168 lines
No EOL
58 KiB
HTML
168 lines
No EOL
58 KiB
HTML
<!doctype html>
|
||
<html lang="en" dir="ltr" class="docs-wrapper plugin-docs plugin-id-default docs-version-current docs-doc-page docs-doc-id-chap-13/bd-b-character-concepts" data-has-hydrated="false">
|
||
<head>
|
||
<meta charset="UTF-8">
|
||
<meta name="generator" content="Docusaurus v3.0.1">
|
||
<title data-rh="true">13.1 Character Concepts | Common Lisp (New) Language Reference</title><meta data-rh="true" name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"><meta data-rh="true" property="og:image" content="https://lisp-docs.github.io/cl-language-reference/img/1024px-Lisp_logo.svg.png"><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:image" content="https://lisp-docs.github.io/cl-language-reference/img/1024px-Lisp_logo.svg.png"><meta data-rh="true" property="og:url" content="https://lisp-docs.github.io/cl-language-reference/chap-13/bd-b-character-concepts"><meta data-rh="true" property="og:locale" content="en"><meta data-rh="true" name="docusaurus_locale" content="en"><meta data-rh="true" name="docsearch:language" content="en"><meta data-rh="true" name="google-site-verification" content="Vzaw013_bfdKeUVG89Ch3W1zC9_vH9ID2dPB9Dz0vr0"><meta data-rh="true" name="docusaurus_version" content="current"><meta data-rh="true" name="docusaurus_tag" content="docs-default-current"><meta data-rh="true" name="docsearch:version" content="current"><meta data-rh="true" name="docsearch:docusaurus_tag" content="docs-default-current"><meta data-rh="true" property="og:title" content="13.1 Character Concepts | Common Lisp (New) Language Reference"><meta data-rh="true" name="description" content="13.1.1 Introduction to Characters"><meta data-rh="true" property="og:description" content="13.1.1 Introduction to Characters"><link data-rh="true" rel="icon" href="../img/favicon.ico"><link data-rh="true" rel="canonical" href="bd-b-character-concepts.html"><link data-rh="true" rel="alternate" href="bd-b-character-concepts.html" hreflang="en"><link data-rh="true" rel="alternate" href="bd-b-character-concepts.html" hreflang="x-default"><link data-rh="true" rel="preconnect" href="https://C1F2Q5VM6X-dsn.algolia.net" crossorigin="anonymous"><link rel="preconnect" href="https://www.google-analytics.com">
|
||
<link rel="preconnect" href="https://www.googletagmanager.com">
|
||
<script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-8TJCE4NSF8"></script>
|
||
<script>function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments)}window.dataLayer=window.dataLayer||[],gtag("js",new Date),gtag("config","G-8TJCE4NSF8",{})</script>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="Common Lisp (New) Language Reference" href="../opensearch.xml"><link rel="stylesheet" href="../assets/css/styles.f13b59fe.css">
|
||
<script src="../assets/js/runtime~main.02699c25.js" defer="defer"></script>
|
||
<script src="../assets/js/main.4f0a7a76.js" defer="defer"></script>
|
||
</head>
|
||
<body class="navigation-with-keyboard">
|
||
<script>!function(){function t(t){document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",t)}var e=function(){try{return new URLSearchParams(window.location.search).get("docusaurus-theme")}catch(t){}}()||function(){try{return localStorage.getItem("theme")}catch(t){}}();t(null!==e?e:"light")}(),function(){try{const c=new URLSearchParams(window.location.search).entries();for(var[t,e]of c)if(t.startsWith("docusaurus-data-")){var a=t.replace("docusaurus-data-","data-");document.documentElement.setAttribute(a,e)}}catch(t){}}()</script><div id="__docusaurus"><div role="region" aria-label="Skip to main content"><a class="skipToContent_fXgn" href="bd-b-character-concepts.html#__docusaurus_skipToContent_fallback">Skip to main content</a></div><nav aria-label="Main" class="navbar navbar--fixed-top"><div class="navbar__inner"><div class="navbar__items"><button aria-label="Toggle navigation bar" aria-expanded="false" class="navbar__toggle clean-btn" type="button"><svg width="30" height="30" viewBox="0 0 30 30" aria-hidden="true"><path stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-width="2" d="M4 7h22M4 15h22M4 23h22"></path></svg></button><a href="../../index.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="navbar__brand"><div class="navbar__logo"><img src="../img/logo.svg" alt="Lisp Logo" class="themedComponent_mlkZ themedComponent--light_NVdE"><img src="../img/logo.svg" alt="Lisp Logo" class="themedComponent_mlkZ themedComponent--dark_xIcU"></div><b class="navbar__title text--truncate">Common Lisp Docs</b></a><a href="../../docs/tutorial/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="navbar__item navbar__link">Tutorial</a><a href="../index.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="navbar__item navbar__link">Technical Reference</a><a href="../../docs/whylisp.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="navbar__item navbar__link">Why Lisp?</a><a href="../../docs/howto.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="navbar__item navbar__link">Guides</a></div><div class="navbar__items navbar__items--right"><a href="../../docs/contribute.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="navbar__item navbar__link">Contribute!</a><a href="../../docs/help.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="navbar__item navbar__link">Getting Help</a><a href="../../docs/about.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="navbar__item navbar__link">About</a><a href="../../blog.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="navbar__item navbar__link">Blog</a><a href="https://github.com/lisp-docs" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="navbar__item navbar__link">GitHub<svg width="13.5" height="13.5" aria-hidden="true" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="iconExternalLink_nPIU"><path fill="currentColor" d="M21 13v10h-21v-19h12v2h-10v15h17v-8h2zm3-12h-10.988l4.035 4-6.977 7.07 2.828 2.828 6.977-7.07 4.125 4.172v-11z"></path></svg></a><div class="toggle_vylO colorModeToggle_DEke"><button class="clean-btn toggleButton_gllP toggleButtonDisabled_aARS" type="button" disabled="" title="Switch between dark and light mode (currently light mode)" aria-label="Switch between dark and light mode (currently light mode)" aria-live="polite"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="24" height="24" class="lightToggleIcon_pyhR"><path fill="currentColor" d="M12,9c1.65,0,3,1.35,3,3s-1.35,3-3,3s-3-1.35-3-3S10.35,9,12,9 M12,7c-2.76,0-5,2.24-5,5s2.24,5,5,5s5-2.24,5-5 S14.76,7,12,7L12,7z M2,13l2,0c0.55,0,1-0.45,1-1s-0.45-1-1-1l-2,0c-0.55,0-1,0.45-1,1S1.45,13,2,13z M20,13l2,0c0.55,0,1-0.45,1-1 s-0.45-1-1-1l-2,0c-0.55,0-1,0.45-1,1S19.45,13,20,13z M11,2v2c0,0.55,0.45,1,1,1s1-0.45,1-1V2c0-0.55-0.45-1-1-1S11,1.45,11,2z M11,20v2c0,0.55,0.45,1,1,1s1-0.45,1-1v-2c0-0.55-0.45-1-1-1C11.45,19,11,19.45,11,20z M5.99,4.58c-0.39-0.39-1.03-0.39-1.41,0 c-0.39,0.39-0.39,1.03,0,1.41l1.06,1.06c0.39,0.39,1.03,0.39,1.41,0s0.39-1.03,0-1.41L5.99,4.58z M18.36,16.95 c-0.39-0.39-1.03-0.39-1.41,0c-0.39,0.39-0.39,1.03,0,1.41l1.06,1.06c0.39,0.39,1.03,0.39,1.41,0c0.39-0.39,0.39-1.03,0-1.41 L18.36,16.95z M19.42,5.99c0.39-0.39,0.39-1.03,0-1.41c-0.39-0.39-1.03-0.39-1.41,0l-1.06,1.06c-0.39,0.39-0.39,1.03,0,1.41 s1.03,0.39,1.41,0L19.42,5.99z M7.05,18.36c0.39-0.39,0.39-1.03,0-1.41c-0.39-0.39-1.03-0.39-1.41,0l-1.06,1.06 c-0.39,0.39-0.39,1.03,0,1.41s1.03,0.39,1.41,0L7.05,18.36z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="24" height="24" class="darkToggleIcon_wfgR"><path fill="currentColor" d="M9.37,5.51C9.19,6.15,9.1,6.82,9.1,7.5c0,4.08,3.32,7.4,7.4,7.4c0.68,0,1.35-0.09,1.99-0.27C17.45,17.19,14.93,19,12,19 c-3.86,0-7-3.14-7-7C5,9.07,6.81,6.55,9.37,5.51z M12,3c-4.97,0-9,4.03-9,9s4.03,9,9,9s9-4.03,9-9c0-0.46-0.04-0.92-0.1-1.36 c-0.98,1.37-2.58,2.26-4.4,2.26c-2.98,0-5.4-2.42-5.4-5.4c0-1.81,0.89-3.42,2.26-4.4C12.92,3.04,12.46,3,12,3L12,3z"></path></svg></button></div><div class="navbarSearchContainer_Bca1"><button type="button" class="DocSearch DocSearch-Button" aria-label="Search"><span class="DocSearch-Button-Container"><svg width="20" height="20" class="DocSearch-Search-Icon" viewBox="0 0 20 20"><path d="M14.386 14.386l4.0877 4.0877-4.0877-4.0877c-2.9418 2.9419-7.7115 2.9419-10.6533 0-2.9419-2.9418-2.9419-7.7115 0-10.6533 2.9418-2.9419 7.7115-2.9419 10.6533 0 2.9419 2.9418 2.9419 7.7115 0 10.6533z" stroke="currentColor" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"></path></svg><span class="DocSearch-Button-Placeholder">Search</span></span><span class="DocSearch-Button-Keys"></span></button></div></div></div><div role="presentation" class="navbar-sidebar__backdrop"></div></nav><div id="__docusaurus_skipToContent_fallback" class="main-wrapper mainWrapper_z2l0"><div class="docsWrapper_hBAB"><button aria-label="Scroll back to top" class="clean-btn theme-back-to-top-button backToTopButton_sjWU" type="button"></button><div class="docRoot_UBD9"><aside class="theme-doc-sidebar-container docSidebarContainer_YfHR"><div class="sidebarViewport_aRkj"><div class="sidebar_njMd"><nav aria-label="Docs sidebar" class="menu thin-scrollbar menu_SIkG"><ul class="theme-doc-sidebar-menu menu__list"><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-1 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" href="../index.html">Introduction</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-0/intro.html">Contents and Figures</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-1/b-b-scope-purpose-and-history.html">1. Introduction</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-2/c-b-character-syntax.html">2. Syntax</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-3/d-b-evaluation.html">3. Evaluation and Compilation</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-4/e-b-introduction.html">4. Types and Classes</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-5/f-b-generalized-reference.html">5. Data and Control Flow</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-6/g-b-the-loop-facility.html">6. Iteration</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-7/h-b-object-creation-and-initialization.html">7. Objects</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../category/81-structures-dictionary.html">8. Structures</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-9/j-b-condition-system-concepts.html">9. Conditions</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-10/ba-b-symbol-concepts.html">10. Symbols</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-11/bb-b-package-concepts.html">11. Packages</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-12/bc-b-number-concepts.html">12. Numbers</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret menu__link--active" aria-expanded="true" href="bd-b-character-concepts.html">13. Characters</a></div><ul style="display:block;overflow:visible;height:auto" class="menu__list"><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-2 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link menu__link--active" aria-current="page" tabindex="0" href="bd-b-character-concepts.html">13.1 Character Concepts</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-2 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0" href="../category/132-characters-dictionary.html">13.2 Characters Dictionary</a><button aria-label="Expand sidebar category '13.2 Characters Dictionary'" type="button" class="clean-btn menu__caret"></button></div></li></ul></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-14/be-b-cons-concepts.html">14. Conses</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-15/bf-b-array-concepts.html">15. Arrays</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-16/bg-b-string-concepts.html">16. Strings</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-17/bh-b-sequence-concepts.html">17. Sequences</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-18/bi-b-hash-table-concepts.html">18. Hash Tables</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-19/bj-b-overview-of-filenames.html">19. Filenames</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-20/ca-b-file-system-concepts.html">20. Files</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-21/cb-b-stream-concepts.html">21. Streams</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-22/cc-b-the-lisp-printer.html">22. Printer</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-23/cd-b-reader-concepts.html">23. Reader</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-24/ce-b-system-construction-concepts.html">24. System Construction</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-25/cf-b-the-external-environment.html">25. External Environment</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../environments.html">26. Environments</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../meta-object-protocol.html">27. Meta Object Protocol</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../data-structures.html">28. Data Structures</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../portability/trivial-packages.html">29. Portability</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-1 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" href="../dictionary-entries.html">dictionary-entries</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-26/intro.html">Glossary</a></div></li></ul></nav></div></div></aside><main class="docMainContainer_TBSr"><div class="container padding-top--md padding-bottom--lg"><div class="row"><div class="col docItemCol_VOVn"><div class="docItemContainer_Djhp"><article><nav class="theme-doc-breadcrumbs breadcrumbsContainer_Z_bl" aria-label="Breadcrumbs"><ul class="breadcrumbs" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/BreadcrumbList"><li class="breadcrumbs__item"><a aria-label="Home page" class="breadcrumbs__link" href="../index.html"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="breadcrumbHomeIcon_YNFT"><path d="M10 19v-5h4v5c0 .55.45 1 1 1h3c.55 0 1-.45 1-1v-7h1.7c.46 0 .68-.57.33-.87L12.67 3.6c-.38-.34-.96-.34-1.34 0l-8.36 7.53c-.34.3-.13.87.33.87H5v7c0 .55.45 1 1 1h3c.55 0 1-.45 1-1z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></li><li class="breadcrumbs__item"><span class="breadcrumbs__link">13. Characters</span><meta itemprop="position" content="1"></li><li itemscope="" itemprop="itemListElement" itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem" class="breadcrumbs__item breadcrumbs__item--active"><span class="breadcrumbs__link" itemprop="name">13.1 Character Concepts</span><meta itemprop="position" content="2"></li></ul></nav><div class="tocCollapsible_ETCw theme-doc-toc-mobile tocMobile_ITEo"><button type="button" class="clean-btn tocCollapsibleButton_TO0P">On this page</button></div><div class="theme-doc-markdown markdown"><h1>13.1 Character Concepts</h1>
|
||
<!-- -->
|
||
<!-- -->
|
||
<h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="1311-introduction-to-characters">13.1.1 Introduction to Characters<a href="bd-b-character-concepts.html#1311-introduction-to-characters" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 13.1.1 Introduction to Characters" title="Direct link to 13.1.1 Introduction to Characters"></a></h2>
|
||
<!-- -->
|
||
<p>A <span><i>character</i></span> is an <span><i>object</i></span> that represents a unitary token (<em>e.g.</em>, a letter, a special symbol, or a “control character”) in an aggregate quantity of text (<em>e.g.</em>, a <span><i>string</i></span> or a text <span><i>stream</i></span>).</p>
|
||
<p>Common Lisp allows an implementation to provide support for international language <span><i>characters</i></span> as well as <span><i>characters</i></span> used in specialized arenas (<em>e.g.</em>, mathematics).</p>
|
||
<p>The following figures contain lists of <span><i>defined names</i></span> applicable to <span><i>characters</i></span>.</p>
|
||
<p>Figure 13–1 lists some <span><i>defined names</i></span> relating to <em>character attributes</em> and <em>character predicates</em>.</p>
|
||
<p>|</p><p><strong>alpha-char-p char-not-equal char</strong>> </p><p><strong>alphanumericp char-not-greaterp char</strong>><span><b>=</b></span> </p><p><strong>both-case-p char-not-lessp digit-char-p</strong> </p><p><strong>char-code-limit char/= graphic-char-p char-equal char</strong>< <span><b>lower-case-p</b></span> </p><p><strong>char-greaterp char</strong><<strong>= standard-char-p char-lessp char= upper-case-p</strong></p>|<p></p>
|
||
<p>| :- |</p>
|
||
<p><strong>Figure 13–1. Character defined names – 1</strong></p>
|
||
<p>Figure 13–2 lists some <span><i>character</i></span> construction and conversion <span><i>defined names</i></span>.</p>
|
||
<p>|</p><p><strong>char-code char-name code-char</strong> </p><p><strong>char-downcase char-upcase digit-char</strong> </p><p><strong>char-int character name-char</strong></p>|<p></p>
|
||
<p>| :- |</p>
|
||
<p><strong>Figure 13–2. Character defined names – 2</strong></p>
|
||
<h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="1312-introduction-to-scripts-and-repertoires">13.1.2 Introduction to Scripts and Repertoires<a href="bd-b-character-concepts.html#1312-introduction-to-scripts-and-repertoires" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 13.1.2 Introduction to Scripts and Repertoires" title="Direct link to 13.1.2 Introduction to Scripts and Repertoires"></a></h2>
|
||
<!-- -->
|
||
<!-- -->
|
||
<h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="13121-character-scripts">13.1.2.1 Character Scripts<a href="bd-b-character-concepts.html#13121-character-scripts" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 13.1.2.1 Character Scripts" title="Direct link to 13.1.2.1 Character Scripts"></a></h3>
|
||
<!-- -->
|
||
<p>A <span><i>script</i></span> is one of possibly several sets that form an <span><i>exhaustive partition</i></span> of the type <span><b>character</b></span>.</p>
|
||
<p>The number of such sets and boundaries between them is <span><i>implementation-defined</i></span>. Common Lisp does not require these sets to be <span><i>types</i></span>, but an <span><i>implementation</i></span> is permitted to define such <span><i>types</i></span> as an extension. Since no <span><i>character</i></span> from one <span><i>script</i></span> can ever be a member of another <span><i>script</i></span>, it is generally more useful to speak about <em>character repertoires</em>.</p>
|
||
<p>Although the term “<span><i>script</i></span>” is chosen for definitional compatibility with ISO terminology, no <span><i>conforming implementation</i></span> is required to use any particular <span><i>scripts</i></span> standardized by ISO or by any other standards organization.</p>
|
||
<p>Whether and how the <span><i>script</i></span> or <span><i>scripts</i></span> used by any given <span><i>implementation</i></span> are named is <span><i>implementation-dependent</i></span>.</p>
|
||
<h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="13122-character-repertoires">13.1.2.2 Character Repertoires<a href="bd-b-character-concepts.html#13122-character-repertoires" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 13.1.2.2 Character Repertoires" title="Direct link to 13.1.2.2 Character Repertoires"></a></h3>
|
||
<!-- -->
|
||
<p>A <span><i>repertoire</i></span> is a <span><i>type specifier</i></span> for a <span><i>subtype</i></span> of <span><i>type</i></span> <span><b>character</b></span>. This term is generally used when describing a collection of <span><i>characters</i></span> independent of their coding. <span><i>Characters</i></span> in <span><i>repertoires</i></span> are only identified by name, by <span><i>glyph</i></span>, or by character description.</p>
|
||
<p>A <span><i>repertoire</i></span> can contain <span><i>characters</i></span> from several <span><i>scripts</i></span>, and a <span><i>character</i></span> can appear in more than one <span><i>repertoire</i></span>.</p>
|
||
<p>For some examples of <span><i>repertoires</i></span>, see the coded character standards ISO 8859/1, ISO 8859/2, and ISO 6937/2. Note, however, that although the term “<span><i>repertoire</i></span>” is chosen for definitional compatibility with ISO terminology, no <span><i>conforming implementation</i></span> is required to use <span><i>repertoires</i></span> standardized by ISO or any other standards organization.</p>
|
||
<h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="1313-character-attributes">13.1.3 Character Attributes<a href="bd-b-character-concepts.html#1313-character-attributes" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 13.1.3 Character Attributes" title="Direct link to 13.1.3 Character Attributes"></a></h2>
|
||
<!-- -->
|
||
<p><span><i>Characters</i></span> have only one <em>standardized attribute</em>: a <span><i>code</i></span>. A <span><i>character</i></span> ’s <span><i>code</i></span> is a non-negative <em>integer</em> . This <span><i>code</i></span> is composed from a character <span><i>script</i></span> and a character label in an <em>implementation dependent</em> way. See the <span><i>functions</i></span> <span><b>char-code</b></span> and <span><b>code-char</b></span>.</p>
|
||
<p>Additional, <em>implementation-defined attributes</em> of <span><i>characters</i></span> are also permitted so that, for example, two <span><i>characters</i></span> with the same <span><i>code</i></span> may differ in some other, <span><i>implementation-defined</i></span> way.</p>
|
||
<p>For any <em>implementation-defined attribute</em> there is a distinguished value called the <span><i>null</i></span> value for that <span><i>attribute</i></span>. A <span><i>character</i></span> for which each <em>implementation-defined attribute</em> has the null value for that <span><i>attribute</i></span> is called a <em>simple character</em> . If the <span><i>implementation</i></span> has no <em>implementation-defined attributes</em>, then all <span><i>characters</i></span> are <em>simple characters</em>.</p>
|
||
<h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="1314-character-categories">13.1.4 Character Categories<a href="bd-b-character-concepts.html#1314-character-categories" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 13.1.4 Character Categories" title="Direct link to 13.1.4 Character Categories"></a></h2>
|
||
<!-- -->
|
||
<p>There are several (overlapping) categories of <span><i>characters</i></span> that have no formally associated <span><i>type</i></span> but that are nevertheless useful to name. They include <em>graphic characters</em>, <span><i>alphabetic</i></span><sub>1</sub> <span><i>characters</i></span>, <span><i>characters</i></span> with <span><i>case</i></span> (<span><i>uppercase</i></span> and <em>lowercase characters</em>), <em>numeric characters</em>, <em>alphanumeric characters</em>, and <span><i>digits</i></span> (in a given <span><i>radix</i></span> ).</p>
|
||
<p>For each <em>implementation-defined attribute</em> of a <span><i>character</i></span> , the documentation for that <em>implementa tion</em> must specify whether <span><i>characters</i></span> that differ only in that <span><i>attribute</i></span> are permitted to differ in whether are not they are members of one of the aforementioned categories.</p>
|
||
<p>Note that these terms are defined independently of any special syntax which might have been enabled in the <span><i>current readtable</i></span>.</p>
|
||
<h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="13141-graphic-characters">13.1.4.1 Graphic Characters<a href="bd-b-character-concepts.html#13141-graphic-characters" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 13.1.4.1 Graphic Characters" title="Direct link to 13.1.4.1 Graphic Characters"></a></h3>
|
||
<!-- -->
|
||
<p><span><i>Characters</i></span> that are classified as <span><i>graphic</i></span>, or displayable, are each associated with a glyph, a visual representation of the <span><i>character</i></span> .</p>
|
||
<p>A <em>graphic character</em> is one that has a standard textual representation as a single <span><i>glyph</i></span>, such as A or * or =. <span><i>Space</i></span>, which effectively has a blank <span><i>glyph</i></span>, is defined to be a <span><i>graphic</i></span>.</p>
|
||
<p>Of the <span><i>standard characters</i></span>, <span><i>newline</i></span> is <span><i>non-graphic</i></span> and all others are <span><i>graphic</i></span>; see Section 2.1.3 (Standard Characters).</p>
|
||
<p><span><i>Characters</i></span> that are not <span><i>graphic</i></span> are called <span><i>non-graphic</i></span>. <em>Non-graphic characters</em> are sometimes informally called “formatting characters” or “control characters.”</p>
|
||
<p>#\Backspace, #\Tab, #\Rubout, #\Linefeed, #\Return, and #\Page, if they are supported by the <em>implementation</em>, are <em>non-graphic</em>.</p>
|
||
<h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="13142-alphabetic-characters">13.1.4.2 Alphabetic Characters<a href="bd-b-character-concepts.html#13142-alphabetic-characters" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 13.1.4.2 Alphabetic Characters" title="Direct link to 13.1.4.2 Alphabetic Characters"></a></h3>
|
||
<!-- -->
|
||
<p>The <span><i>alphabetic</i></span><sub>1</sub> <span><i>characters</i></span> are a subset of the <em>graphic characters</em>. Of the <span><i>standard characters</i></span>, only these are the <span><i>alphabetic</i></span><sub>1</sub> <span><i>characters</i></span>:</p>
|
||
<p>A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z</p>
|
||
<p>a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z</p>
|
||
<p>Any <i>implementation-defined character</i> that has <i>case</i> must be <i>alphabetic</i><sub>1</sub><sup>. For each <i>implementation</i></sup> defined graphic character that has no <i>case</i>, it is <i>implementation-defined</i> whether that <i>character</i> is <i>alphabetic</i><sub>1</sub>.</p>
|
||
<h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="13143-characters-with-case">13.1.4.3 Characters With Case<a href="bd-b-character-concepts.html#13143-characters-with-case" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 13.1.4.3 Characters With Case" title="Direct link to 13.1.4.3 Characters With Case"></a></h3>
|
||
<!-- -->
|
||
<p>The <span><i>characters</i></span> with <span><i>case</i></span> are a subset of the <span><i>alphabetic</i></span><sub>1</sub> <span><i>characters</i></span>. A <span><i>character</i></span> with <span><i>case</i></span> has the property of being either <span><i>uppercase</i></span> or <span><i>lowercase</i></span>. Every <span><i>character</i></span> with <span><i>case</i></span> is in one-to-one correspondence with some other <span><i>character</i></span> with the opposite <span><i>case</i></span>.</p>
|
||
<h4 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="131431-uppercase-characters">13.1.4.3.1 Uppercase Characters<a href="bd-b-character-concepts.html#131431-uppercase-characters" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 13.1.4.3.1 Uppercase Characters" title="Direct link to 13.1.4.3.1 Uppercase Characters"></a></h4>
|
||
<!-- -->
|
||
<p>An uppercase <span><i>character</i></span> is one that has a corresponding <em>lowercase character</em> that is <span><i>different</i></span> (and can be obtained using <span><b>char-downcase</b></span>).</p>
|
||
<p>Of the <span><i>standard characters</i></span>, only these are <em>uppercase characters</em>:</p>
|
||
<p>A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z</p>
|
||
<h4 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="131432-lowercase-characters">13.1.4.3.2 Lowercase Characters<a href="bd-b-character-concepts.html#131432-lowercase-characters" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 13.1.4.3.2 Lowercase Characters" title="Direct link to 13.1.4.3.2 Lowercase Characters"></a></h4>
|
||
<!-- -->
|
||
<p>A lowercase <span><i>character</i></span> is one that has a corresponding <em>uppercase character</em> that is <span><i>different</i></span> (and can be obtained using <span><b>char-upcase</b></span>).</p>
|
||
<p>Of the <span><i>standard characters</i></span>, only these are <em>lowercase characters</em>:</p>
|
||
<p>a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z</p>
|
||
<h4 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="131433-corresponding-characters-in-the-other-case">13.1.4.3.3 Corresponding Characters in the Other Case<a href="bd-b-character-concepts.html#131433-corresponding-characters-in-the-other-case" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 13.1.4.3.3 Corresponding Characters in the Other Case" title="Direct link to 13.1.4.3.3 Corresponding Characters in the Other Case"></a></h4>
|
||
<!-- -->
|
||
<p>The <em>uppercase standard characters</em> A through Z mentioned above respectively correspond to the <em>lowercase standard characters</em> a through z mentioned above. For example, the <em>uppercase character</em> E corresponds to the <em>lowercase character</em> e, and vice versa.</p>
|
||
<h4 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="131434-case-of-implementation">13.1.4.3.4 Case of Implementation<a href="bd-b-character-concepts.html#131434-case-of-implementation" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 13.1.4.3.4 Case of Implementation" title="Direct link to 13.1.4.3.4 Case of Implementation"></a></h4>
|
||
<!-- -->
|
||
<p>An <span><i>implementation</i></span> may define that other <em>implementation-defined graphic characters</em> have <span><i>case</i></span>. Such definitions must always be done in pairs—one <em>uppercase character</em> in one-to-one <em>correspondence</em> with one <em>lowercase character</em> .</p>
|
||
<h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="13144-numeric-characters">13.1.4.4 Numeric Characters<a href="bd-b-character-concepts.html#13144-numeric-characters" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 13.1.4.4 Numeric Characters" title="Direct link to 13.1.4.4 Numeric Characters"></a></h3>
|
||
<!-- -->
|
||
<p>The <em>numeric characters</em> are a subset of the <em>graphic characters</em>. Of the <span><i>standard characters</i></span>, only these are <em>numeric characters</em>:</p>
|
||
<p>0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9</p>
|
||
<p>For each <em>implementation-defined graphic character</em> that has no <span><i>case</i></span>, the <span><i>implementation</i></span> must define whether or not it is a <em>numeric character</em> .</p>
|
||
<h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="13145-alphanumeric-characters">13.1.4.5 Alphanumeric Characters<a href="bd-b-character-concepts.html#13145-alphanumeric-characters" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 13.1.4.5 Alphanumeric Characters" title="Direct link to 13.1.4.5 Alphanumeric Characters"></a></h3>
|
||
<!-- -->
|
||
<p>The set of <em>alphanumeric characters</em> is the union of the set of <span><i>alphabetic</i></span><sub>1</sub> <span><i>characters</i></span> and the set of <em>numeric characters</em>.</p>
|
||
<h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="13146-digits-in-a-radix">13.1.4.6 Digits in a Radix<a href="bd-b-character-concepts.html#13146-digits-in-a-radix" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 13.1.4.6 Digits in a Radix" title="Direct link to 13.1.4.6 Digits in a Radix"></a></h3>
|
||
<!-- -->
|
||
<p>What qualifies as a <span><i>digit</i></span> depends on the <span><i>radix</i></span> (an <em>integer</em> between 2 and 36, inclusive). The potential <span><i>digits</i></span> are:</p>
|
||
<p>0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z</p>
|
||
<p>Their respective weights are 0, 1, 2, <em>. . .</em> 35. In any given radix <em>n</em>, only the first <em>n</em> potential <span><i>digits</i></span> are considered to be <span><i>digits</i></span>. For example, the digits in radix 2 are 0 and 1, the digits in radix 10 are 0 through 9, and the digits in radix 16 are 0 through F.</p>
|
||
<p><span><i>Case</i></span> is not significant in <span><i>digits</i></span>; for example, in radix 16, both F and f are <span><i>digits</i></span> with weight 15.</p>
|
||
<h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="1315-identity-of-characters">13.1.5 Identity of Characters<a href="bd-b-character-concepts.html#1315-identity-of-characters" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 13.1.5 Identity of Characters" title="Direct link to 13.1.5 Identity of Characters"></a></h2>
|
||
<!-- -->
|
||
<p>Two <span><i>characters</i></span> that are <span><b>eql</b></span>, <span><b>char=</b></span>, or <span><b>char-equal</b></span> are not necessarily <span><b>eq</b></span>.</p>
|
||
<h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="1316-ordering-of-characters">13.1.6 Ordering of Characters<a href="bd-b-character-concepts.html#1316-ordering-of-characters" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 13.1.6 Ordering of Characters" title="Direct link to 13.1.6 Ordering of Characters"></a></h2>
|
||
<!-- -->
|
||
<p>The total ordering on <span><i>characters</i></span> is guaranteed to have the following properties:</p>
|
||
<p><em>•</em> If two <span><i>characters</i></span> have the same <em>implementation-defined attributes</em>, then their ordering by <span><b>char</b></span>< is consistent with the numerical ordering by the predicate < on their code <span><i>attributes</i></span>.</p>
|
||
<p><em>•</em> If two <span><i>characters</i></span> differ in any <span><i>attribute</i></span>, then they are not <span><b>char=</b></span>.</p>
|
||
<p><em>•</em> The total ordering is not necessarily the same as the total ordering on the <em>integers</em> produced by applying <span><b>char-int</b></span> to the <span><i>characters</i></span>.</p>
|
||
<p><em>•</em> While <span><i>alphabetic</i></span><sub>1</sub> <span><i>standard characters</i></span> of a given <span><i>case</i></span> must obey a partial ordering, they need not be contiguous; it is permissible for <span><i>uppercase</i></span> and <em>lowercase characters</em> to be interleaved. Thus <code>(char<= #\a x #\z)</code> is not a valid way of determining whether or not x is a <em>lowercase character</em> .</p>
|
||
<p>Of the <span><i>standard characters</i></span>, those which are <span><i>alphanumeric</i></span> obey the following partial ordering:</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><code>A<B<C<D<E<F<G<H<I<J<K<L<M<N<O<P<Q<R<S<T<U<V<W<X<Y<Z</code></li>
|
||
<li><code>a<b<c<d<e<f<g<h<i<j<k<l<m<n<o<p<q<r<s<t<u<v<w<x<y<z</code></li>
|
||
<li><code>0<1<2<3<4<5<6<7<8<9</code></li>
|
||
<li>either <code>9<A</code> or <code>Z<0</code></li>
|
||
<li>either <code>9<a</code> or <code>z<0</code></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>This implies that, for <span><i>standard characters</i></span>, <span><i>alphabetic</i></span><sup><a href="bd-b-character-concepts.html#user-content-fn-1" id="user-content-fnref-1" data-footnote-ref="true" aria-describedby="footnote-label">1</a></sup> ordering holds within each <span><i>case</i></span> (<span><i>uppercase</i></span> and <span><i>lowercase</i></span>), and that the <em>numeric characters</em> as a group are not interleaved with <em>alphabetic characters</em>. However, the ordering or possible interleaving of <em>uppercase characters</em> and <em>lowercase characters</em> is <span><i>implementation-defined</i></span>.</p>
|
||
<div class="theme-admonition theme-admonition-warning admonition_xJq3 alert alert--warning"><div class="admonitionHeading_Gvgb"><span class="admonitionIcon_Rf37"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M8.893 1.5c-.183-.31-.52-.5-.887-.5s-.703.19-.886.5L.138 13.499a.98.98 0 0 0 0 1.001c.193.31.53.501.886.501h13.964c.367 0 .704-.19.877-.5a1.03 1.03 0 0 0 .01-1.002L8.893 1.5zm.133 11.497H6.987v-2.003h2.039v2.003zm0-3.004H6.987V5.987h2.039v4.006z"></path></svg></span>warning</div><div class="admonitionContent_BuS1"><p>We have a missing footnote "<span><i>alphabetic</i></span><sup><a href="bd-b-character-concepts.html#user-content-fn-1" id="user-content-fnref-1-2" data-footnote-ref="true" aria-describedby="footnote-label">1</a></sup>" from the specification. Please help us find it!</p></div></div>
|
||
<section data-footnotes="true" class="footnotes"><h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7 sr-only" id="footnote-label">Footnotes<a href="bd-b-character-concepts.html#footnote-label" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Footnotes" title="Direct link to Footnotes"></a></h2>
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li id="user-content-fn-1">
|
||
<p>Unclear where this footnote is in the specification <a href="bd-b-character-concepts.html#user-content-fnref-1" data-footnote-backref="" aria-label="Back to reference 1" class="data-footnote-backref">↩</a> <a href="bd-b-character-concepts.html#user-content-fnref-1-2" data-footnote-backref="" aria-label="Back to reference 1-2" class="data-footnote-backref">↩<sup>2</sup></a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="1317-character-names">13.1.7 Character Names<a href="bd-b-character-concepts.html#1317-character-names" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 13.1.7 Character Names" title="Direct link to 13.1.7 Character Names"></a></h2>
|
||
<!-- -->
|
||
<p>The following <em>character names</em> must be present in all <span><i>conforming implementations</i></span>:</p>
|
||
<p>Newline</p>
|
||
<p>The character that represents the division between lines. An implementation must translate between #\Newline, a single-character representation, and whatever external representation(s) may be used.</p>
|
||
<p>Space</p>
|
||
<p>The space or blank character.</p>
|
||
<p>The following names are <span><i>semi-standard</i></span>; if an <span><i>implementation</i></span> supports them, they should be used for the described <span><i>characters</i></span> and no others.</p>
|
||
<p>Rubout</p>
|
||
<p>The rubout or delete character.</p>
|
||
<p>Page</p>
|
||
<p>The form-feed or page-separator character.</p>
|
||
<p>Tab</p>
|
||
<p>The tabulate character.</p>
|
||
<p>Backspace</p>
|
||
<p>The backspace character.</p>
|
||
<p>Return</p>
|
||
<p>The carriage return character.</p>
|
||
<p>Linefeed</p>
|
||
<p>The line-feed character.</p>
|
||
<p>In some <span><i>implementations</i></span>, one or more of these <em>character names</em> might denote a <span><i>standard character</i></span> ; for example, #\Linefeed and #\Newline might be the <em>same character</em> in some <span><i>implementations</i></span>.</p>
|
||
<h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="1318-treatment-of-newline-during-input-and-output">13.1.8 Treatment of Newline during Input and Output<a href="bd-b-character-concepts.html#1318-treatment-of-newline-during-input-and-output" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 13.1.8 Treatment of Newline during Input and Output" title="Direct link to 13.1.8 Treatment of Newline during Input and Output"></a></h2>
|
||
<!-- -->
|
||
<p>When the character #\Newline is written to an output file, the implementation must take the appropriate action to produce a line division. This might involve writing out a record or translating #\Newline to a CR/LF sequence. When reading, a corresponding reverse transformation must take place.</p>
|
||
<h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="1319-character-encodings">13.1.9 Character Encodings<a href="bd-b-character-concepts.html#1319-character-encodings" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 13.1.9 Character Encodings" title="Direct link to 13.1.9 Character Encodings"></a></h2>
|
||
<!-- -->
|
||
<p>A <span><i>character</i></span> is sometimes represented merely by its <span><i>code</i></span>, and sometimes by another <em>integer</em> value which is composed from the <span><i>code</i></span> and all <em>implementation-defined attributes</em> (in an <em>implementation defined</em> way that might vary between <em>Lisp images</em> even in the same <span><i>implementation</i></span>). This <em>integer</em> , returned by the function <span><b>char-int</b></span>, is called the character’s “encoding.” There is no corresponding function from a character’s encoding back to the <span><i>character</i></span> , since its primary intended uses include things like hashing where an inverse operation is not really called for.</p>
|
||
<h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="13110-documentation-of-implementation">13.1.10 Documentation of Implementation<a href="bd-b-character-concepts.html#13110-documentation-of-implementation" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 13.1.10 Documentation of Implementation" title="Direct link to 13.1.10 Documentation of Implementation"></a></h2>
|
||
<!-- -->
|
||
<!-- -->
|
||
<p>An <span><i>implementation</i></span> must document the <em>character scripts</em> it supports. For each <em>character script</em> supported, the documentation must describe at least the following:</p>
|
||
<p><em>•</em> Character labels, glyphs, and descriptions. Character labels must be uniquely named using only Latin capital letters A–Z, hyphen (-), and digits 0–9.</p>
|
||
<p><em>•</em> Reader canonicalization. Any mechanisms by which <span><b>read</b></span> treats <span><i>different</i></span> characters as equivalent must be documented.</p>
|
||
<p><em>•</em> The impact on <span><b>char-upcase</b></span>, <span><b>char-downcase</b></span>, and the case-sensitive <span><i>format directives</i></span>. In particular, for each <span><i>character</i></span> with <span><i>case</i></span>, whether it is <span><i>uppercase</i></span> or <span><i>lowercase</i></span>, and which <span><i>character</i></span> is its equivalent in the opposite case.</p>
|
||
<p><em>•</em> The behavior of the case-insensitive <span><i>functions</i></span> <span><b>char-equal</b></span>, <span><b>char-not-equal</b></span>, <span><b>char-lessp</b></span>, <span><b>char-greaterp</b></span>, <span><b>char-not-greaterp</b></span>, and <span><b>char-not-lessp</b></span>.</p>
|
||
<p><em>•</em> The behavior of any <em>character predicates</em>; in particular, the effects of <span><b>alpha-char-p</b></span>, <span><b>lower-case-p</b></span>, <span><b>upper-case-p</b></span>, <span><b>both-case-p</b></span>, <span><b>graphic-char-p</b></span>, and <span><b>alphanumericp</b></span>.</p>
|
||
<p><em>•</em> The interaction with file I/O, in particular, the supported coded character sets (for example, ISO8859/1-1987) and external encoding schemes supported are documented.</p></div><footer class="theme-doc-footer docusaurus-mt-lg"><div class="theme-doc-footer-edit-meta-row row"><div class="col"><a href="https://github.com/lisp-docs/cl-language-reference/tree/main/docs/chap-13/bd-b-character-concepts.md" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="theme-edit-this-page"><svg fill="currentColor" height="20" width="20" viewBox="0 0 40 40" class="iconEdit_Z9Sw" aria-hidden="true"><g><path d="m34.5 11.7l-3 3.1-6.3-6.3 3.1-3q0.5-0.5 1.2-0.5t1.1 0.5l3.9 3.9q0.5 0.4 0.5 1.1t-0.5 1.2z m-29.5 17.1l18.4-18.5 6.3 6.3-18.4 18.4h-6.3v-6.2z"></path></g></svg>Edit this page</a></div><div class="col lastUpdated_vwxv"><span class="theme-last-updated">Last updated<!-- --> by <b>daninus14</b></span></div></div></footer></article><nav class="pagination-nav docusaurus-mt-lg" aria-label="Docs pages"><a class="pagination-nav__link pagination-nav__link--prev" href="../chap-12/bc-c-dictionary/zerop_function.html"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Previous</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">zerop</div></a><a class="pagination-nav__link pagination-nav__link--next" href="../category/132-characters-dictionary.html"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Next</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">13.2 Characters Dictionary</div></a></nav></div></div><div class="col col--3"><div class="tableOfContents_bqdL thin-scrollbar theme-doc-toc-desktop"><ul class="table-of-contents table-of-contents__left-border"><li><a href="bd-b-character-concepts.html#1311-introduction-to-characters" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">13.1.1 Introduction to Characters</a></li><li><a href="bd-b-character-concepts.html#1312-introduction-to-scripts-and-repertoires" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">13.1.2 Introduction to Scripts and Repertoires</a><ul><li><a href="bd-b-character-concepts.html#13121-character-scripts" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">13.1.2.1 Character Scripts</a></li><li><a href="bd-b-character-concepts.html#13122-character-repertoires" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">13.1.2.2 Character Repertoires</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="bd-b-character-concepts.html#1313-character-attributes" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">13.1.3 Character Attributes</a></li><li><a href="bd-b-character-concepts.html#1314-character-categories" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">13.1.4 Character Categories</a><ul><li><a href="bd-b-character-concepts.html#13141-graphic-characters" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">13.1.4.1 Graphic Characters</a></li><li><a href="bd-b-character-concepts.html#13142-alphabetic-characters" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">13.1.4.2 Alphabetic Characters</a></li><li><a href="bd-b-character-concepts.html#13143-characters-with-case" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">13.1.4.3 Characters With Case</a><ul><li><a href="bd-b-character-concepts.html#131431-uppercase-characters" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">13.1.4.3.1 Uppercase Characters</a></li><li><a href="bd-b-character-concepts.html#131432-lowercase-characters" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">13.1.4.3.2 Lowercase Characters</a></li><li><a href="bd-b-character-concepts.html#131433-corresponding-characters-in-the-other-case" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">13.1.4.3.3 Corresponding Characters in the Other Case</a></li><li><a href="bd-b-character-concepts.html#131434-case-of-implementation" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">13.1.4.3.4 Case of Implementation</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="bd-b-character-concepts.html#13144-numeric-characters" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">13.1.4.4 Numeric Characters</a></li><li><a href="bd-b-character-concepts.html#13145-alphanumeric-characters" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">13.1.4.5 Alphanumeric Characters</a></li><li><a href="bd-b-character-concepts.html#13146-digits-in-a-radix" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">13.1.4.6 Digits in a Radix</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="bd-b-character-concepts.html#1315-identity-of-characters" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">13.1.5 Identity of Characters</a></li><li><a href="bd-b-character-concepts.html#1316-ordering-of-characters" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">13.1.6 Ordering of Characters</a></li><li><a href="bd-b-character-concepts.html#1317-character-names" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">13.1.7 Character Names</a></li><li><a href="bd-b-character-concepts.html#1318-treatment-of-newline-during-input-and-output" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">13.1.8 Treatment of Newline during Input and Output</a></li><li><a href="bd-b-character-concepts.html#1319-character-encodings" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">13.1.9 Character Encodings</a></li><li><a href="bd-b-character-concepts.html#13110-documentation-of-implementation" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">13.1.10 Documentation of Implementation</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></main></div></div></div><footer class="footer footer--dark"><div class="container container-fluid"><div class="row footer__links"><div class="col footer__col"><div class="footer__title">Docs</div><ul class="footer__items clean-list"><li class="footer__item"><a href="../../docs/tutorial.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Common Lisp Tutorial</a></li><li class="footer__item"><a href="../index.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Common Lisp Technical Reference</a></li><li class="footer__item"><a href="../../docs/help.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Help</a></li></ul></div><div class="col footer__col"><div class="footer__title">Community</div><ul class="footer__items clean-list"><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/common-lisp" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Stack Overflow<svg width="13.5" height="13.5" aria-hidden="true" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="iconExternalLink_nPIU"><path fill="currentColor" d="M21 13v10h-21v-19h12v2h-10v15h17v-8h2zm3-12h-10.988l4.035 4-6.977 7.07 2.828 2.828 6.977-7.07 4.125 4.172v-11z"></path></svg></a></li><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://discord.gg/hhk46CE" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Discord<svg width="13.5" height="13.5" aria-hidden="true" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="iconExternalLink_nPIU"><path fill="currentColor" d="M21 13v10h-21v-19h12v2h-10v15h17v-8h2zm3-12h-10.988l4.035 4-6.977 7.07 2.828 2.828 6.977-7.07 4.125 4.172v-11z"></path></svg></a></li><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/common_lisp" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Reddit<svg width="13.5" height="13.5" aria-hidden="true" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="iconExternalLink_nPIU"><path fill="currentColor" d="M21 13v10h-21v-19h12v2h-10v15h17v-8h2zm3-12h-10.988l4.035 4-6.977 7.07 2.828 2.828 6.977-7.07 4.125 4.172v-11z"></path></svg></a></li><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://irclog.tymoon.eu/libera/commonlisp" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">IRC<svg width="13.5" height="13.5" aria-hidden="true" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="iconExternalLink_nPIU"><path fill="currentColor" d="M21 13v10h-21v-19h12v2h-10v15h17v-8h2zm3-12h-10.988l4.035 4-6.977 7.07 2.828 2.828 6.977-7.07 4.125 4.172v-11z"></path></svg></a></li></ul></div><div class="col footer__col"><div class="footer__title">More</div><ul class="footer__items clean-list"><li class="footer__item"><a href="../../blog.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Blog</a></li><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://github.com/lisp-docs/lisp-docs.github.io" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Tutorial and General Content GitHub<svg width="13.5" height="13.5" aria-hidden="true" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="iconExternalLink_nPIU"><path fill="currentColor" d="M21 13v10h-21v-19h12v2h-10v15h17v-8h2zm3-12h-10.988l4.035 4-6.977 7.07 2.828 2.828 6.977-7.07 4.125 4.172v-11z"></path></svg></a></li><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://github.com/lisp-docs/cl-language-reference/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Technical Reference GitHub<svg width="13.5" height="13.5" aria-hidden="true" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="iconExternalLink_nPIU"><path fill="currentColor" d="M21 13v10h-21v-19h12v2h-10v15h17v-8h2zm3-12h-10.988l4.035 4-6.977 7.07 2.828 2.828 6.977-7.07 4.125 4.172v-11z"></path></svg></a></li><li class="footer__item"><a href="../../docs/contribute.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Contribute to the Docs</a></li></ul></div><div class="col footer__col"><div class="footer__title">Common Lisp Docs</div><ul class="footer__items clean-list"><li class="footer__item"><a href="../../docs/about.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">About</a></li><li class="footer__item"><a href="../../docs/whylisp.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Why Lisp</a></li><li class="footer__item"><a href="../../docs/getting-started.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Getting Started</a></li><li class="footer__item"><a href="../../docs/faq.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">FAQ</a></li><li class="footer__item"><a href="../../docs/help.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Getting Help</a></li><li class="footer__item"><a href="../../docs/howto.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">How To Guides</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="footer__bottom text--center"><div class="footer__copyright">Copyright © 2024 Common Lisp Docs, MIT License (see GitHub Repo).</div></div></div></footer></div>
|
||
</body>
|
||
</html> |