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docSidebarContainer_YfHR"><div class="sidebarViewport_aRkj"><div class="sidebar_njMd"><nav aria-label="Docs sidebar" class="menu thin-scrollbar menu_SIkG"><ul class="theme-doc-sidebar-menu menu__list"><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-1 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" href="../index.html">Introduction</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-0/intro.html">Contents and Figures</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-1/b-b-scope-purpose-and-history.html">1. Introduction</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-2/c-b-character-syntax.html">2. Syntax</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret menu__link--active" aria-expanded="true" href="d-b-evaluation.html">3. Evaluation and Compilation</a></div><ul style="display:block;overflow:visible;height:auto" class="menu__list"><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-2 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="0" href="d-b-evaluation.html">3.1 Evaluation</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-2 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="0" href="d-c-compilation.html">3.2 Compilation</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-2 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link menu__link--active" aria-current="page" tabindex="0" href="d-d-declarations.html">3.3 Declarations</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-2 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="0" href="d-e-lambda-lists.html">3.4 Lambda Lists</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-2 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="0" href="d-f-error-checking-in-function-calls.html">3.5 Error Checking in Function Calls</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-2 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="0" href="d-g-traversal-rules-and-side-effects.html">3.6 Traversal Rules and Side Effects</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-2 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="0" href="d-h-destructive-operations.html">3.7 Destructive Operations</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-2 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0" href="../category/38-evaluation-and-compilation-dictionary.html">3.8 Evaluation and Compilation Dictionary</a><button aria-label="Expand sidebar category '3.8 Evaluation and Compilation Dictionary'" type="button" class="clean-btn menu__caret"></button></div></li></ul></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-4/e-b-introduction.html">4. Types and Classes</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-5/f-b-generalized-reference.html">5. Data and Control Flow</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-6/g-b-the-loop-facility.html">6. Iteration</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-7/h-b-object-creation-and-initialization.html">7. Objects</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../category/81-structures-dictionary.html">8. Structures</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-9/j-b-condition-system-concepts.html">9. Conditions</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-10/ba-b-symbol-concepts.html">10. Symbols</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-11/bb-b-package-concepts.html">11. Packages</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-12/bc-b-number-concepts.html">12. Numbers</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-13/bd-b-character-concepts.html">13. Characters</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-14/be-b-cons-concepts.html">14. Conses</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-15/bf-b-array-concepts.html">15. Arrays</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-16/bg-b-string-concepts.html">16. Strings</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-17/bh-b-sequence-concepts.html">17. Sequences</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-18/bi-b-hash-table-concepts.html">18. Hash Tables</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-19/bj-b-overview-of-filenames.html">19. Filenames</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-20/ca-b-file-system-concepts.html">20. Files</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-21/cb-b-stream-concepts.html">21. Streams</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-22/cc-b-the-lisp-printer.html">22. Printer</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-23/cd-b-reader-concepts.html">23. Reader</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-24/ce-b-system-construction-concepts.html">24. System Construction</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-25/cf-b-the-external-environment.html">25. External Environment</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../environments.html">26. Environments</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../meta-object-protocol.html">27. Meta Object Protocol</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../data-structures.html">28. Data Structures</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../portability/trivial-packages.html">29. Portability</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-1 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" href="../dictionary-entries.html">dictionary-entries</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-26/intro.html">Glossary</a></div></li></ul></nav></div></div></aside><main class="docMainContainer_TBSr"><div class="container padding-top--md padding-bottom--lg"><div class="row"><div class="col docItemCol_VOVn"><div class="docItemContainer_Djhp"><article><nav class="theme-doc-breadcrumbs breadcrumbsContainer_Z_bl" aria-label="Breadcrumbs"><ul class="breadcrumbs" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/BreadcrumbList"><li class="breadcrumbs__item"><a aria-label="Home page" class="breadcrumbs__link" href="../index.html"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="breadcrumbHomeIcon_YNFT"><path d="M10 19v-5h4v5c0 .55.45 1 1 1h3c.55 0 1-.45 1-1v-7h1.7c.46 0 .68-.57.33-.87L12.67 3.6c-.38-.34-.96-.34-1.34 0l-8.36 7.53c-.34.3-.13.87.33.87H5v7c0 .55.45 1 1 1h3c.55 0 1-.45 1-1z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></li><li class="breadcrumbs__item"><span class="breadcrumbs__link">3. Evaluation and Compilation</span><meta itemprop="position" content="1"></li><li itemscope="" itemprop="itemListElement" itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem" class="breadcrumbs__item breadcrumbs__item--active"><span class="breadcrumbs__link" itemprop="name">3.3 Declarations</span><meta itemprop="position" content="2"></li></ul></nav><div class="tocCollapsible_ETCw theme-doc-toc-mobile tocMobile_ITEo"><button type="button" class="clean-btn tocCollapsibleButton_TO0P">On this page</button></div><div class="theme-doc-markdown markdown"><h1>3.3 Declarations</h1>
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<p><span><i>Declarations</i></span> provide a way of specifying information for use by program processors, such as the evaluator or the compiler.</p>
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<p><span><i>Local declarations</i></span> can be embedded in executable code using <span><b>declare</b></span>. <span><i>Global declarations</i></span>, or <span><i>proclamations</i></span>, are established by <span><b>proclaim</b></span> or <span><b>declaim</b></span>.</p>
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<p>The <span><b>the</b></span> <span><i>special form</i></span> provides a shorthand notation for making a <span><i>local declaration</i></span> about the <span><i>type</i></span> of the <span><i>value</i></span> of a given <span><i>form</i></span>.</p>
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<p>The consequences are undefined if a program violates a <span><i>declaration</i></span> or a <span><i>proclamation</i></span>.</p>
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<h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="331-minimal-declaration-processing-requirements">3.3.1 Minimal Declaration Processing Requirements<a href="d-d-declarations.html#331-minimal-declaration-processing-requirements" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 3.3.1 Minimal Declaration Processing Requirements" title="Direct link to 3.3.1 Minimal Declaration Processing Requirements"></a></h2>
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<p>In general, an <span><i>implementation</i></span> is free to ignore <span><i>declaration specifiers</i></span> except for the <span><b>declaration</b></span>, <span><b>notinline</b></span>, <strong>safety</strong>, and <span><b>special</b></span> <span><i>declaration specifiers</i></span>.</p>
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<p>A <span><b>declaration</b></span> <span><i>declaration</i></span> must suppress warnings about unrecognized <span><i>declarations</i></span> of the kind that it declares. If an <span><i>implementation</i></span> does not produce warnings about unrecognized declarations, it may safely ignore this <span><i>declaration</i></span>.</p>
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<p>A <span><b>notinline</b></span> <span><i>declaration</i></span> must be recognized by any <span><i>implementation</i></span> that supports inline functions or <span><i>compiler macros</i></span> in order to disable those facilities. An <span><i>implementation</i></span> that does not use inline functions or <span><i>compiler macros</i></span> may safely ignore this <span><i>declaration</i></span>.</p>
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<p>A <strong>safety</strong> <span><i>declaration</i></span> that increases the current safety level must always be recognized. An <span><i>implementation</i></span> that always processes code as if safety were high may safely ignore this <span><i>declaration</i></span>.</p>
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<p>A <span><b>special</b></span> <span><i>declaration</i></span> must be processed by all <span><i>implementations</i></span>.</p>
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<h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="332-declaration-specifiers">3.3.2 Declaration Specifiers<a href="d-d-declarations.html#332-declaration-specifiers" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 3.3.2 Declaration Specifiers" title="Direct link to 3.3.2 Declaration Specifiers"></a></h2>
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<p>A <span><i>declaration specifier</i></span> is an <span><i>expression</i></span> that can appear at top level of a <span><b>declare</b></span> expression or a <span><b>declaim</b></span> form, or as the argument to <span><b>proclaim</b></span>. It is a <span><i>list</i></span> whose <span><i>car</i></span> is a <span><i>declaration identifier</i></span> , and whose <span><i>cdr</i></span> is data interpreted according to rules specific to the <span><i>declaration identifier</i></span> .</p>
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<h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="333-declaration-identifiers">3.3.3 Declaration Identifiers<a href="d-d-declarations.html#333-declaration-identifiers" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 3.3.3 Declaration Identifiers" title="Direct link to 3.3.3 Declaration Identifiers"></a></h2>
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<p>Figure 3–9 shows a list of all <span><i>declaration identifiers</i></span> defined by this standard.</p>
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<p>|</p><p><strong>declaration ignore special</strong> </p><p><strong>dynamic-extent inline type</strong> </p><p><strong>ftype notinline</strong> </p><p><strong>ignorable optimize</strong></p>|<p></p>
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<p>| :- |</p>
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<p><strong>Figure 3–9. Common Lisp Declaration Identifiers</strong></p>
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<p>An implementation is free to support other (<span><i>implementation-defined</i></span>) <span><i>declaration identifiers</i></span> as well. A warning might be issued if a <span><i>declaration identifier</i></span> is not among those defined above, is not defined by the <span><i>implementation</i></span>, is not a <em>type name</em>, and has not been declared in a <span><b>declaration</b></span> <span><i>proclamation</i></span>.</p>
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<h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="3331-shorthand-notation-for-type-declarations">3.3.3.1 Shorthand notation for Type Declarations<a href="d-d-declarations.html#3331-shorthand-notation-for-type-declarations" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 3.3.3.1 Shorthand notation for Type Declarations" title="Direct link to 3.3.3.1 Shorthand notation for Type Declarations"></a></h3>
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<p>A <span><i>type specifier</i></span> can be used as a <span><i>declaration identifier</i></span> . (<em>type-specifier {var}</em>*) is taken as shorthand for (type <em>type-specifier {var}</em>*).</p>
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<h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="334-declaration-scope">3.3.4 Declaration Scope<a href="d-d-declarations.html#334-declaration-scope" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 3.3.4 Declaration Scope" title="Direct link to 3.3.4 Declaration Scope"></a></h2>
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<p><span><i>Declarations</i></span> can be divided into two kinds: those that apply to the <span><i>bindings</i></span> of <span><i>variables</i></span> or <span><i>functions</i></span>; and those that do not apply to <span><i>bindings</i></span>.</p>
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<p>A <span><i>declaration</i></span> that appears at the head of a binding <span><i>form</i></span> and applies to a <span><i>variable</i></span> or <em>function binding</em> made by that <span><i>form</i></span> is called a <span><i>bound declaration</i></span>; such a <span><i>declaration</i></span> affects both the <span><i>binding</i></span> and any references within the <span><i>scope</i></span> of the <span><i>declaration</i></span>.</p>
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<p><span><i>Declarations</i></span> that are not <span><i>bound declarations</i></span> are called <span><i>free declarations</i></span>.</p>
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<p>A <span><i>free declaration</i></span> in a <em>form F</em>1 that applies to a <span><i>binding</i></span> for a <em>name N established</em> by some <em>form F</em>2 of which <em>F</em>1 is a <span><i>subform</i></span> affects only references to <em>N</em> within <em>F</em>1; it does not to apply to other references to <em>N</em> outside of <em>F</em>1, nor does it affect the manner in which the <span><i>binding</i></span> of <em>N</em> by <em>F</em>2 is <em>established</em>.</p>
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<p><span><i>Declarations</i></span> that do not apply to <span><i>bindings</i></span> can only appear as <span><i>free declarations</i></span>.</p>
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<p>The <span><i>scope</i></span> of a <span><i>bound declaration</i></span> is the same as the <span><i>lexical scope</i></span> of the <span><i>binding</i></span> to which it applies; for <span><i>special variables</i></span>, this means the <span><i>scope</i></span> that the <span><i>binding</i></span> would have had had it been a <span><i>lexical binding</i></span>.</p>
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<p>Unless explicitly stated otherwise, the <span><i>scope</i></span> of a <span><i>free declaration</i></span> includes only the body <span><i>subforms</i></span> of the <span><i>form</i></span> at whose head it appears, and no other <span><i>subforms</i></span>. The <span><i>scope</i></span> of <span><i>free declarations</i></span> specifically does not include <span><i>initialization forms</i></span> for <span><i>bindings</i></span> established by the <span><i>form</i></span> containing the <span><i>declarations</i></span>.</p>
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<p>Some <span><i>iteration forms</i></span> include step, end-test, or result <span><i>subforms</i></span> that are also included in the <span><i>scope</i></span> of <span><i>declarations</i></span> that appear in the <span><i>iteration form</i></span>. Specifically, the <span><i>iteration forms</i></span> and <span><i>subforms</i></span> involved are:</p>
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<p><em>•</em> <span><b>do</b></span>, <span><b>do*</b></span>: <em>step-forms</em>, <em>end-test-form</em>, and <em>result-forms</em>.</p>
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<p><em>•</em> <span><b>dolist</b></span>, <span><b>dotimes</b></span>: <em>result-form</em></p>
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<p><em>•</em> <span><b>do-all-symbols</b></span>, <span><b>do-external-symbols</b></span>, <span><b>do-symbols</b></span>: <em>result-form</em></p>
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<h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="3341-examples-of-declaration-scope">3.3.4.1 Examples of Declaration Scope<a href="d-d-declarations.html#3341-examples-of-declaration-scope" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 3.3.4.1 Examples of Declaration Scope" title="Direct link to 3.3.4.1 Examples of Declaration Scope"></a></h3>
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<div class="language-lisp codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa"><div class="codeBlockContent_biex"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-lisp codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style="color:#393A34;background-color:#f6f8fa"><code class="codeBlockLines_e6Vv"><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">Here is an example illustrating the *scope* of *bound declarations*. </span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#00009f">let</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token car">x</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style="color:#36acaa">1</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token comment" style="color:#999988;font-style:italic">;[1] 1st occurrence of x </span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token declare keyword" style="color:#00009f">declare</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token car">special</span><span class="token plain"> x</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token comment" style="color:#999988;font-style:italic">;[2] 2nd occurrence of x </span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#00009f">let</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token car">x</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style="color:#36acaa">2</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token comment" style="color:#999988;font-style:italic">;[3] 3rd occurrence of x </span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#00009f">let</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token car">old-x</span><span class="token plain"> x</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token comment" style="color:#999988;font-style:italic">;[4] 4th occurrence of x </span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token car">x</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style="color:#36acaa">3</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token comment" style="color:#999988;font-style:italic">;[5] 5th occurrence of x </span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token declare keyword" style="color:#00009f">declare</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token car">special</span><span class="token plain"> x</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token comment" style="color:#999988;font-style:italic">;[6] 6th occurrence of x </span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token car">list</span><span class="token plain"> old-x x</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token comment" style="color:#999988;font-style:italic">;[7] 7th occurrence of x </span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">→ </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token number" style="color:#36acaa">2</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style="color:#36acaa">3</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">The first occurrence of x *establishes* a *dynamic binding* of x because of the **special** *declaration* for x in the second line. The third occurrence of x *establishes* a *lexical binding* of x </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token car">because</span><span class="token plain"> there is no **special** *declaration* in the corresponding **let** *form*</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token plain">. The fourth occurrence of x *x* is a reference to the *lexical binding* of x established in the third line. The fifth occurrence of x *establishes* a *dynamic binding* of *x* for the body of the **let** *form* that begins on that line because of the **special** *declaration* for x in the sixth line. The reference to x in the fourth line is not affected by the **special** *declaration* in the sixth line because that reference is not within the “would-be *lexical scope*” of the *variable* x in the fifth line. The reference to x in the seventh line is a reference to the *dynamic binding* of *x established* in the fifth line. </span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">Here is another example, to illustrate the *scope* of a *free declaration*. In the following: </span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token car">lambda</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token plain">&optional </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token car">x</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token car">foo</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style="color:#36acaa">1</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token comment" style="color:#999988;font-style:italic">;[1] </span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token declare keyword" style="color:#00009f">declare</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token car">notinline</span><span class="token plain"> foo</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token comment" style="color:#999988;font-style:italic">;[2] </span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token car">foo</span><span class="token plain"> x</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token comment" style="color:#999988;font-style:italic">;[3] </span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">the *call* to foo in the first line might be compiled inline even though the *call* to foo in the third line must not be. This is because the **notinline** *declaration* for foo in the second line applies only to the body on the third line. In order to suppress inlining for both *calls*, one might write: </span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token car">locally</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token declare keyword" style="color:#00009f">declare</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token car">notinline</span><span class="token plain"> foo</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token comment" style="color:#999988;font-style:italic">;[1] </span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token car">lambda</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token plain">&optional </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token car">x</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token car">foo</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style="color:#36acaa">1</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token comment" style="color:#999988;font-style:italic">;[2] </span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token car">foo</span><span class="token plain"> x</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token comment" style="color:#999988;font-style:italic">;[3] </span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">or, alternatively: </span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token car">lambda</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token plain">&optional </span><span class="token comment" style="color:#999988;font-style:italic">;[1] </span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token car">x</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token car">locally</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token declare keyword" style="color:#00009f">declare</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token car">notinline</span><span class="token plain"> foo</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token comment" style="color:#999988;font-style:italic">;[2] </span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token car">foo</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style="color:#36acaa">1</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token comment" style="color:#999988;font-style:italic">;[3] </span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token declare keyword" style="color:#00009f">declare</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token car">notinline</span><span class="token plain"> foo</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token comment" style="color:#999988;font-style:italic">;[4] </span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token car">foo</span><span class="token plain"> x</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token comment" style="color:#999988;font-style:italic">;[5] </span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">Finally, here is an example that shows the *scope* of *declarations* in an *iteration form*. </span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#00009f">let</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token car">x</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style="color:#36acaa">1</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token comment" style="color:#999988;font-style:italic">;[1] </span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token declare keyword" style="color:#00009f">declare</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token car">special</span><span class="token plain"> x</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token comment" style="color:#999988;font-style:italic">;[2] </span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#00009f">let</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token car">x</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style="color:#36acaa">2</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token comment" style="color:#999988;font-style:italic">;[3] </span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token car">dotimes</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token car">i</span><span class="token plain"> x x</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token comment" style="color:#999988;font-style:italic">;[4] </span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token declare keyword" style="color:#00009f">declare</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token car">special</span><span class="token plain"> x</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token comment" style="color:#999988;font-style:italic">;[5] </span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">→ </span><span class="token number" style="color:#36acaa">1</span><span class="token plain"> </span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">In this example, the first reference to x on the fourth line is to the *lexical binding* of x established on the third line. However, the second occurrence of x on the fourth line lies within the *scope* of the *free declaration* on the fifth line </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token car">because</span><span class="token plain"> this is the *result-form* of the **dotimes**</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token plain"> and therefore refers to the *dynamic binding* of x. </span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain" style="display:inline-block"></span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup__atx"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonIcon_y97N"><path fill="currentColor" d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg 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