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menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../../chap-1/b-b-scope-purpose-and-history.html">1. Introduction</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../../chap-2/c-b-character-syntax.html">2. Syntax</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../../chap-3/d-b-evaluation.html">3. Evaluation and Compilation</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../../chap-4/e-b-introduction.html">4. Types and Classes</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../../chap-5/f-b-generalized-reference.html">5. Data and Control Flow</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../../chap-6/g-b-the-loop-facility.html">6. Iteration</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../../chap-7/h-b-object-creation-and-initialization.html">7. Objects</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../../category/81-structures-dictionary.html">8. Structures</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../../chap-9/j-b-condition-system-concepts.html">9. Conditions</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../../chap-10/ba-b-symbol-concepts.html">10. Symbols</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../../chap-11/bb-b-package-concepts.html">11. Packages</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../../chap-12/bc-b-number-concepts.html">12. Numbers</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../../chap-13/bd-b-character-concepts.html">13. Characters</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../../chap-14/be-b-cons-concepts.html">14. Conses</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../../chap-15/bf-b-array-concepts.html">15. Arrays</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../../chap-16/bg-b-string-concepts.html">16. Strings</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../../chap-17/bh-b-sequence-concepts.html">17. Sequences</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../../chap-18/bi-b-hash-table-concepts.html">18. Hash Tables</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../../chap-19/bj-b-overview-of-filenames.html">19. Filenames</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../../chap-20/ca-b-file-system-concepts.html">20. Files</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../../chap-21/cb-b-stream-concepts.html">21. Streams</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret menu__link--active" aria-expanded="true" href="../cc-b-the-lisp-printer.html">22. Printer</a></div><ul style="display:block;overflow:visible;height:auto" class="menu__list"><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-2 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="0" href="../cc-b-the-lisp-printer.html">22.1 The Lisp Printer</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-2 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="0" href="../cc-c-the-lisp-pretty-printer.html">22.2 The Lisp Pretty Printer</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-2 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="0" href="../cc-d-formatted-output.html">22.3 Formatted Output</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-2 menu__list-item"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--active" aria-expanded="true" tabindex="0" href="../../category/224-printer-dictionary.html">22.4 Printer 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href="print-not-readable-object_function.html">print-not-readable-object</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-3 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="0" href="print-not-readable_condition-type.html">print-not-readable</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-3 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link menu__link--active" aria-current="page" tabindex="0" href="print-object_standard-generic-function.html">print-object</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-3 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="0" href="print-pprint-dispatch_variable.html">print-pprint-dispatch</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-3 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="0" href="print-pretty_variable.html">print-pretty</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-3 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="0" href="print-radix_variable.html">print-radix</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-3 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="0" href="print-readably_variable.html">print-readably</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-3 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="0" href="print-right-margin_variable.html">print-right-margin</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-3 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="0" href="print-unreadable-object_macro.html">print-unreadable-object</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-3 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="0" href="set-pprint-dispatch_function.html">set-pprint-dispatch</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-3 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="0" href="write-to-string_prin1-to-string_princ-to-string_function.html">write-to-string, prin1-to-string, princ-to-string</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-3 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="0" href="write_prin1_print_pprint_princ_function.html">write, prin1, print, pprint, princ</a></li></ul></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-2 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="0" href="../intro.html">intro</a></li></ul></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../../chap-23/cd-b-reader-concepts.html">23. Reader</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../../chap-24/ce-b-system-construction-concepts.html">24. System Construction</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../../chap-25/cf-b-the-external-environment.html">25. External Environment</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../../environments.html">26. Environments</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../../meta-object-protocol.html">27. Meta Object Protocol</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../../data-structures.html">28. Data Structures</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../../portability/trivial-packages.html">29. Portability</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-1 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" href="../../dictionary-entries.html">dictionary-entries</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../../chap-26/intro.html">Glossary</a></div></li></ul></nav></div></div></aside><main class="docMainContainer_TBSr"><div class="container padding-top--md padding-bottom--lg"><div class="row"><div class="col docItemCol_VOVn"><div class="docItemContainer_Djhp"><article><nav class="theme-doc-breadcrumbs breadcrumbsContainer_Z_bl" aria-label="Breadcrumbs"><ul class="breadcrumbs" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/BreadcrumbList"><li class="breadcrumbs__item"><a aria-label="Home page" class="breadcrumbs__link" href="../../index.html"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="breadcrumbHomeIcon_YNFT"><path d="M10 19v-5h4v5c0 .55.45 1 1 1h3c.55 0 1-.45 1-1v-7h1.7c.46 0 .68-.57.33-.87L12.67 3.6c-.38-.34-.96-.34-1.34 0l-8.36 7.53c-.34.3-.13.87.33.87H5v7c0 .55.45 1 1 1h3c.55 0 1-.45 1-1z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></li><li class="breadcrumbs__item"><span class="breadcrumbs__link">22. Printer</span><meta itemprop="position" content="1"></li><li itemscope="" itemprop="itemListElement" itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem" class="breadcrumbs__item"><a class="breadcrumbs__link" itemprop="item" href="../../category/224-printer-dictionary.html"><span itemprop="name">22.4 Printer Dictionary</span></a><meta itemprop="position" content="2"></li><li itemscope="" itemprop="itemListElement" itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem" class="breadcrumbs__item breadcrumbs__item--active"><span class="breadcrumbs__link" itemprop="name">print-object</span><meta itemprop="position" content="3"></li></ul></nav><div class="tocCollapsible_ETCw theme-doc-toc-mobile tocMobile_ITEo"><button type="button" class="clean-btn tocCollapsibleButton_TO0P">On this page</button></div><div class="theme-doc-markdown markdown"><h1>print-object</h1>
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<p><strong>print-object</strong> <span><i>Standard Generic Function</i></span></p>
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<p><strong>Syntax:</strong></p>
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<p><span><b>print-object</b></span> <em>object stream → object</em></p>
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<p><strong>Method Signatures:</strong></p>
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<p><span><b>print-object</b></span> (<em>object standard-object<span><i>) </i></span>stream</em></p>
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<p><span><b>print-object</b></span> (<em>object structure-object<span><i>) </i></span>stream</em></p>
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<p><strong>Arguments and Values:</strong></p>
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<p><span><i>object</i></span>—an <span><i>object</i></span>.</p>
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<p><span><i>stream</i></span>—a <span><i>stream</i></span>.</p>
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<span><b>print-object</b></span>
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<p><strong>Description:</strong></p>
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<p>The <span><i>generic function</i></span> <span><b>print-object</b></span> writes the printed representation of <span><i>object</i></span> to <span><i>stream</i></span>. The <span><i>function</i></span> <span><b>print-object</b></span> is called by the <em>Lisp printer</em> ; it should not be called by the user.</p>
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<p>Each implementation is required to provide a <span><i>method</i></span> on the <span><i>class</i></span> <span><b>standard-object</b></span> and on the <span><i>class</i></span> <span><b>structure-object</b></span>. In addition, each <span><i>implementation</i></span> must provide <span><i>methods</i></span> on enough other <em>classes</em> so as to ensure that there is always an applicable <span><i>method</i></span>. Implementations are free to add <span><i>methods</i></span> for other <em>classes</em>. Users may write <span><i>methods</i></span> for <span><b>print-object</b></span> for their own <em>classes</em> if they do not wish to inherit an <em>implementation-dependent method</em>.</p>
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<p>The <span><i>method</i></span> on the <span><i>class</i></span> <span><b>structure-object</b></span> prints the object in the default #S notation; see Section 22.1.3.12 (Printing Structures).</p>
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<p><span><i>Methods</i></span> on <span><b>print-object</b></span> are responsible for implementing their part of the semantics of the <span><i>printer control variables</i></span>, as follows:</p>
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<span><b>*print-readably*</b></span>
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<p>All methods for <span><b>print-object</b></span> must obey <span><b>*print-readably*</b></span>. This includes both user-defined methods and <span><i>implementation-defined</i></span> methods. Readable printing of <span><i>structures</i></span> and <span><i>standard objects</i></span> is controlled by their <span><b>print-object</b></span> method, not by their <span><b>make-load-form</b></span> <span><i>method</i></span>. <span><i>Similarity</i></span> for these <span><i>objects</i></span> is application dependent and hence is defined to be whatever these <span><i>methods</i></span> do; see Section 3.2.4.2 (Similarity of Literal Objects).</p>
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<span><b>*print-escape*</b></span>
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<p>Each <span><i>method</i></span> must implement <span><b>*print-escape*</b></span>.</p>
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<span><b>*print-pretty*</b></span>
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<p>The <span><i>method</i></span> may wish to perform specialized line breaking or other output conditional on the <span><i>value</i></span> of <span><b>*print-pretty*</b></span>. For further information, see (for example) the <span><i>macro</i></span> <span><b>pprint-fill</b></span>. See also Section 22.2.1.4 (Pretty Print Dispatch Tables) and Section 22.2.2 (Examples of using the Pretty Printer).</p>
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<span><b>*print-length*</b></span>
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<p><span><i>Methods</i></span> that produce output of indefinite length must obey <span><b>*print-length*</b></span>. For further information, see (for example) the <span><i>macros</i></span> <span><b>pprint-logical-block</b></span> and <span><b>pprint-pop</b></span>. See also Section 22.2.1.4 (Pretty Print Dispatch Tables) and Section 22.2.2 (Examples of using the Pretty Printer).</p>
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<p><strong>*print-level*</strong></p>
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<p>The printer takes care of <strong>*print-level*</strong> automatically, provided that each <span><i>method</i></span> handles exactly one level of structure and calls <span><b>write</b></span> (or an equivalent <span><i>function</i></span>) recursively if there are more structural levels. The printer’s decision of whether an <span><i>object</i></span> has components (and</p>
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<p>therefore should not be printed when the printing depth is not less than <strong>*print-level*</strong>) is <span><i>implementation-dependent</i></span>. In some implementations its <span><b>print-object</b></span> <span><i>method</i></span> is not called; in others the <span><i>method</i></span> is called, and the determination that the <span><i>object</i></span> has components is based on what it tries to write to the <span><i>stream</i></span>.</p>
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<span><b>*print-circle*</b></span>
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<p>When the <span><i>value</i></span> of <span><b>*print-circle*</b></span> is <span><i>true</i></span>, a user-defined <span><b>print-object</b></span> <span><i>method</i></span> can print <span><i>objects</i></span> to the supplied <span><i>stream</i></span> using <span><b>write</b></span>, <span><b>prin1</b></span>, <span><b>princ</b></span>, or <span><b>format</b></span> and expect circularities to be detected and printed using the #<em>n</em># syntax. If a user-defined <span><b>print-object</b></span> <span><i>method</i></span> prints to a <span><i>stream</i></span> other than the one that was supplied, then circularity detection starts over for that <span><i>stream</i></span>. See <span><b>*print-circle*</b></span>.</p>
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<p><strong>*print-base*</strong>, <span><b>*print-radix*</b></span>, <span><b>*print-case*</b></span>, <span><b>*print-gensym*</b></span>, and <span><b>*print-array*</b></span></p>
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<p>These <span><i>printer control variables</i></span> apply to specific types of <span><i>objects</i></span> and are handled by the <span><i>methods</i></span> for those <span><i>objects</i></span>.</p>
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<p>If these rules are not obeyed, the results are undefined.</p>
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<p>In general, the printer and the <span><b>print-object</b></span> methods should not rebind the print control variables as they operate recursively through the structure, but this is <span><i>implementation-dependent</i></span>.</p>
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<p>In some implementations the <span><i>stream</i></span> argument passed to a <span><b>print-object</b></span> <span><i>method</i></span> is not the original <span><i>stream</i></span>, but is an intermediate <span><i>stream</i></span> that implements part of the printer. <span><i>methods</i></span> should therefore not depend on the identity of this <span><i>stream</i></span>.</p>
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<p><strong>See Also:</strong></p>
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<p><span><b>pprint-fill</b></span>, <span><b>pprint-logical-block</b></span>, <span><b>pprint-pop</b></span>, <span><b>write</b></span>, <span><b>*print-readably*</b></span>, <span><b>*print-escape*</b></span>, <span><b>*print-pretty*</b></span>, <span><b>*print-length*</b></span>, Section 22.1.3 (Default Print-Object Methods), Section 22.1.3.12 (Printing Structures), Section 22.2.1.4 (Pretty Print Dispatch Tables), Section 22.2.2 (Examples of using the Pretty Printer)</p>
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<h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="expanded-reference-print-object">Expanded Reference: print-object<a href="print-object_standard-generic-function.html#expanded-reference-print-object" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Expanded Reference: print-object" title="Direct link to Expanded Reference: print-object"> |