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>defmacro | Common Lisp Nova Spec</TITLE
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><TABLE WIDTH="100%" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0"
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><TR
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><TD ALIGN="LEFT" VALIGN="BASELINE" WIDTH="100%" CLASS="name"
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><SPAN CLASS="idx" DATA-KIND="idxref" DATA-TERM="defmacro"
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></SPAN
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><B
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>defmacro</B
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></TD
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><TD ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="BASELINE" WIDTH="0" NOWRAP="NOWRAP" CLASS="ftype"
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><I
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>Macro</I
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></TD
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></TR
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></TABLE
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><HR
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></DIV
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><UL CLASS="subtoc"
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></UL
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><DL
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><DT
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><B
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>Syntax</B
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></DT
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><DD
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><DIV CLASS="DefmacWithValuesNewline"
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><DIV
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><B
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>defmacro</B
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> <SPAN CLASS="cmssi"
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>name</SPAN
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> <SPAN CLASS="cmssi"
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>lambda-list</SPAN
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> <SPAN CLASS="cmr"
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>⟦ </SPAN
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><SPAN CLASS="cmsy"
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>{</SPAN
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><VAR CLASS="param"
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>declaration</VAR
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><SPAN CLASS="cmsy"
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>}</SPAN
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><SPAN CLASS="cmr"
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>*</SPAN
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> <SPAN CLASS="cmsy"
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>|</SPAN
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> <VAR CLASS="param"
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>documentation</VAR
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> <SPAN CLASS="cmr"
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> ⟧</SPAN
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> <SPAN CLASS="cmsy"
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>{</SPAN
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><VAR CLASS="param"
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>form</VAR
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><SPAN CLASS="cmsy"
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>}</SPAN
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><SPAN CLASS="cmr"
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>*</SPAN
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> </DIV
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><DIV
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><SPAN CLASS="cmsy"
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><SPAN CLASS="arrow"
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>→</SPAN
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></SPAN
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> <SPAN CLASS="cmssi"
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>name</SPAN
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></DIV
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></DIV
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></DD
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><DT
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><B
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>Arguments and Values</B
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></DT
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><DD
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><P CLASS="j"
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><VAR CLASS="param"
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>name</VAR
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> — a <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#symbol"
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><EM CLASS="term"
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>symbol</EM
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></A
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>. </P
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><P CLASS="j"
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><VAR CLASS="param"
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>lambda-list</VAR
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> — a <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#macro_lambda_list"
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><EM CLASS="term"
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>macro lambda list</EM
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></A
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>. </P
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><P CLASS="j"
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><VAR CLASS="param"
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>declaration</VAR
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> — a <A HREF="m_declare.html" CLASS="misc"
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><B
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>declare</B
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></A
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> <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#expression"
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><EM CLASS="term"
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>expression</EM
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></A
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>; not evaluated. </P
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><P CLASS="j"
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><VAR CLASS="param"
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>documentation</VAR
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> — a <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#string"
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><EM CLASS="term"
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>string</EM
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></A
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>; not evaluated. </P
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><P CLASS="j"
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><VAR CLASS="param"
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>form</VAR
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> — a <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#form"
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><EM CLASS="term"
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>form</EM
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></A
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>.</P
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></DD
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><DT
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><B
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>Description</B
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></DT
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><DD
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><P CLASS="j"
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>Defines <VAR CLASS="param"
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>name</VAR
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> as a <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#macro"
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><EM CLASS="term"
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>macro</EM
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></A
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> by associating a <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#macro_function"
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><EM CLASS="term"
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>macro function</EM
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></A
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> with that <VAR CLASS="param"
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>name</VAR
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> in the global environment. The <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#macro_function"
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><EM CLASS="term"
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>macro function</EM
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></A
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> is defined in the same <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#lexical_environment"
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><EM CLASS="term"
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>lexical environment</EM
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></A
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> in which the <A HREF="f_defmacro.html" CLASS="macref"
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><B
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>defmacro</B
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></A
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> <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#form"
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><EM CLASS="term"
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>form</EM
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></A
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> appears. </P
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><P CLASS="j"
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>The parameter variables in <VAR CLASS="param"
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>lambda-list</VAR
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> are bound to destructured portions of the macro call. </P
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><P CLASS="j"
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>The expansion function accepts two arguments, a <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#form"
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><EM CLASS="term"
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>form</EM
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></A
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> and an <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#environment"
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><EM CLASS="term"
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>environment</EM
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></A
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|
>. The expansion function returns a <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#form"
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><EM CLASS="term"
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>form</EM
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></A
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>. The body of the expansion function is specified by <VAR CLASS="param"
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>forms</VAR
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>. <VAR CLASS="param"
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>Forms</VAR
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> are executed in order. The value of the last <VAR CLASS="param"
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>form</VAR
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> executed is returned as the expansion of the <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#macro"
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><EM CLASS="term"
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>macro</EM
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></A
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>. The body <VAR CLASS="param"
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>forms</VAR
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> of the expansion function (but not the <VAR CLASS="param"
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>lambda-list</VAR
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>) are implicitly enclosed in a <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#block"
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><EM CLASS="term"
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>block</EM
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></A
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> whose name is <VAR CLASS="param"
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>name</VAR
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>. </P
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><P CLASS="j"
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>The <VAR CLASS="param"
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>lambda-list</VAR
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> conforms to the requirements described in <A HREF="3_4_Lambda_Lists.html#sec_3_4_4" CLASS="secref"
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><SPAN CLASS="cmr"
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>Section</SPAN
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> <SPAN CLASS="cmr"
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>3.4.4</SPAN
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> <SPAN CLASS="cmr"
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>(Macro</SPAN
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> <SPAN CLASS="cmr"
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>Lambda</SPAN
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> <SPAN CLASS="cmr"
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>Lists)</SPAN
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></A
|
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>. </P
|
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><P CLASS="j"
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><VAR CLASS="param"
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>Documentation</VAR
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> is attached as a <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#documentation_string"
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><EM CLASS="term"
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>documentation string</EM
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></A
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> to <VAR CLASS="param"
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>name</VAR
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> (as kind <A HREF="f_function.html" CLASS="specref"
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><B
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|
>function</B
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></A
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>) and to the <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#macro_function"
|
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><EM CLASS="term"
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>macro function</EM
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></A
|
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>. </P
|
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><P CLASS="j"
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><A HREF="f_defmacro.html" CLASS="macref"
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><B
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>defmacro</B
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></A
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> can be used to redefine a <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#macro"
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><EM CLASS="term"
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>macro</EM
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></A
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> or to replace a <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#function"
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><EM CLASS="term"
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>function</EM
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></A
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> definition with a <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#macro"
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><EM CLASS="term"
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>macro</EM
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></A
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> definition. </P
|
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><P CLASS="j"
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>Recursive expansion of the <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#form"
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><EM CLASS="term"
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>form</EM
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></A
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> returned must terminate, including the expansion of other <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#macro"
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><EM CLASS="term"
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>macros</EM
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></A
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> which are <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#subform"
|
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><EM CLASS="term"
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>subforms</EM
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></A
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> of other <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#form"
|
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><EM CLASS="term"
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>forms</EM
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></A
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> returned. </P
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><P CLASS="j"
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>The consequences are undefined if the result of fully macroexpanding a <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#form"
|
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><EM CLASS="term"
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|
>form</EM
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></A
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|
> contains any <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#circular"
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><EM CLASS="term"
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>circular</EM
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></A
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> <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#list_structure"
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><EM CLASS="term"
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>list structure</EM
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></A
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> except in <EM CLASS="term"
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>literal objects</EM
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>. </P
|
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><P CLASS="j"
|
|
>If a <A HREF="f_defmacro.html" CLASS="macref"
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><B
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|
>defmacro</B
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></A
|
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> <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#form"
|
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><EM CLASS="term"
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>form</EM
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></A
|
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> appears as a <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#top_level_form"
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><EM CLASS="term"
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>top level form</EM
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></A
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>, the <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#compiler"
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><EM CLASS="term"
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>compiler</EM
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></A
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> must store the <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#macro"
|
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><EM CLASS="term"
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>macro</EM
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></A
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> definition at compile time, so that occurrences of the macro later on in the file can be expanded correctly. Users must ensure that the body of the <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#macro"
|
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><EM CLASS="term"
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>macro</EM
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></A
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> can be evaluated at compile time if it is referenced within the <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#file"
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><EM CLASS="term"
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>file</EM
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></A
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> being <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#compile"
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><EM CLASS="term"
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>compiled</EM
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></A
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>.</P
|
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></DD
|
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><DT
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><B
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|
>Examples</B
|
|
></DT
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|
><DD
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><PRE CLASS="screen"
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>(defmacro mac1 (a b) "Mac1 multiplies and adds"
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`(+ ,a (* ,b 3))) <SPAN CLASS="cmsy"
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><SPAN CLASS="arrow"
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>→</SPAN
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></SPAN
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> MAC1
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(mac1 4 5) <SPAN CLASS="cmsy"
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><SPAN CLASS="arrow"
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>→</SPAN
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></SPAN
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> 19
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(documentation 'mac1 'function) <SPAN CLASS="cmsy"
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><SPAN CLASS="arrow"
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>→</SPAN
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></SPAN
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> "Mac1 multiplies and adds"
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(defmacro mac2 (&optional (a 2 b) (c 3 d) &rest x) `'(,a ,b ,c ,d ,x)) <SPAN CLASS="cmsy"
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><SPAN CLASS="arrow"
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>→</SPAN
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></SPAN
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> MAC2
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(mac2 6) <SPAN CLASS="cmsy"
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><SPAN CLASS="arrow"
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>→</SPAN
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></SPAN
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> (6 T 3 NIL NIL)
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(mac2 6 3 8) <SPAN CLASS="cmsy"
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><SPAN CLASS="arrow"
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>→</SPAN
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></SPAN
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> (6 T 3 T (8))
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(defmacro mac3 (&whole r a &optional (b 3) &rest x &key c (d a))
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`'(,r ,a ,b ,c ,d ,x)) <SPAN CLASS="cmsy"
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><SPAN CLASS="arrow"
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>→</SPAN
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></SPAN
|
|
> MAC3
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(mac3 1 6 :d 8 :c 9 :d 10) <SPAN CLASS="cmsy"
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><SPAN CLASS="arrow"
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>→</SPAN
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></SPAN
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> ((MAC3 1 6 :D 8 :C 9 :D 10) 1 6 9 8 (:D 8 :C 9 :D 10))</PRE
|
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><P CLASS="j"
|
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>The stipulation that an embedded <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#destructuring_lambda_list"
|
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><EM CLASS="term"
|
|
>destructuring lambda list</EM
|
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></A
|
|
> is permitted only where <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#ordinary_lambda_list"
|
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><EM CLASS="term"
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>ordinary lambda list</EM
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></A
|
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> syntax would permit a parameter name but not a <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#list"
|
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><EM CLASS="term"
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>list</EM
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></A
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> is made to prevent ambiguity. For example, the following is not valid:</P
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><PRE CLASS="screen"
|
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>(defmacro loser (x &optional (a b &rest c) &rest z)
|
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...)</PRE
|
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><P CLASS="j"
|
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>because <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#ordinary_lambda_list"
|
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><EM CLASS="term"
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>ordinary lambda list</EM
|
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></A
|
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> syntax does permit a <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#list"
|
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><EM CLASS="term"
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>list</EM
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></A
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> following <SPAN CLASS="cmtt"
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>&optional</SPAN
|
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>; the list <CODE CLASS="f"
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>(a b &rest c)</CODE
|
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> would be interpreted as describing an optional parameter named <CODE CLASS="f"
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>a</CODE
|
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> whose default value is that of the form <CODE CLASS="f"
|
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>b</CODE
|
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>, with a supplied-p parameter named <SPAN CLASS="keyref"
|
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><B
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>&rest</B
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></SPAN
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> (not valid), and an extraneous symbol <CODE CLASS="f"
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>c</CODE
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> in the list (also not valid). An almost correct way to express this is</P
|
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><PRE CLASS="screen"
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>(defmacro loser (x &optional ((a b &rest c)) &rest z)
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...)</PRE
|
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><P CLASS="j"
|
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>The extra set of parentheses removes the ambiguity. However, the definition is now incorrect because a macro call such as <CODE CLASS="f"
|
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>(loser (car pool))</CODE
|
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> would not provide any argument form for the lambda list <CODE CLASS="f"
|
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>(a b &rest c)</CODE
|
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>, and so the default value against which to match the <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#lambda_list"
|
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><EM CLASS="term"
|
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>lambda list</EM
|
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></A
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> would be <SPAN CLASS="misc"
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><B
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>nil</B
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></SPAN
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> because no explicit default value was specified. The consequences of this are unspecified since the empty list, <SPAN CLASS="misc"
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><B
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>nil</B
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></SPAN
|
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>, does not have <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#form"
|
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><EM CLASS="term"
|
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>forms</EM
|
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></A
|
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> to satisfy the parameters <CODE CLASS="f"
|
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>a</CODE
|
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> and <CODE CLASS="f"
|
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>b</CODE
|
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>. The fully correct definition would be either</P
|
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><PRE CLASS="screen"
|
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>(defmacro loser (x &optional ((a b &rest c) '(nil nil)) &rest z)
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...)</PRE
|
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><P CLASS="j"
|
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>or</P
|
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><PRE CLASS="screen"
|
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>(defmacro loser (x &optional ((&optional a b &rest c)) &rest z)
|
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...)</PRE
|
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><P CLASS="j"
|
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>These differ slightly: the first requires that if the macro call specifies <CODE CLASS="f"
|
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>a</CODE
|
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> explicitly then it must also specify <CODE CLASS="f"
|
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>b</CODE
|
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> explicitly, whereas the second does not have this requirement. For example,</P
|
|
><PRE CLASS="screen"
|
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>(loser (car pool) ((+ x 1)))</PRE
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><P CLASS="j"
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>would be a valid call for the second definition but not for the first.</P
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><PRE CLASS="screen"
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>(defmacro dm1a (&whole x) `',x)
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(macroexpand '(dm1a)) <SPAN CLASS="cmsy"
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><SPAN CLASS="arrow"
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>→</SPAN
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></SPAN
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> (QUOTE (DM1A))
|
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(macroexpand '(dm1a a)) is an error.
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|
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(defmacro dm1b (&whole x a &optional b) `'(,x ,a ,b))
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(macroexpand '(dm1b)) is an error.
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(macroexpand '(dm1b q)) <SPAN CLASS="cmsy"
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><SPAN CLASS="arrow"
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>→</SPAN
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></SPAN
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> (QUOTE ((DM1B Q) Q NIL))
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(macroexpand '(dm1b q r)) <SPAN CLASS="cmsy"
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><SPAN CLASS="arrow"
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>→</SPAN
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></SPAN
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> (QUOTE ((DM1B Q R) Q R))
|
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(macroexpand '(dm1b q r s)) is an error.</PRE
|
|
><PRE CLASS="screen"
|
|
>(defmacro dm2a (&whole form a b) `'(form ,form a ,a b ,b))
|
|
(macroexpand '(dm2a x y)) <SPAN CLASS="cmsy"
|
|
><SPAN CLASS="arrow"
|
|
>→</SPAN
|
|
></SPAN
|
|
> (QUOTE (FORM (DM2A X Y) A X B Y))
|
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(dm2a x y) <SPAN CLASS="cmsy"
|
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><SPAN CLASS="arrow"
|
|
>→</SPAN
|
|
></SPAN
|
|
> (FORM (DM2A X Y) A X B Y)
|
|
|
|
(defmacro dm2b (&whole form a (&whole b (c . d) &optional (e 5))
|
|
&body f &environment env)
|
|
``(,',form ,,a ,',b ,',(macroexpand c env) ,',d ,',e ,',f))
|
|
;Note that because backquote is involved, implementations may differ
|
|
;slightly in the nature (though not the functionality) of the expansion.
|
|
(macroexpand '(dm2b x1 (((incf x2) x3 x4)) x5 x6))
|
|
<SPAN CLASS="cmsy"
|
|
><SPAN CLASS="arrow"
|
|
>→</SPAN
|
|
></SPAN
|
|
> (LIST* '(DM2B X1 (((INCF X2) X3 X4))
|
|
X5 X6)
|
|
X1
|
|
'((((INCF X2) X3 X4)) (SETQ X2 (+ X2 1)) (X3 X4) 5 (X5 X6))),
|
|
T
|
|
(let ((x1 5))
|
|
(macrolet ((segundo (x) `(cadr ,x)))
|
|
(dm2b x1 (((segundo x2) x3 x4)) x5 x6)))
|
|
<SPAN CLASS="cmsy"
|
|
><SPAN CLASS="arrow"
|
|
>→</SPAN
|
|
></SPAN
|
|
> ((DM2B X1 (((SEGUNDO X2) X3 X4)) X5 X6)
|
|
5 (((SEGUNDO X2) X3 X4)) (CADR X2) (X3 X4) 5 (X5 X6))</PRE
|
|
></DD
|
|
><DT
|
|
><B
|
|
>See Also</B
|
|
></DT
|
|
><DD
|
|
><P CLASS="j"
|
|
><A HREF="f_define-compiler-macro.html" CLASS="macref"
|
|
><B
|
|
>define-compiler-macro</B
|
|
></A
|
|
>, <A HREF="f_destructuring-bind.html" CLASS="macref"
|
|
><B
|
|
>destructuring-bind</B
|
|
></A
|
|
>, <A HREF="f_documentation.html" CLASS="funref"
|
|
><B
|
|
>documentation</B
|
|
></A
|
|
>, <A HREF="f_macroexpand.html" CLASS="funref"
|
|
><B
|
|
>macroexpand</B
|
|
></A
|
|
>, <A HREF="v_macroexpand-hook.html" CLASS="varref"
|
|
><B
|
|
>*macroexpand-hook*</B
|
|
></A
|
|
>, <A HREF="f_flet.html" CLASS="specref"
|
|
><B
|
|
>macrolet</B
|
|
></A
|
|
>, <A HREF="f_macro-function.html" CLASS="funref"
|
|
><B
|
|
>macro-function</B
|
|
></A
|
|
>, <A HREF="3_1_Evaluation.html#sec_3_1" CLASS="secref"
|
|
><SPAN CLASS="cmr"
|
|
>Section</SPAN
|
|
> <SPAN CLASS="cmr"
|
|
>3.1</SPAN
|
|
> <SPAN CLASS="cmr"
|
|
>(Evaluation)</SPAN
|
|
></A
|
|
>, <A HREF="3_2_Compilation.html#sec_3_2" CLASS="secref"
|
|
><SPAN CLASS="cmr"
|
|
>Section</SPAN
|
|
> <SPAN CLASS="cmr"
|
|
>3.2</SPAN
|
|
> <SPAN CLASS="cmr"
|
|
>(Compilation)</SPAN
|
|
></A
|
|
>, <A HREF="3_4_Lambda_Lists.html#sec_3_4_11" CLASS="secref"
|
|
><SPAN CLASS="cmr"
|
|
>Section</SPAN
|
|
> <SPAN CLASS="cmr"
|
|
>3.4.11</SPAN
|
|
> <SPAN CLASS="cmr"
|
|
>(Syntactic</SPAN
|
|
> <SPAN CLASS="cmr"
|
|
>Interaction</SPAN
|
|
> <SPAN CLASS="cmr"
|
|
>of</SPAN
|
|
> <SPAN CLASS="cmr"
|
|
>Documentation</SPAN
|
|
> <SPAN CLASS="cmr"
|
|
>Strings</SPAN
|
|
> <SPAN CLASS="cmr"
|
|
>and</SPAN
|
|
> <SPAN CLASS="cmr"
|
|
>Declarations)</SPAN
|
|
></A
|
|
></P
|
|
></DD
|
|
></DL
|
|
></DIV
|
|
></DIV
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><DIV CLASS="footer"
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><DIV CLASS="btmnav"
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>Conversion to HTML copyright 2023 by Gilbert Baumann</DIV
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