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Introduction</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-2/c-b-character-syntax.html">2. Syntax</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-3/d-b-evaluation.html">3. Evaluation and Compilation</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-4/e-b-introduction.html">4. Types and Classes</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-5/f-b-generalized-reference.html">5. Data and Control Flow</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-6/g-b-the-loop-facility.html">6. Iteration</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-7/h-b-object-creation-and-initialization.html">7. Objects</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../category/81-structures-dictionary.html">8. Structures</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-9/j-b-condition-system-concepts.html">9. Conditions</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-10/ba-b-symbol-concepts.html">10. Symbols</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-11/bb-b-package-concepts.html">11. Packages</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-12/bc-b-number-concepts.html">12. Numbers</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-13/bd-b-character-concepts.html">13. Characters</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-14/be-b-cons-concepts.html">14. Conses</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-15/bf-b-array-concepts.html">15. Arrays</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-16/bg-b-string-concepts.html">16. Strings</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-17/bh-b-sequence-concepts.html">17. Sequences</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-18/bi-b-hash-table-concepts.html">18. Hash Tables</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret menu__link--active" aria-expanded="true" href="bj-b-overview-of-filenames.html">19. Filenames</a></div><ul style="display:block;overflow:visible;height:auto" class="menu__list"><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-2 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link menu__link--active" aria-current="page" tabindex="0" href="bj-b-overview-of-filenames.html">19.1 Overview of Filenames</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-2 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="0" href="bj-c-pathnames.html">19.2 Pathnames</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-2 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="0" href="bj-d-logical-pathnames.html">19.3 Logical Pathnames</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-2 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0" href="../category/194-filenames-dictionary.html">19.4 Filenames Dictionary</a><button aria-label="Expand sidebar category '19.4 Filenames Dictionary'" type="button" class="clean-btn menu__caret"></button></div></li></ul></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-20/ca-b-file-system-concepts.html">20. Files</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-21/cb-b-stream-concepts.html">21. Streams</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-22/cc-b-the-lisp-printer.html">22. Printer</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-23/cd-b-reader-concepts.html">23. Reader</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-24/ce-b-system-construction-concepts.html">24. System Construction</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-25/cf-b-the-external-environment.html">25. External Environment</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../environments.html">26. Environments</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../meta-object-protocol.html">27. Meta Object Protocol</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../data-structures.html">28. Data Structures</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../portability/trivial-packages.html">29. Portability</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-1 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" href="../dictionary-entries.html">dictionary-entries</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-26/intro.html">Glossary</a></div></li></ul></nav></div></div></aside><main class="docMainContainer_TBSr"><div class="container padding-top--md padding-bottom--lg"><div class="row"><div class="col docItemCol_VOVn"><div class="docItemContainer_Djhp"><article><nav class="theme-doc-breadcrumbs breadcrumbsContainer_Z_bl" aria-label="Breadcrumbs"><ul class="breadcrumbs" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/BreadcrumbList"><li class="breadcrumbs__item"><a aria-label="Home page" class="breadcrumbs__link" href="../index.html"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="breadcrumbHomeIcon_YNFT"><path d="M10 19v-5h4v5c0 .55.45 1 1 1h3c.55 0 1-.45 1-1v-7h1.7c.46 0 .68-.57.33-.87L12.67 3.6c-.38-.34-.96-.34-1.34 0l-8.36 7.53c-.34.3-.13.87.33.87H5v7c0 .55.45 1 1 1h3c.55 0 1-.45 1-1z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></li><li class="breadcrumbs__item"><span class="breadcrumbs__link">19. Filenames</span><meta itemprop="position" content="1"></li><li itemscope="" itemprop="itemListElement" itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem" class="breadcrumbs__item breadcrumbs__item--active"><span class="breadcrumbs__link" itemprop="name">19.1 Overview of Filenames</span><meta itemprop="position" content="2"></li></ul></nav><div class="tocCollapsible_ETCw theme-doc-toc-mobile tocMobile_ITEo"><button type="button" class="clean-btn tocCollapsibleButton_TO0P">On this page</button></div><div class="theme-doc-markdown markdown"><h1>19.1 Overview of Filenames</h1>
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<p>There are many kinds of <span><i>file systems</i></span>, varying widely both in their superficial syntactic details, and in their underlying power and structure. The facilities provided by Common Lisp for referring to and manipulating <span><i>files</i></span> has been chosen to be compatible with many kinds of <span><i>file systems</i></span>, while at the same time minimizing the program-visible differences between kinds of <span><i>file systems</i></span>.</p>
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<p>Since <span><i>file systems</i></span> vary in their conventions for naming <span><i>files</i></span>, there are two distinct ways to represent <span><i>filenames</i></span>: as <span><i>namestrings</i></span> and as <span><i>pathnames</i></span>.</p>
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<h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="1911-namestrings-as-filenames">19.1.1 Namestrings as Filenames<a href="bj-b-overview-of-filenames.html#1911-namestrings-as-filenames" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 19.1.1 Namestrings as Filenames" title="Direct link to 19.1.1 Namestrings as Filenames"></a></h2>
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<p>A <span><i>namestring</i></span> is a <span><i>string</i></span> that represents a <span><i>filename</i></span>.</p>
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<p>In general, the syntax of <span><i>namestrings</i></span> involves the use of <span><i>implementation-defined</i></span> conventions, usually those customary for the <span><i>file system</i></span> in which the named <span><i>file</i></span> resides. The only exception is the syntax of a <em>logical pathname namestring</em>, which is defined in this specification; see Section 19.3.1 (Syntax of Logical Pathname Namestrings).</p>
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<p>A <span><i>conforming program</i></span> must never unconditionally use a <em>literal namestring</em> other than a <em>logical pathname namestring</em> because Common Lisp does not define any <span><i>namestring</i></span> syntax other than that for <span><i>logical pathnames</i></span> that would be guaranteed to be portable. However, a <span><i>conforming program</i></span> can, if it is careful, successfully manipulate user-supplied data which contains or refers to non-portable <span><i>namestrings</i></span>.</p>
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<p>A <span><i>namestring</i></span> can be <em>coerced</em> to a <span><i>pathname</i></span> by the <span><i>functions</i></span> <span><b>pathname</b></span> or <span><b>parse-namestring</b></span>.</p>
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<h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="1912-pathnames-as-filenames">19.1.2 Pathnames as Filenames<a href="bj-b-overview-of-filenames.html#1912-pathnames-as-filenames" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 19.1.2 Pathnames as Filenames" title="Direct link to 19.1.2 Pathnames as Filenames"></a></h2>
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<p><span><i>Pathnames</i></span> are structured <span><i>objects</i></span> that can represent, in an <span><i>implementation-independent</i></span> way, the <span><i>filenames</i></span> that are used natively by an underlying <span><i>file system</i></span>.</p>
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<p>In addition, <span><i>pathnames</i></span> can also represent certain partially composed <span><i>filenames</i></span> for which an underlying <span><i>file system</i></span> might not have a specific <span><i>namestring</i></span> representation.</p>
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<p>A <span><i>pathname</i></span> need not correspond to any file that actually exists, and more than one <span><i>pathname</i></span> can refer to the same file. For example, the <span><i>pathname</i></span> with a version of <!-- -->:newest<!-- --> might refer to the same file as a <span><i>pathname</i></span> with the same components except a certain number as the version. Indeed, a <span><i>pathname</i></span> with version <!-- -->:newest<!-- --> might refer to different files as time passes, because the meaning of such a <span><i>pathname</i></span> depends on the state of the file system.</p>
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<p>Some <span><i>file systems</i></span> naturally use a structural model for their <span><i>filenames</i></span>, while others do not. Within the Common Lisp <span><i>pathname</i></span> model, all <span><i>filenames</i></span> are seen as having a particular structure, even if that structure is not reflected in the underlying <span><i>file system</i></span>. The nature of the mapping between structure imposed by <span><i>pathnames</i></span> and the structure, if any, that is used by the underlying <span><i>file system</i></span> is <span><i>implementation-defined</i></span>.</p>
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<p>Every <span><i>pathname</i></span> has six components: a host, a device, a directory, a name, a type, and a version. By naming <span><i>files</i></span> with <span><i>pathnames</i></span>, Common Lisp programs can work in essentially the same way even in <span><i>file systems</i></span> that seem superficially quite different. For a detailed description of these components, see Section 19.2.1 (Pathname Components).</p>
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<p>The mapping of the <span><i>pathname</i></span> components into the concepts peculiar to each <span><i>file system</i></span> is <span><i>implementation-defined</i></span>. There exist conceivable <span><i>pathnames</i></span> for which there is no mapping to a syntactically valid <span><i>filename</i></span> in a particular <span><i>implementation</i></span>. An <span><i>implementation</i></span> may use various strategies in an attempt to find a mapping; for example, an <span><i>implementation</i></span> may quietly truncate <span><i>filenames</i></span> that exceed length limitations imposed by the underlying <span><i>file system</i></span>, or ignore certain <span><i>pathname</i></span> components for which the <span><i>file system</i></span> provides no support. If such a mapping cannot be found, an error of <span><i>type</i></span> <span><b>file-error</b></span> is signaled.</p>
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<p>The time at which this mapping and associated error signaling occurs is <span><i>implementation-dependent</i></span>. Specifically, it may occur at the time the <span><i>pathname</i></span> is constructed, when coercing a <span><i>pathname</i></span> to a <span><i>namestring</i></span>, or when an attempt is made to <span><i>open</i></span> or otherwise access the <span><i>file</i></span> designated by the <span><i>pathname</i></span>.</p>
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<p>Figure 19–1 lists some <span><i>defined names</i></span> that are applicable to <span><i>pathnames</i></span>.</p>
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<p>|</p><p><strong>*default-pathname-defaults* namestring pathname-name directory-namestring open pathname-type enough-namestring parse-namestring pathname-version file-namestring pathname pathnamep file-string-length pathname-device translate-pathname host-namestring pathname-directory truename</strong> </p><p><strong>make-pathname pathname-host user-homedir-pathname merge-pathnames pathname-match-p wild-pathname-p</strong></p>|<p></p>
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<p>| :- |</p>
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<p><strong>Figure 19–1. Pathname Operations</strong></p>
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<h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="1913-parsing-namestrings-into-pathnames">19.1.3 Parsing Namestrings Into Pathnames<a href="bj-b-overview-of-filenames.html#1913-parsing-namestrings-into-pathnames" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 19.1.3 Parsing Namestrings Into Pathnames" title="Direct link to 19.1.3 Parsing Namestrings Into Pathnames"></a></h2>
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<p>Parsing is the operation used to convert a <span><i>namestring</i></span> into a <span><i>pathname</i></span>. Except in the case of parsing <em>logical pathname namestrings</em>, this operation is <span><i>implementation-dependent</i></span>, because the format of <span><i>namestrings</i></span> is <span><i>implementation-dependent</i></span>.</p>
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<p>A <span><i>conforming implementation</i></span> is free to accommodate other <span><i>file system</i></span> features in its <span><i>pathname</i></span> representation and provides a parser that can process such specifications in <span><i>namestrings</i></span>. <span><i>Conforming programs</i></span> must not depend on any such features, since those features will not be portable.</p></div><footer class="theme-doc-footer docusaurus-mt-lg"><div class="theme-doc-footer-edit-meta-row row"><div class="col"><a href="https://github.com/lisp-docs/cl-language-reference/tree/main/docs/chap-19/bj-b-overview-of-filenames.md" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="theme-edit-this-page"><svg fill="currentColor" height="20" width="20" viewBox="0 0 40 40" class="iconEdit_Z9Sw" aria-hidden="true"><g><path d="m34.5 11.7l-3 3.1-6.3-6.3 3.1-3q0.5-0.5 1.2-0.5t1.1 0.5l3.9 3.9q0.5 0.4 0.5 1.1t-0.5 1.2z m-29.5 17.1l18.4-18.5 6.3 6.3-18.4 18.4h-6.3v-6.2z"></path></g></svg>Edit this 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Filenames</a></li><li><a href="bj-b-overview-of-filenames.html#1912-pathnames-as-filenames" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">19.1.2 Pathnames as Filenames</a></li><li><a href="bj-b-overview-of-filenames.html#1913-parsing-namestrings-into-pathnames" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">19.1.3 Parsing Namestrings Into Pathnames</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></main></div></div></div><footer class="footer footer--dark"><div class="container container-fluid"><div class="row footer__links"><div class="col footer__col"><div class="footer__title">Docs</div><ul class="footer__items clean-list"><li class="footer__item"><a href="../../docs/tutorial.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Common Lisp Tutorial</a></li><li class="footer__item"><a href="../index.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Common Lisp Technical Reference</a></li><li class="footer__item"><a href="../../docs/help.html" 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