div class="theme-doc-footer-edit-meta-row row"><div class="col"><a href="https://github.com/lisp-docs/cl-language-reference/tree/main/docs/chap-26/c.md" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="theme-edit-this-page"><svg fill="currentColor" height="20" width="20" viewBox="0 0 40 40" class="iconEdit_Z9Sw" aria-hidden="true"><g><path d="m34.5 11.7l-3 3.1-6.3-6.3 3.1-3q0.5-0.5 1.2-0.5t1.1 0.5l3.9 3.9q0.5 0.4 0.5 1.1t-0.5 1.2z m-29.5 17.1l18.4-18.5 6.3 6.3-18.4 18.4h-6.3v-6.2z"></path></g></svg>Edit this page</a></div><div class="col 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