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<h1 id="title-xs"><a href="index.html">The Common Lisp Cookbook</a> – Getting started with Common Lisp</h1>
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<div id="toc-title">Table of Contents</div>
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<div id="content-container">
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<h1 id="title-non-xs"><a href="index.html">The Common Lisp Cookbook</a> – Getting started with Common Lisp</h1>
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<!-- Announcement we can keep for 1 month or more. I remove it and re-add it from time to time. -->
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<p class="announce">
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📹 💻
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<a style="font-size: 120%" href="https://www.udemy.com/course/common-lisp-programming/?couponCode=LISPMACROSPOWER" title="This course is under a paywall on the Udemy platform. Several videos are freely available so you can judge before diving in. vindarel is (I am) the main contributor to this Cookbook."> Discover vindarel's Lisp course in videos with this September coupon.</a>
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<strong>
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Recently added: 18 videos on MACROS.
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</strong>
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<a style="font-size: 90%" href="https://github.com/vindarel/common-lisp-course-in-videos/">Learn more</a>.
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<p class="announce-neutral">
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📕 <a href="index.html#download-in-epub">Get the EPUB and PDF</a>
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<div id="content"
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<p>We’ll begin with presenting easy steps to install a development environment and to start a new Common Lisp project.</p>
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<p>Want a 2-clicks install? Then get
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<a href="https://shinmera.github.io/portacle/">Portacle</a>, <em>a portable and
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multi-platform</em> Common Lisp environment. It ships Emacs, SBCL (the
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implementation), Quicklisp (package manager), SLIME (IDE) and
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Git. It’s the most straightforward way to get going!</p>
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<h2 id="install-an-implementation">Install an implementation</h2>
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<h3 id="with-your-package-manager">With your package manager</h3>
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<p>If you don’t know which implementation of Common Lisp to use, try SBCL:</p>
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<pre><code>apt-get install sbcl
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</code></pre>
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<p>Common Lisp has been standardized via an ANSI document, so it can be
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implemented in different ways. See
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Lisp#Implementations">Wikipedia’s list of implementations</a>.</p>
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<p>The following implementations are packaged for Debian and most other popular Linux distributions:</p>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="http://www.sbcl.org/">Steel Bank Common Lisp (SBCL)</a></li>
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<li><a href="https://gitlab.com/embeddable-common-lisp/ecl/">Embeddable Common Lisp (ECL)</a>, which compiles to C,</li>
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<li><a href="https://clisp.sourceforge.io/">CLISP</a></li>
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</ul>
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<p>Other well-known implementations include:</p>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="http://abcl.org/">ABCL</a>, to interface with the JVM,</li>
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<li><a href="https://ccl.clozure.com/">ClozureCL</a>, a good implementation with very fast build times (see this <a href="http://mr.gy/blog/clozure-cl-deb.html">Debian package for Clozure CL</a>),</li>
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<li><a href="https://github.com/drmeister/clasp">CLASP</a>, that interoperates with C++ libraries using LLVM for compilation to native code,</li>
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<li><a href="https://franz.com/products/allegrocl/">AllegroCL</a> (proprietary)</li>
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<li><a href="http://www.lispworks.com/">LispWorks</a> (proprietary)</li>
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</ul>
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<p>and older implementations:</p>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="https://gitlab.common-lisp.net/cmucl/cmucl">CMUCL</a>, originally developed at Carnegie Mellon University, from which SBCL is derived, and</li>
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Common_Lisp">GNU Common Lisp</a></li>
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<li>and there is more!</li>
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</ul>
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<h3 id="with-the-asdf-vm-package-manager">With the asdf-vm package manager</h3>
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<p>The <a href="http://asdf-vm.com/">asdf-vm</a> tool can be used to manage a large ecosystem of runtimes and tools.</p>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="http://www.sbcl.org/">Steel Bank Common Lisp (SBCL)</a> is available via <a href="https://github.com/smashedtoatoms/asdf-sbcl">this plugin</a> for <a href="http://asdf-vm.com/">asdf-vm</a></li>
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</ul>
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<h3 id="with-roswell">With Roswell</h3>
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<p><a href="https://github.com/roswell/roswell/wiki">Roswell</a> is:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>an implementation manager: it makes it easy to install a Common Lisp
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implementation (<code>ros install ecl</code>), an exact version of an
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implementation (<code>ros install sbcl/1.2.0</code>), to change the default one
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being used (<code>ros use ecl</code>),</li>
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<li>a scripting environment (helps to run Lisp from the shell, to get
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the command line arguments,…),</li>
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<li>a script installer,</li>
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<li>a testing environment (to run tests, including on popular Continuous
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Integration platforms),</li>
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<li>a building utility (to build images and executables in a portable way).</li>
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</ul>
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<p>You’ll find several ways of installation on its wiki (Debian package,
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Windows installer, Brew/Linux Brew,…).</p>
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<h3 id="with-docker">With Docker</h3>
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<p>If you already know <a href="https://docs.docker.com">Docker</a>, you can get
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started with Common Lisp pretty quickly. The
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<a href="https://hub.docker.com/r/clfoundation/cl-devel">clfoundation/cl-devel</a>
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image comes with recent versions of SBCL, CCL, ECL and ABCL, plus
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Quicklisp installed in the home (<code>/home/cl</code>), so than we can
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<code>ql:quickload</code> libraries straight away.</p>
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<p>Docker works on GNU/Linux, Mac and Windows.</p>
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<p>The following command will download the required image (around 1.0GB
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compressed), put your local sources inside the Docker image where indicated,
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and drop you into an SBCL REPL:</p>
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<pre><code>docker run --rm -it -v /path/to/local/code:/home/cl/common-lisp/source clfoundation/cl-devel:latest sbcl
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</code></pre>
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<p>We still want to develop using Emacs and SLIME, so we need to connect SLIME to
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the Lisp inside Docker. See
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<a href="https://gitlab.common-lisp.net/cl-docker-images/slime-docker">slime-docker</a>,
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which is a library that helps on setting that up.</p>
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<h3 id="on-windows">On Windows</h3>
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<p>All implementations above can be installed on Windows.</p>
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<p><a href="https://shinmera.github.io/portacle/">Portacle</a> is multiplatform and works on Windows.</p>
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<p>You can also try:</p>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="https://rho-emacs.sourceforge.io/">ρEmacs</a>, a preconfigured distribution of GNU Emacs specifically for Microsoft Windows. It ships with many CL implementations: CCL, SBCL, CLISP, ABCL and ECL, and also has components for other programming languages (Python, Racket, Java, C++…).</li>
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<li><a href="https://github.com/sharplispers/cormanlisp">Corman Lisp</a>, for Windows XP, Windows 2000, Windows ME or Windows NT. It is fully integrated with the Win32 API, and all the Windows API functions are readily available from Lisp.</li>
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</ul>
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<h2 id="start-a-repl">Start a REPL</h2>
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<p>Just launch the implementation executable on the command line to enter
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the REPL (Read Eval Print Loop), i.e. the interactive
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interpreter.</p>
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<p>Quit with <code>(quit)</code> or <code>ctr-d</code> (on some implementations).</p>
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<p>Here is a sample session:</p>
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<pre><code>user@debian:~$ sbcl
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This is SBCL 1.3.14.debian, an implementation of ANSI Common Lisp.
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More information about SBCL is available at <http://www.sbcl.org/>.
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SBCL is free software, provided as is, with absolutely no warranty.
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It is mostly in the public domain; some portions are provided under
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BSD-style licenses. See the CREDITS and COPYING files in the
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distribution for more information.
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* (+ 1 2)
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3
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* (quit)
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user@debian:~$
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</code></pre>
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<p>You can slightly enhance the REPL (the arrow keys do not work,
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it has no history,…) with <code>rlwrap</code>:</p>
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<pre><code>apt-get install rlwrap
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</code></pre>
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<p>and:</p>
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<pre><code>rlwrap sbcl
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</code></pre>
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<p>But we’ll setup our editor to offer a better experience instead of
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working in this REPL. See <a href="editor-support.html">editor-support</a>.</p>
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<p>Lisp is interactive by nature, so in case of an error we enter the
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debugger. This can be annoying in certain cases, so you might want to
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use SBCL’s <code>--disable-debugger</code> option.</p>
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<div class="info" style="background-color: #e7f3fe; border-left: 6px solid #2196F3; padding: 17px;">
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<!-- if inside a <p> then bootstrap adds 10px padding to the bottom -->
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<strong>TIP:</strong> The CLISP implementation has a better default REPL for the
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terminal (readline capabilities, completion of symbols). You can even
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use <code>clisp -on-error abort</code> to have error messages without the
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debugger. It's handy to try things out, but we recommend to set-up
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your editor and to use SBCL or CCL.
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</div>
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<div class="info" style="background-color: #e7f3fe; border-left: 6px solid #2196F3; padding: 17px; margin-top:1em;">
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<!-- if inside a <p> then bootstrap adds 10px padding to the bottom -->
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<strong>TIP:</strong>
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By adding the <code>-c</code> switch to rlwrap, you can autocomplete file names.
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</div>
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<h2 id="libraries">Libraries</h2>
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<p>Common Lisp has thousands of libraries available under a free software license. See:</p>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="http://quickdocs.org/">Quickdocs</a> - the library documentation hosting for CL.</li>
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<li>the <a href="https://github.com/CodyReichert/awesome-cl">Awesome-cl</a> list, a
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curated list of libraries.</li>
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<li><a href="http://www.cliki.net/">Cliki</a>, the Common Lisp wiki.</li>
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</ul>
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<h3 id="some-terminology">Some terminology</h3>
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<ul>
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<li>
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<p>In the Common Lisp world, a <strong>package</strong> is a way of grouping symbols
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together and of providing encapsulation. It is similar to a C++
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namespace, a Python module or a Java package.</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p>A <strong>system</strong> is a collection of CL source files bundled with an .asd
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file which tells how to compile and load them. There is often a
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one-to-one relationship between systems and packages, but this is in
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no way mandatory. A system may declare a dependency on other
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systems. Systems are managed by <a href="https://common-lisp.net/project/asdf/asdf.html">ASDF</a> (Another System Definition
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Facility), which offers functionalities similar to those of <code>make</code> and
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<code>ld.so</code>, and has become a de facto standard.</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p>A Common Lisp library or project typically consists of one or
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several ASDF systems (and is distributed as one Quicklisp project).</p>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<h3 id="install-quicklisp">Install Quicklisp</h3>
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<p><a href="https://www.quicklisp.org/beta/">Quicklisp</a> is more than a package
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manager, it is also a central repository (a <em>dist</em>) that ensures that
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all libraries build together.</p>
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<p>It provides its own <em>dist</em> but it is also possible to build our own.</p>
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<p>To install it, we can either:</p>
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<p>1- run this command, anywhere:</p>
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<pre><code>curl -O https://beta.quicklisp.org/quicklisp.lisp
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</code></pre>
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<p>and enter a Lisp REPL and load this file:</p>
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<pre><code>sbcl --load quicklisp.lisp
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</code></pre>
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<p>or</p>
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<p>2- install the Debian package:</p>
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<pre><code>apt-get install cl-quicklisp
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</code></pre>
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<p>and load it, from a REPL:</p>
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<pre><code class="language-lisp">(load "/usr/share/common-lisp/source/quicklisp/quicklisp.lisp")
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</code></pre>
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<p>Then, in both cases, still from the REPL:</p>
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<pre><code class="language-lisp">(quicklisp-quickstart:install)
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</code></pre>
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<p>This will create the <code>~/quicklisp/</code> directory, where Quicklisp will
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maintain its state and downloaded projects.</p>
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<p>If you wish, you can install Quicklisp to a different location. For instance,
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to install it to a hidden folder on Unix systems:</p>
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<pre><code class="language-lisp">(quicklisp-quickstart:install :path "~/.quicklisp")
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</code></pre>
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<p>If you want Quicklisp to always be loaded in your Lisp sessions, run
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<code>(ql:add-to-init-file)</code>: this adds the right stuff to the init file of
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your CL implementation. Otherwise, you have to run <code>(load
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"~/quicklisp/setup.lisp")</code> in every session if you want to use
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Quicklisp or any of the libraries installed through it.</p>
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<p>It adds the following in your (for example) <code>~/.sbclrc</code>:</p>
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<pre><code class="language-lisp">#-quicklisp
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(let ((quicklisp-init (merge-pathnames "quicklisp/setup.lisp"
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(user-homedir-pathname))))
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(when (probe-file quicklisp-init)
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(load quicklisp-init)))
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</code></pre>
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<h3 id="install-libraries">Install libraries</h3>
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<p>In the REPL:</p>
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<pre><code class="language-lisp">(ql:quickload "system-name")
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</code></pre>
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<p>For example, this installs the “<a href="https://github.com/vindarel/cl-str/">str</a>” string manipulation library:</p>
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<pre><code class="language-lisp">(ql:quickload "str")
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</code></pre>
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<p>and voilà. You can use it right away:</p>
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<pre><code class="language-lisp">(str:title-case "HELLO LISP!")
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</code></pre>
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<div class="info" style="background-color: #e7f3fe; border-left: 6px solid #2196F3; padding: 17px; margin: 1em;">
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<strong>SEE MORE:</strong> To understand the <code>package:a-symbol</code> notation, read the <a href="packages.html">packages page</a>, section "Accessing symbols from a package".
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</div>
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<p>We can install more than one library at once. Here we install
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<a href="https://edicl.github.io/cl-ppcre/">cl-ppcre</a> for regular-expressions, and
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<a href="https://alexandria.common-lisp.dev/draft/alexandria.html">Alexandria</a>,
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a utility library:</p>
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<pre><code class="language-lisp">(ql:quickload '("str" "cl-ppcre" "alexandria"))
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</code></pre>
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<p>Anytime you want to use a third-party library in your Lisp REPL, you
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can run this <code>ql:quickload</code> command. It will not hit the network a second
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time if it finds that the library is already installed on your file
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system. Libraries are by default installed in
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<code>~/quicklisp/dist/quicklisp/</code>.</p>
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<p>Note also that dozens of Common Lisp libraries are packaged in
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Debian. The package names usually begin with the cl- prefix (use
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<code>apt-cache search --names-only "^cl-.*"</code> to list them all).</p>
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<p>For example, in order to use the <code>cl-ppcre</code> library, one should first install the <code>cl-ppcre</code> package.</p>
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<p>Then, in SBCL, it can be used like this:</p>
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<pre><code class="language-lisp">(require "asdf")
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(require "cl-ppcre")
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(cl-ppcre:regex-replace "fo+" "foo bar" "frob")
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</code></pre>
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<p>Here we pretend we don’t have Quicklisp installed and we use <code>require</code> to load a module that is available on the file system. In doubt, you can use <code>ql:quickload</code>.</p>
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<p>See Quicklisp’s documentation for more commands. For instance, see how to upgrade or rollback your Quicklisp’s distribution.</p>
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<h3 id="advanced-dependencies-management">Advanced dependencies management</h3>
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<p>You can drop Common Lisp projects into any of those folders:</p>
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<ul>
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<li><code>~/quicklisp/local-projects</code></li>
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<li><code>~/common-lisp</code>,</li>
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<li><code>~/.local/share/common-lisp/source</code>,</li>
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</ul>
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<p>A library installed here is automatically available for every project.</p>
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<p>For a complete list, see the values of:</p>
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<pre><code class="language-lisp">(asdf/source-registry:default-user-source-registry)
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</code></pre>
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<p>and</p>
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<pre><code class="language-lisp">asdf:*central-registry*
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</code></pre>
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<h4 id="providing-our-own-version-of-a-library-cloning-projects">Providing our own version of a library. Cloning projects.</h4>
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||
<p>Given the property above, we can clone any library into the
|
||
<code>~/quicklisp/local-projects/</code> directory and it will be found by ASDF (and Quicklisp) and
|
||
available right-away:</p>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-lisp">(asdf:load-system "system")
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>or</p>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-lisp">(ql:quickload "system")
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>The practical different between the two is that <code>ql:quickload</code> first tries to
|
||
fetch the system from the Internet if it is not already installed.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>Note that symlinks in local-projects to another location of your liking works too.</p>
|
||
|
||
<h4 id="how-to-work-with-local-versions-of-libraries">How to work with local versions of libraries</h4>
|
||
|
||
<p>If we need libraries to be installed locally, for only one project, or
|
||
in order to easily ship a list of dependencies with an application, we
|
||
can use <a href="https://github.com/fukamachi/qlot">Qlot</a> or <a href="https://clpm.dev">CLPM</a>.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>Quicklisp also provides
|
||
<a href="https://www.quicklisp.org/beta/bundles.html">Quicklisp bundles</a>. They
|
||
are self-contained sets of systems that are exported from Quicklisp
|
||
and loadable without involving Quicklisp.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>At last, there’s
|
||
<a href="https://github.com/quicklisp/quicklisp-controller">Quicklisp controller</a>
|
||
to help us build <em>dists</em>.</p>
|
||
|
||
<h2 id="working-with-projects">Working with projects</h2>
|
||
|
||
<p>Now that we have Quicklisp and our editor ready, we can start writing
|
||
Lisp code in a file and interacting with the REPL.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>But what if we want to work with an existing project or create a new
|
||
one, how do we proceed, what’s the right sequence of <code>defpackage</code>,
|
||
what to put in the <code>.asd</code> file, how to load the project into the REPL ?</p>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="creating-a-new-project">Creating a new project</h3>
|
||
|
||
<p>Some project builders help to scaffold the project structure. We like
|
||
<a href="https://github.com/fukamachi/cl-project">cl-project</a> that also sets
|
||
up a tests skeleton.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>In short:</p>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-lisp">(ql:quickload "cl-project")
|
||
(cl-project:make-project #P"./path-to-project/root/")
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>it will create a directory structure like this:</p>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code>|-- my-project.asd
|
||
|-- my-project-test.asd
|
||
|-- README.markdown
|
||
|-- README.org
|
||
|-- src
|
||
| `-- my-project.lisp
|
||
`-- tests
|
||
`-- my-project.lisp
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>Where <code>my-project.asd</code> resembles this:</p>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-lisp">(asdf:defsystem "my-project"
|
||
:version "0.1.0"
|
||
:author ""
|
||
:license ""
|
||
:depends-on () ;; <== list of Quicklisp dependencies
|
||
:components ((:module "src"
|
||
:components
|
||
((:file "my-project"))))
|
||
:description ""
|
||
:long-description
|
||
#.(read-file-string
|
||
(subpathname *load-pathname* "README.markdown"))
|
||
:in-order-to ((test-op (test-op "my-project-test"))))
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>and <code>src/my-project.lisp</code> this:</p>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-lisp">(defpackage footest
|
||
(:use :cl))
|
||
(in-package :footest)
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>ASDF documentation: <a href="https://common-lisp.net/project/asdf/asdf.html#Defining-systems-with-defsystem">defining a system with defsystem</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="how-to-load-an-existing-project">How to load an existing project</h3>
|
||
|
||
<p>You have created a new project, or you have an existing one, and you
|
||
want to work with it on the REPL, but Quicklisp doesn’t know it. How
|
||
can you do ?</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>Well first, if you create it or clone it into
|
||
one of <code>~/common-lisp</code>, <code>~/.local/share/common-lisp/source/</code> or
|
||
<code>~/quicklisp/local-projects</code>, you’ll be able to <code>(ql:quickload …)</code> it with no
|
||
further ado.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>Otherwise you’ll need to compile and load its system definition
|
||
(<code>.asd</code>) first. In SLIME with the <code>slime-asdf</code> contrib loaded, type <code>C-c C-k</code>
|
||
(<em>slime-compile-and-load-file</em>) in the <code>.asd</code>, then you can
|
||
<code>(ql:quickload …)</code> it.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>You can use <code>(asdf:load-asd "my-project.asd")</code> programmatically instead of <code>C-c C-k</code>.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>Usually you want to “enter” the system in the REPL at this stage:</p>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-lisp">(in-package :my-project)
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>Lastly, you can compile or eval the sources (<code>my-project.lisp</code>) with
|
||
<code>C-c C-k</code> or <code>C-c C-c</code> (<em>slime-compile-defun</em>) in a form, and see its
|
||
result in the REPL.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>Another solution is to use ASDF’s list of known projects:</p>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-lisp">;; startup file like ~/.sbclrc
|
||
(pushnew "~/path-to-project/root/" asdf:*central-registry* :test #'equal)
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>and since ASDF is integrated into Quicklisp, we can <code>quickload</code> our project right away.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>Happy hacking !</p>
|
||
|
||
<h2 id="more-settings">More settings</h2>
|
||
|
||
<p>You might want to set SBCL’s default encoding format to utf-8:</p>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code>(setf sb-impl::*default-external-format* :utf-8)
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>You can add this to your <code>~/.sbclrc</code>.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>If you dislike the REPL to print all symbols upcase, add this:</p>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code>(setf *print-case* :downcase)
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<div class="info-box warning">
|
||
<!-- if inside a <p> then bootstrap adds 10px padding to the bottom -->
|
||
<strong>Warning:</strong> This might break the behaviour of some packages like it happened with
|
||
<a href="https://github.com/fukamachi/mito/issues/45">Mito</a>.
|
||
Avoid doing this in production.
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
|
||
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/vindarel/cl-cookieproject">cl-cookieproject</a> - a project skeleton for a ready-to-use project with an entry point and unit tests. With a <code>src/</code> subdirectory, some more metadata, a 5AM test suite, a way to build a binary, an example CLI args parsing, Roswell integration.</li>
|
||
<li>Source code organization, libraries and packages: <a href="https://lispmethods.com/libraries.html">https://lispmethods.com/libraries.html</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<h2 id="credits">Credits</h2>
|
||
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a href="https://wiki.debian.org/CommonLisp">https://wiki.debian.org/CommonLisp</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="http://articulate-lisp.com/project/new-project.html">http://articulate-lisp.com/project/new-project.html</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="page-source">
|
||
Page source: <a href="https://github.com/LispCookbook/cl-cookbook/blob/master/getting-started.md">getting-started.md</a>
|
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</p>
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