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>case, ccase, ecase</B
></TD
><TD ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="BASELINE" WIDTH="0" NOWRAP="NOWRAP" CLASS="ftype"
><I
>Macro</I
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><HR
></DIV
><UL CLASS="subtoc"
></UL
><DL
><DT
><B
>Syntax</B
></DT
><DD
><P CLASS="j"
><B
>case</B
> <SPAN CLASS="cmssi"
>keyform</SPAN
> {&#8595;<VAR CLASS="param"
>normal-clause</VAR
>}* [&#8595;<VAR CLASS="param"
>otherwise-clause</VAR
>] <SPAN CLASS="arrow"
>&#8594;</SPAN
> {<VAR CLASS="param"
>result</VAR
>}*</P
><P CLASS="j"
><B
>ccase</B
> <SPAN CLASS="cmssi"
>keyplace</SPAN
> {&#8595;<VAR CLASS="param"
>normal-clause</VAR
>}* <SPAN CLASS="arrow"
>&#8594;</SPAN
> {<VAR CLASS="param"
>result</VAR
>}*</P
><P CLASS="j"
><B
>ecase</B
> <SPAN CLASS="cmssi"
>keyform</SPAN
> {&#8595;<VAR CLASS="param"
>normal-clause</VAR
>}* <SPAN CLASS="arrow"
>&#8594;</SPAN
> {<VAR CLASS="param"
>result</VAR
>}*</P
><TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" RULES="GROUPS" STYLE="margin: 1ex 0"
><TBODY
><TR
><TD ALIGN="LEFT" VALIGN="BASELINE" STYLE=";padding-right:3px"
></TD
><TD ALIGN="LEFT" VALIGN="BASELINE" STYLE="padding-left:3px;padding-right:3px"
><VAR CLASS="param"
>normal-clause</VAR
><SPAN CLASS="cmssi"
>::</SPAN
><SPAN CLASS="cmr"
>=</SPAN
></TD
><TD ALIGN="LEFT" VALIGN="BASELINE" STYLE="padding-left:3px;"
> <SPAN CLASS="cmr"
>(</SPAN
><SPAN CLASS="cmssi"
>keys</SPAN
> <SPAN CLASS="cmsy"
>{</SPAN
><VAR CLASS="param"
>form</VAR
><SPAN CLASS="cmsy"
>}</SPAN
><SPAN CLASS="cmr"
>*)</SPAN
></TD
></TR
></TBODY
></TABLE
><TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" RULES="GROUPS" STYLE="margin: 1ex 0"
><TBODY
><TR
><TD ALIGN="LEFT" VALIGN="BASELINE" STYLE=";padding-right:3px"
></TD
><TD ALIGN="LEFT" VALIGN="BASELINE" STYLE="padding-left:3px;padding-right:3px"
><VAR CLASS="param"
>otherwise-clause</VAR
><SPAN CLASS="cmssi"
>::</SPAN
><SPAN CLASS="cmr"
>=</SPAN
></TD
><TD ALIGN="LEFT" VALIGN="BASELINE" STYLE="padding-left:3px;"
> <SPAN CLASS="cmr"
>(</SPAN
><SPAN CLASS="cmsy"
>{</SPAN
><SPAN CLASS="cmssi"
>otherwise</SPAN
> <SPAN CLASS="cmsy"
>|</SPAN
> <SPAN CLASS="cmssi"
>t</SPAN
><SPAN CLASS="cmsy"
>}</SPAN
> <SPAN CLASS="cmsy"
>{</SPAN
><VAR CLASS="param"
>form</VAR
><SPAN CLASS="cmsy"
>}</SPAN
><SPAN CLASS="cmr"
>*)</SPAN
></TD
></TR
></TBODY
></TABLE
><TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" RULES="GROUPS" STYLE="margin: 1ex 0"
><TBODY
><TR
><TD ALIGN="LEFT" VALIGN="BASELINE" STYLE=";padding-right:3px"
></TD
><TD ALIGN="LEFT" VALIGN="BASELINE" STYLE="padding-left:3px;padding-right:3px"
><VAR CLASS="param"
>clause</VAR
><SPAN CLASS="cmssi"
>::</SPAN
><SPAN CLASS="cmr"
>=</SPAN
></TD
><TD ALIGN="LEFT" VALIGN="BASELINE" STYLE="padding-left:3px;"
> <SPAN CLASS="cmssi"
>normal-clause</SPAN
> <SPAN CLASS="cmsy"
>|</SPAN
> <SPAN CLASS="cmssi"
>otherwise-clause</SPAN
></TD
></TR
></TBODY
></TABLE
></DD
><DT
><SPAN CLASS="idx" DATA-KIND="idxref" DATA-TERM="otherwise"
></SPAN
><SPAN CLASS="idx" DATA-KIND="idxref" DATA-TERM="t"
></SPAN
><B
>Arguments and Values</B
></DT
><DD
><P CLASS="j"
><VAR CLASS="param"
>keyform</VAR
> &#8212; a <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#form"
><EM CLASS="term"
>form</EM
></A
>; evaluated to produce a <VAR CLASS="param"
>test-key</VAR
>. </P
><P CLASS="j"
><VAR CLASS="param"
>keyplace</VAR
> &#8212; a <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#form"
><EM CLASS="term"
>form</EM
></A
>; evaluated initially to produce a <VAR CLASS="param"
>test-key</VAR
>. Possibly also used later as a <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#place"
><EM CLASS="term"
>place</EM
></A
> if no <VAR CLASS="param"
>keys</VAR
> match. </P
><P CLASS="j"
><VAR CLASS="param"
>test-key</VAR
> &#8212; an object produced by evaluating <VAR CLASS="param"
>keyform</VAR
> or <VAR CLASS="param"
>keyplace</VAR
>. </P
><P CLASS="j"
><VAR CLASS="param"
>keys</VAR
> &#8212; a <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#designator"
><EM CLASS="term"
>designator</EM
></A
> for a <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#list"
><EM CLASS="term"
>list</EM
></A
> of <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#object"
><EM CLASS="term"
>objects</EM
></A
>. In the case of <A HREF="f_case.html" CLASS="macref"
><B
>case</B
></A
>, the <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#symbol"
><EM CLASS="term"
>symbols</EM
></A
> <SPAN CLASS="misc"
><B
>t</B
></SPAN
> and <SPAN CLASS="misc"
><B
>otherwise</B
></SPAN
> may not be used as the <VAR CLASS="param"
>keys</VAR
> <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#designator"
><EM CLASS="term"
>designator</EM
></A
>. To refer to these <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#symbol"
><EM CLASS="term"
>symbols</EM
></A
> by themselves as <VAR CLASS="param"
>keys</VAR
>, the designators <CODE CLASS="f"
>(t)</CODE
> and <CODE CLASS="f"
>(otherwise)</CODE
>, respectively, must be used instead. </P
><P CLASS="j"
><VAR CLASS="param"
>forms</VAR
> &#8212; an <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#implicit_progn"
><EM CLASS="term"
>implicit progn</EM
></A
>. </P
><P CLASS="j"
><VAR CLASS="param"
>results</VAR
> &#8212; the <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#value"
><EM CLASS="term"
>values</EM
></A
> returned by the <VAR CLASS="param"
>forms</VAR
> in the matching <VAR CLASS="param"
>clause</VAR
>.</P
></DD
><DT
><B
>Description</B
></DT
><DD
><P CLASS="j"
>These <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#macro"
><EM CLASS="term"
>macros</EM
></A
> allow the conditional execution of a body of <VAR CLASS="param"
>forms</VAR
> in a <VAR CLASS="param"
>clause</VAR
> that is selected by matching the <VAR CLASS="param"
>test-key</VAR
> on the basis of its identity. </P
><P CLASS="j"
>The <VAR CLASS="param"
>keyform</VAR
> or <VAR CLASS="param"
>keyplace</VAR
> is <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#evaluate"
><EM CLASS="term"
>evaluated</EM
></A
> to produce the <VAR CLASS="param"
>test-key</VAR
>. </P
><P CLASS="j"
>Each of the <VAR CLASS="param"
>normal-clauses</VAR
> is then considered in turn. If the <VAR CLASS="param"
>test-key</VAR
> is the <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#same"
><EM CLASS="term"
>same</EM
></A
> as any <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#key"
><EM CLASS="term"
>key</EM
></A
> for that <VAR CLASS="param"
>clause</VAR
>, the <VAR CLASS="param"
>forms</VAR
> in that <VAR CLASS="param"
>clause</VAR
> are <VAR CLASS="param"
>evaluated</VAR
> as an <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#implicit_progn"
><EM CLASS="term"
>implicit progn</EM
></A
>, and the <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#value"
><EM CLASS="term"
>values</EM
></A
> it returns are returned as the value of the <A HREF="f_case.html" CLASS="macref"
><B
>case</B
></A
>, <A HREF="f_case.html" CLASS="macref"
><B
>ccase</B
></A
>, or <A HREF="f_case.html" CLASS="macref"
><B
>ecase</B
></A
> <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#form"
><EM CLASS="term"
>form</EM
></A
>. </P
><P CLASS="j"
>These <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#macro"
><EM CLASS="term"
>macros</EM
></A
> differ only in their <EM CLASS="term"
>behavior</EM
> when no <VAR CLASS="param"
>normal-clause</VAR
> matches; specifically:</P
><DL
><DT
><A HREF="f_case.html" CLASS="macref"
><B
>case</B
></A
></DT
><DD
><P CLASS="j"
>If no <VAR CLASS="param"
>normal-clause</VAR
> matches, and there is an <VAR CLASS="param"
>otherwise-clause</VAR
>, then that <VAR CLASS="param"
>otherwise-clause</VAR
> automatically matches; the <VAR CLASS="param"
>forms</VAR
> in that <VAR CLASS="param"
>clause</VAR
> are <VAR CLASS="param"
>evaluated</VAR
> as an <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#implicit_progn"
><EM CLASS="term"
>implicit progn</EM
></A
>, and the <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#value"
><EM CLASS="term"
>values</EM
></A
> it returns are returned as the value of the <A HREF="f_case.html" CLASS="macref"
><B
>case</B
></A
>. </P
><P CLASS="j"
>If there is no <VAR CLASS="param"
>otherwise-clause</VAR
>, <A HREF="f_case.html" CLASS="macref"
><B
>case</B
></A
> returns <SPAN CLASS="misc"
><B
>nil</B
></SPAN
>.</P
></DD
><DT
><A HREF="f_case.html" CLASS="macref"
><B
>ccase</B
></A
></DT
><DD
><P CLASS="j"
>If no <VAR CLASS="param"
>normal-clause</VAR
> matches, a <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#correctable"
><EM CLASS="term"
>correctable</EM
></A
> <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#error"
><EM CLASS="term"
>error</EM
></A
> of <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#type"
><EM CLASS="term"
>type</EM
></A
> <A HREF="t_type-error.html" CLASS="typeref"
><B
>type-error</B
></A
> is signaled. The offending datum is the <VAR CLASS="param"
>test-key</VAR
> and the expected type is <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#type_equivalent"
><EM CLASS="term"
>type equivalent</EM
></A
> to <CODE CLASS="f"
>(member <VAR CLASS="param"
>key1</VAR
> <VAR CLASS="param"
>key2</VAR
> ...)</CODE
>. The <SPAN CLASS="misc"
><B
>store-value</B
></SPAN
> <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#restart"
><EM CLASS="term"
>restart</EM
></A
> can be used to correct the error. </P
><P CLASS="j"
>If the <SPAN CLASS="misc"
><B
>store-value</B
></SPAN
> <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#restart"
><EM CLASS="term"
>restart</EM
></A
> is invoked, its <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#argument"
><EM CLASS="term"
>argument</EM
></A
> becomes the new <VAR CLASS="param"
>test-key</VAR
>, and is stored in <VAR CLASS="param"
>keyplace</VAR
> as if by <CODE CLASS="f"
>(setf <VAR CLASS="param"
>keyplace</VAR
> <VAR CLASS="param"
>test-key</VAR
>)</CODE
>. Then <A HREF="f_case.html" CLASS="macref"
><B
>ccase</B
></A
> starts over, considering each <VAR CLASS="param"
>clause</VAR
> anew. </P
><P CLASS="j"
>The subforms of <VAR CLASS="param"
>keyplace</VAR
> might be evaluated again if none of the cases holds.</P
></DD
><DT
><A HREF="f_case.html" CLASS="macref"
><B
>ecase</B
></A
></DT
><DD
><P CLASS="j"
>If no <VAR CLASS="param"
>normal-clause</VAR
> matches, a <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#non-correctable"
><EM CLASS="term"
>non-correctable</EM
></A
> <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#error"
><EM CLASS="term"
>error</EM
></A
> of <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#type"
><EM CLASS="term"
>type</EM
></A
> <A HREF="t_type-error.html" CLASS="typeref"
><B
>type-error</B
></A
> is signaled. The offending datum is the <VAR CLASS="param"
>test-key</VAR
> and the expected type is <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#type_equivalent"
><EM CLASS="term"
>type equivalent</EM
></A
> to <CODE CLASS="f"
>(member <VAR CLASS="param"
>key1</VAR
> <VAR CLASS="param"
>key2</VAR
> ...)</CODE
>. </P
><P CLASS="j"
>Note that in contrast with <A HREF="f_case.html" CLASS="macref"
><B
>ccase</B
></A
>, the caller of <A HREF="f_case.html" CLASS="macref"
><B
>ecase</B
></A
> may rely on the fact that <A HREF="f_case.html" CLASS="macref"
><B
>ecase</B
></A
> does not return if a <VAR CLASS="param"
>normal-clause</VAR
> does not match.</P
></DD
></DL
></DD
><DT
><B
>Examples</B
></DT
><DD
><PRE CLASS="screen"
> (dolist (k '(1 2 3 :four #\v () t 'other))
(format t "~S "
(case k ((1 2) 'clause1)
(3 'clause2)
(nil 'no-keys-so-never-seen)
((nil) 'nilslot)
((:four #\v) 'clause4)
((t) 'tslot)
(otherwise 'others))))
<SPAN CLASS="cmr"
>&#8883;</SPAN
> CLAUSE1 CLAUSE1 CLAUSE2 CLAUSE4 CLAUSE4 NILSLOT TSLOT OTHERS
<SPAN CLASS="cmsy"
><SPAN CLASS="arrow"
>&#8594;</SPAN
></SPAN
> NIL
(defun add-em (x) (apply #'+ (mapcar #'decode x)))
<SPAN CLASS="cmsy"
><SPAN CLASS="arrow"
>&#8594;</SPAN
></SPAN
> ADD-EM
(defun decode (x)
(ccase x
((i uno) 1)
((ii dos) 2)
((iii tres) 3)
((iv cuatro) 4)))
<SPAN CLASS="cmsy"
><SPAN CLASS="arrow"
>&#8594;</SPAN
></SPAN
> DECODE
(add-em '(uno iii)) <SPAN CLASS="cmsy"
><SPAN CLASS="arrow"
>&#8594;</SPAN
></SPAN
> 4
(add-em '(uno iiii))
<SPAN CLASS="cmr"
>&#8883;</SPAN
> Error: The value of X, IIII, is not I, UNO, II, DOS, III,
<SPAN CLASS="cmr"
>&#8883;</SPAN
> TRES, IV, or CUATRO.
<SPAN CLASS="cmr"
>&#8883;</SPAN
> 1: Supply a value to use instead.
<SPAN CLASS="cmr"
>&#8883;</SPAN
> 2: Return to Lisp Toplevel.
<SPAN CLASS="cmr"
>&#8883;</SPAN
> Debug&gt; <U CLASS="underline"
><SPAN CLASS="cmtt"
>:CONTINUE</SPAN
> <SPAN CLASS="cmtt"
>1</SPAN
></U
>
<SPAN CLASS="cmr"
>&#8883;</SPAN
> Value to evaluate and use for X: <U CLASS="underline"
><SPAN CLASS="cmtt"
>'IV</SPAN
></U
>
<SPAN CLASS="cmsy"
><SPAN CLASS="arrow"
>&#8594;</SPAN
></SPAN
> 5</PRE
></DD
><DT
><B
>Side Effects</B
></DT
><DD
><P CLASS="j"
>The debugger might be entered. If the <SPAN CLASS="misc"
><B
>store-value</B
></SPAN
> <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#restart"
><EM CLASS="term"
>restart</EM
></A
> is invoked, the <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#value"
><EM CLASS="term"
>value</EM
></A
> of <VAR CLASS="param"
>keyplace</VAR
> might be changed.</P
></DD
><DT
><B
>Affected By</B
></DT
><DD
><P CLASS="j"
><A HREF="f_case.html" CLASS="macref"
><B
>ccase</B
></A
> and <A HREF="f_case.html" CLASS="macref"
><B
>ecase</B
></A
>, since they might signal an error, are potentially affected by existing <VAR CLASS="param"
>handlers</VAR
> and <A HREF="v_debug-io.html" CLASS="varref"
><B
>*debug-io*</B
></A
>.</P
></DD
><DT
><B
>Exceptional Situations</B
></DT
><DD
><P CLASS="j"
><A HREF="f_case.html" CLASS="macref"
><B
>ccase</B
></A
> and <A HREF="f_case.html" CLASS="macref"
><B
>ecase</B
></A
> signal an error of <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#type"
><EM CLASS="term"
>type</EM
></A
> <A HREF="t_type-error.html" CLASS="typeref"
><B
>type-error</B
></A
> if no <VAR CLASS="param"
>normal-clause</VAR
> matches.</P
></DD
><DT
><B
>See Also</B
></DT
><DD
><P CLASS="j"
><A HREF="f_cond.html" CLASS="macref"
><B
>cond</B
></A
>, <A HREF="f_typecase.html" CLASS="macref"
><B
>typecase</B
></A
>, <A HREF="f_setf.html" CLASS="macref"
><B
>setf</B
></A
>, <A HREF="5_1_Generalized_Reference.html#sec_5_1" CLASS="secref"
><SPAN CLASS="cmr"
>Section</SPAN
> <SPAN CLASS="cmr"
>5.1</SPAN
> <SPAN CLASS="cmr"
>(Generalized</SPAN
> <SPAN CLASS="cmr"
>Reference)</SPAN
></A
></P
></DD
><DT
><B
>Notes</B
></DT
><DD
><PRE CLASS="screen"
>(case <VAR CLASS="param"
>test-key</VAR
>
<SPAN CLASS="cmsy"
>{</SPAN
>((<SPAN CLASS="cmsy"
>{</SPAN
><VAR CLASS="param"
>key</VAR
><SPAN CLASS="cmsy"
>}</SPAN
><SPAN CLASS="cmr"
>*</SPAN
>) <SPAN CLASS="cmsy"
>{</SPAN
><VAR CLASS="param"
>form</VAR
><SPAN CLASS="cmsy"
>}</SPAN
><SPAN CLASS="cmr"
>*</SPAN
>)<SPAN CLASS="cmsy"
>}</SPAN
><SPAN CLASS="cmr"
>*</SPAN
>)
<SPAN CLASS="cmsy"
><SPAN STYLE="font-size:16px;vertical-align:-2px"
>&#8801;</SPAN
></SPAN
>
(let ((#1=#:g0001 <VAR CLASS="param"
>test-key</VAR
>))
(cond <SPAN CLASS="cmsy"
>{</SPAN
>((member #1# '(<SPAN CLASS="cmsy"
>{</SPAN
><VAR CLASS="param"
>key</VAR
><SPAN CLASS="cmsy"
>}</SPAN
><SPAN CLASS="cmr"
>*</SPAN
>)) <SPAN CLASS="cmsy"
>{</SPAN
><VAR CLASS="param"
>form</VAR
><SPAN CLASS="cmsy"
>}</SPAN
><SPAN CLASS="cmr"
>*</SPAN
>)<SPAN CLASS="cmsy"
>}</SPAN
><SPAN CLASS="cmr"
>*</SPAN
>))</PRE
><P CLASS="j"
>The specific error message used by <A HREF="f_case.html" CLASS="macref"
><B
>ecase</B
></A
> and <A HREF="f_case.html" CLASS="macref"
><B
>ccase</B
></A
> can vary between implementations. In situations where control of the specific wording of the error message is important, it is better to use <A HREF="f_case.html" CLASS="macref"
><B
>case</B
></A
> with an <VAR CLASS="param"
>otherwise-clause</VAR
> that explicitly signals an error with an appropriate message.</P
></DD
></DL
></DIV
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