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<a class="dropdown-item" tabindex="-1" href="ParallelDistributedOverview.html#"><b>Chapter 1</b></a>
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<a class="dropdown-item" href="IntroConcSysOverview.html"> 1.1. Introduction to Concurrent Systems</a>
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<a class="dropdown-item" href="SysAndModels.html"> 1.2. Systems and Models</a>
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<a class="dropdown-item" href="Themes.html"> 1.3. Themes and Guiding Principles</a>
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<a class="dropdown-item" href="StateModels.html"> 1.5. State Models in UML</a>
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<a class="dropdown-item" href="SequenceModels.html"> 1.6. Sequence Models in UML</a>
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<a class="dropdown-item" href="StateModelImplementation.html"> 1.7. Extended Example: State Model Implementation</a>
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<a class="dropdown-item disabled"><b>Chapter 2</b></a>
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<a class="dropdown-item" href="ProcessesOverview.html"> 2.1. Processes and OS Basics</a>
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<a class="dropdown-item" href="Multiprogramming.html"> 2.2. Processes and Multiprogramming</a>
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<a class="dropdown-item" href="KernelMechanics.html"> 2.3. Kernel Mechanics</a>
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<a class="dropdown-item" href="Syscall.html"> 2.4. System Call Interface</a>
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<a class="dropdown-item" href="ProcessCycle.html"> 2.5. Process Life Cycle</a>
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<a class="dropdown-item" href="UnixFile.html"> 2.6. The UNIX File Abstraction</a>
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<a class="dropdown-item" href="EventsSignals.html"> 2.7. Events and Signals</a>
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<a class="dropdown-item" href="Extended2Processes.html"> 2.8. Extended Example: Listing Files with Processes</a>
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<a class="dropdown-item disabled"><b>Chapter 3</b></a>
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<a class="dropdown-item" href="IPCOverview.html"> 3.1. Concurrency with IPC</a>
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<a class="dropdown-item" href="IPCModels.html"> 3.2. IPC Models</a>
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<a class="dropdown-item" href="Pipes.html"> 3.3. Pipes and FIFOs</a>
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<a class="dropdown-item" href="MMap.html"> 3.4. Shared Memory With Memory-mapped Files</a>
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<a class="dropdown-item" href="POSIXvSysV.html"> 3.5. POSIX vs. System V IPC</a>
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<a class="dropdown-item" href="MQueues.html"> 3.6. Message Passing With Message Queues</a>
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<a class="dropdown-item" href="ShMem.html"> 3.7. Shared Memory</a>
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<a class="dropdown-item" href="IPCSems.html"> 3.8. Semaphores</a>
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<a class="dropdown-item" href="Extended3Bash.html"> 3.9. Extended Example: Bash-lite: A Simple Command-line Shell</a>
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<a class="dropdown-item disabled"><b>Chapter 4</b></a>
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<a class="dropdown-item" href="SocketsOverview.html"> 4.1. Networked Concurrency</a>
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<a class="dropdown-item" href="FiveLayer.html"> 4.2. The TCP/IP Internet Model</a>
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<a class="dropdown-item" href="NetApps.html"> 4.3. Network Applications and Protocols</a>
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<a class="dropdown-item" href="Sockets.html"> 4.4. The Socket Interface</a>
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<a class="dropdown-item" href="UDPSockets.html"> 4.6. UDP Socket Programming: DNS</a>
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<a class="dropdown-item" href="InternetOverview.html"> 5.1. The Internet and Connectivity</a>
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<a class="dropdown-item" href="AppLayer.html"> 5.2. Application Layer: Overlay Networks</a>
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<a class="dropdown-item" href="ThreadsOverview.html"> 6.1. Concurrency with Multithreading</a>
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<a class="dropdown-item" href="RaceConditions.html"> 6.3. Race Conditions and Critical Sections</a>
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<a class="dropdown-item" href="POSIXThreads.html"> 6.4. POSIX Thread Library</a>
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<a class="dropdown-item" href="ThreadArgs.html"> 6.5. Thread Arguments and Return Values</a>
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<a class="dropdown-item" href="ImplicitThreads.html"> 6.6. Implicit Threading and Language-based Threads</a>
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<a class="dropdown-item" href="Extended6Input.html"> 6.7. Extended Example: Keyboard Input Listener</a>
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<a class="dropdown-item" href="Extended6Primes.html"> 6.8. Extended Example: Concurrent Prime Number Search</a>
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<a class="dropdown-item disabled"><b>Chapter 7</b></a>
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<a class="dropdown-item" href="SynchOverview.html"> 7.1. Synchronization Primitives</a>
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<a class="dropdown-item" href="CritSect.html"> 7.2. Critical Sections and Peterson's Solution</a>
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<a class="dropdown-item" href="Locks.html"> 7.3. Locks</a>
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<a class="dropdown-item" href="Semaphores.html"> 7.4. Semaphores</a>
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<a class="dropdown-item" href="Barriers.html"> 7.5. Barriers</a>
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<a class="dropdown-item" href="Condvars.html"> 7.6. Condition Variables</a>
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<a class="dropdown-item" href="Deadlock.html"> 7.7. Deadlock</a>
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<a class="dropdown-item disabled"><b>Chapter 8</b></a>
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<a class="dropdown-item" href="SynchProblemsOverview.html"> 8.1. Synchronization Patterns and Problems</a>
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<a class="dropdown-item" href="SynchDesign.html"> 8.2. Basic Synchronization Design Patterns</a>
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<a class="dropdown-item" href="ProdCons.html"> 8.3. Producer-Consumer Problem</a>
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<a class="dropdown-item" href="ReadWrite.html"> 8.4. Readers-Writers Problem</a>
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<a class="dropdown-item" href="DiningPhil.html"> 8.5. Dining Philosophers Problem and Deadlock</a>
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<a class="dropdown-item" href="CigSmokers.html"> 8.6. Cigarette Smokers Problem and the Limits of Semaphores and Locks</a>
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<a class="dropdown-item" href="Extended8ModExp.html"> 8.7. Extended Example: Parallel Modular Exponentiation</a>
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<a class="dropdown-item disabled"><b>Chapter 9</b></a>
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<a class="dropdown-item" href="ParallelDistributedOverview.html"> 9.1. Parallel and Distributed Systems</a>
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<a class="dropdown-item" href="ParVConc.html"> 9.2. Parallelism vs. Concurrency</a>
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<a class="dropdown-item" href="ParallelDesign.html"> 9.3. Parallel Design Patterns</a>
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<a class="dropdown-item" href="Scaling.html"> 9.4. Limits of Parallelism and Scaling</a>
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<a class="dropdown-item" href="DistTiming.html"> 9.5. Timing in Distributed Environments</a>
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<a class="dropdown-item" href="DistDataStorage.html"> 9.6. Reliable Data Storage and Location</a>
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<a class="dropdown-item" href="DistConsensus.html"> 9.7. Consensus in Distributed Systems</a>
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<a class="dropdown-item" href="Extended9Blockchain.html"> 9.8. Extended Example: Blockchain Proof-of-Work</a>
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<a class="dropdown-item disabled"><b>Appendix A</b></a>
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<a class="dropdown-item" href="CLangOverview.html"> A.1. C Language Reintroduction</a>
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<a class="dropdown-item" href="Debugging.html"> A.2. Documentation and Debugging</a>
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<a class="dropdown-item" href="BasicTypes.html"> A.3. Basic Types and Pointers</a>
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<a class="dropdown-item" href="Arrays.html"> A.4. Arrays, Structs, Enums, and Type Definitions</a>
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<a class="dropdown-item" href="Functions.html"> A.5. Functions and Scope</a>
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<a class="dropdown-item" href="Pointers.html"> A.6. Pointers and Dynamic Allocation</a>
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<a class="dropdown-item" href="Strings.html"> A.7. Strings</a>
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<a class="dropdown-item" href="FunctionPointers.html"> A.8. Function Pointers</a>
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<a class="dropdown-item" href="Files.html"> A.9. Files</a>
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«  <a id="prevmod" href="Extended8ModExp.html">8.7. Extended Example: Parallel Modular Exponentiation</a>
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<a class="uplink" href="index.html">Contents</a>
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  ::  
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<a id="nextmod" href="ParVConc.html">9.2. Parallelism vs. Concurrency</a>  »
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<script>ODSA.SETTINGS.DISP_MOD_COMP = true;ODSA.SETTINGS.MODULE_NAME = "ParallelDistributedOverview";ODSA.SETTINGS.MODULE_LONG_NAME = "Parallel and Distributed Systems";ODSA.SETTINGS.MODULE_CHAPTER = "Parallel and Distributed Systems"; ODSA.SETTINGS.BUILD_DATE = "2021-06-01 15:31:51"; ODSA.SETTINGS.BUILD_CMAP = false;JSAV_OPTIONS['lang']='en';JSAV_EXERCISE_OPTIONS['code']='java';</script><div class="section" id="parallel-and-distributed-systems">
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<h1>9.1. Parallel and Distributed Systems<a class="headerlink" href="ParallelDistributedOverview.html#parallel-and-distributed-systems" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
|
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<div class="figure mb-2 align-center" style="width: 100%">
|
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<a class="reference internal image-reference" href="_images/CSF-Timeline.9.png"><img class="p-3 mb-2 align-center border border-dark rounded-lg" alt="Timeline of major CSF topics with Parallelism and Distributed Systems highlighted" src="_images/CSF-Timeline.9.png" style="width: 90%;" /></a>
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</div>
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<blockquote class="blockquote text-center">
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<p>“A distributed system is one in which the failure of a computer you didn’t
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even know existed can render your own computer unusable.”
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<footer class="blockquote-footer">Leslie Lamport</footer>
|
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</blockquote><p>As with multithreading, the general concepts of distributed computing are
|
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decades old. The Internet, for instance, can be characterized as a distributed
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computing system. Leslie Lamport introduced distributed timestamps in 1978.
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However, the past two decades have brought these techniques to new heights with
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massively parallel supercomputers (such as Cray Titan or IBM BlueGene) and grid
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||
computing (Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC),
|
||
Folding@home, Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search (GIMPS)). Furthermore, the
|
||
domains of parallel and distributed computing remain key areas of computer
|
||
science research. This chapter provides an introduction to key results and
|
||
concepts in these areas, providing a foundation for interested readers to pursue
|
||
more advanced study.</p>
|
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<div class="topic border border-dark rounded-lg bg-light px-2 mb-3">
|
||
<div class="figure align-left" style="width: 5%">
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<a class="reference internal image-reference" href="_images/CSF-Images-Objectives.png"><img alt="Decorative chapter objectives image" src="_images/CSF-Images-Objectives.png" style="width: 100%;" /></a>
|
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</div>
|
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<p class="topic-title first pt-2 mb-1">Chapter Objectives</p><hr class="mt-1" />
|
||
<p>In this chapter, we will address the following instructional objectives:</p>
|
||
<ul class="simple">
|
||
<li>We will distinguish the notions of concurrency and parallelism and examine the
|
||
relationship of both techniques to the hardware capabilities.</li>
|
||
<li>We will explore parallel design patterns that can be applied toward the
|
||
construction of algorithms, program implementations, or program execution.</li>
|
||
<li>We will examine the theoretical and practical limits to parallelism.</li>
|
||
<li>We will consider three foundational concepts—timing of events, object
|
||
location, and consensus—of distributed systems that have been very influential
|
||
in this field.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>The principles of concurrency and synchronization can apply to a wide variety of
|
||
systems. In particular, throughout most of the history of computing, most
|
||
systems implemented multiprogramming in the software (the operating system) to
|
||
improve utilization on a processor that was capability of one task at a time. In
|
||
recent years, there has been an increasing focus on and adoption of hardware
|
||
capable of parallel execution units. The ability to exploit parallelism on
|
||
modern hardware makes it possible to achieve significant gains in the speed of computing.</p>
|
||
<p>The benefits of parallelism, however, are not automatic and unlimited. Creating
|
||
software that can take full advantage of hardware support for parallelism
|
||
requires careful design and implementation. Some algorithms simply cannot be
|
||
executed in parallel; for algorithms that can be parallelized, the code must be
|
||
properly structured to account for the nondeterministic nature of the timing
|
||
that can arise. Furthermore, even if the algorithm can be parallelized, there
|
||
are theoretical and practical limits to how much the speed can be improved. In
|
||
this chapter, we will explore these issues, strategies, and limits of parallelism.</p>
|
||
<p>In addition to parallelism on a single computer, we can link a larger collection
|
||
of <a class="reference internal" href="Glossary.html#term-distributed-system"><span class="xref std std-term">distributed systems</span></a> of independent computers. The goal of distributed
|
||
systems is to link many computers together, executing coordinated software to
|
||
accomplish a single, larger goal. Distributed computing involves confronting the
|
||
challenge of unexpected and intermittent failures of nodes in the system. As an
|
||
introduction to this area of computing, we will explore how computer scientists
|
||
have addressed three well-known challenges in distributed computing:
|
||
communicating the timing of events, achieving an agreement — known as
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="Glossary.html#term-consensus-protocol"><span class="xref std std-term">consensus</span></a> — on the state of the system, and storing data so that it can
|
||
still be accessed when nodes fail. Readers who find these topics of interest
|
||
should explore the recommended readings at the end of the chapter.</p>
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</div>
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<a class="uplink" href="index.html">Contents</a>
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<a id="nextmod1" href="ParVConc.html">9.2. Parallelism vs. Concurrency</a>  »
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