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Introduction</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-2/c-b-character-syntax.html">2. Syntax</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-3/d-b-evaluation.html">3. Evaluation and Compilation</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-4/e-b-introduction.html">4. Types and Classes</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-5/f-b-generalized-reference.html">5. Data and Control Flow</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-6/g-b-the-loop-facility.html">6. Iteration</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-7/h-b-object-creation-and-initialization.html">7. Objects</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../category/81-structures-dictionary.html">8. Structures</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-9/j-b-condition-system-concepts.html">9. Conditions</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-10/ba-b-symbol-concepts.html">10. Symbols</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-11/bb-b-package-concepts.html">11. Packages</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-12/bc-b-number-concepts.html">12. Numbers</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-13/bd-b-character-concepts.html">13. Characters</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-14/be-b-cons-concepts.html">14. Conses</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-15/bf-b-array-concepts.html">15. Arrays</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-16/bg-b-string-concepts.html">16. Strings</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-17/bh-b-sequence-concepts.html">17. Sequences</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-18/bi-b-hash-table-concepts.html">18. Hash Tables</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-19/bj-b-overview-of-filenames.html">19. Filenames</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-20/ca-b-file-system-concepts.html">20. Files</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret menu__link--active" aria-expanded="true" href="cb-b-stream-concepts.html">21. Streams</a></div><ul style="display:block;overflow:visible;height:auto" class="menu__list"><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-2 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link menu__link--active" aria-current="page" tabindex="0" href="cb-b-stream-concepts.html">21.1 Stream Concepts</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-2 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0" href="../category/212-streams-dictionary.html">21.2 Streams Dictionary</a><button aria-label="Expand sidebar category &#x27;21.2 Streams Dictionary&#x27;" type="button" class="clean-btn menu__caret"></button></div></li></ul></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-22/cc-b-the-lisp-printer.html">22. Printer</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-23/cd-b-reader-concepts.html">23. Reader</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-24/ce-b-system-construction-concepts.html">24. System Construction</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-25/cf-b-the-external-environment.html">25. External Environment</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../environments.html">26. Environments</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../meta-object-protocol.html">27. Meta Object Protocol</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../data-structures.html">28. Data Structures</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../portability/trivial-packages.html">29. Portability</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-1 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" href="../dictionary-entries.html">dictionary-entries</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" aria-expanded="false" href="../chap-26/intro.html">Glossary</a></div></li></ul></nav></div></div></aside><main class="docMainContainer_TBSr"><div class="container padding-top--md padding-bottom--lg"><div class="row"><div class="col docItemCol_VOVn"><div class="docItemContainer_Djhp"><article><nav class="theme-doc-breadcrumbs breadcrumbsContainer_Z_bl" aria-label="Breadcrumbs"><ul class="breadcrumbs" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/BreadcrumbList"><li class="breadcrumbs__item"><a aria-label="Home page" class="breadcrumbs__link" href="../index.html"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="breadcrumbHomeIcon_YNFT"><path d="M10 19v-5h4v5c0 .55.45 1 1 1h3c.55 0 1-.45 1-1v-7h1.7c.46 0 .68-.57.33-.87L12.67 3.6c-.38-.34-.96-.34-1.34 0l-8.36 7.53c-.34.3-.13.87.33.87H5v7c0 .55.45 1 1 1h3c.55 0 1-.45 1-1z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></li><li class="breadcrumbs__item"><span class="breadcrumbs__link">21. Streams</span><meta itemprop="position" content="1"></li><li itemscope="" itemprop="itemListElement" itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem" class="breadcrumbs__item breadcrumbs__item--active"><span class="breadcrumbs__link" itemprop="name">21.1 Stream Concepts</span><meta itemprop="position" content="2"></li></ul></nav><div class="tocCollapsible_ETCw theme-doc-toc-mobile tocMobile_ITEo"><button type="button" class="clean-btn tocCollapsibleButton_TO0P">On this page</button></div><div class="theme-doc-markdown markdown"><h1>21.1 Stream Concepts</h1>
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<h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="2111-introduction-to-streams">21.1.1 Introduction to Streams<a href="cb-b-stream-concepts.html#2111-introduction-to-streams" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 21.1.1 Introduction to Streams" title="Direct link to 21.1.1 Introduction to Streams">​</a></h2>
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<p>A <span><i>stream</i></span> is an <span><i>object</i></span> that can be used with an input or output function to identify an appropriate source or sink of <span><i>characters</i></span> or <span><i>bytes</i></span> for that operation. A <em>character stream</em> is a source or sink of <span><i>characters</i></span>. A <em>binary stream</em> is a source or sink of <span><i>bytes</i></span>.</p>
<p>Some operations may be performed on any kind of <span><i>stream</i></span>; Figure 21–1 provides a list of <span><i>standardized</i></span> operations that are potentially useful with any kind of <span><i>stream</i></span>.</p>
<p>|</p><p><strong>close stream-element-type</strong> </p><p><strong>input-stream-p streamp</strong> </p><p><strong>interactive-stream-p with-open-stream</strong> </p><p><strong>output-stream-p</strong></p>|<p></p>
<p>| :- |</p>
<p><strong>Figure 21–1. Some General-Purpose Stream Operations</strong></p>
<p>Other operations are only meaningful on certain <em>stream types</em>. For example, <span><b>read-char</b></span> is only defined for <em>character streams</em> and <span><b>read-byte</b></span> is only defined for <em>binary streams</em>.</p>
<h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="21111-abstract-classifications-of-streams">21.1.1.1 Abstract Classifications of Streams<a href="cb-b-stream-concepts.html#21111-abstract-classifications-of-streams" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 21.1.1.1 Abstract Classifications of Streams" title="Direct link to 21.1.1.1 Abstract Classifications of Streams">​</a></h3>
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<h4 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="211111-input">21.1.1.1.1 Input<a href="cb-b-stream-concepts.html#211111-input" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 21.1.1.1.1 Input" title="Direct link to 21.1.1.1.1 Input">​</a></h4>
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<p>A <span><i>stream</i></span>, whether a <em>character stream</em> or a <em>binary stream</em>, can be an <em>input stream</em> (source of data), an <em>output stream</em> (sink for data), both, or (<em>e.g.</em>, when “<!-- -->:direction<!-- --> <!-- -->:probe<!-- -->” is given to <span><b>open</b></span>) neither.</p>
<p>Figure 21–2 shows <span><i>operators</i></span> relating to <em>input streams</em>.</p>
<p>|</p><p><strong>clear-input read-byte read-from-string</strong> </p><p><strong>listen read-char read-line</strong> </p><p><strong>peek-char read-char-no-hang read-preserving-whitespace read read-delimited-list unread-char</strong></p>|<p></p>
<p>| :- |</p>
<p><strong>Figure 21–2. Operators relating to Input Streams.</strong></p>
<p>Figure 21–3 shows <span><i>operators</i></span> relating to <em>output streams</em>.</p>
<p>|</p><p><strong>clear-output prin1 write</strong> </p><p><strong>finish-output prin1-to-string write-byte</strong> </p><p><strong>force-output princ write-char</strong> </p><p><strong>format princ-to-string write-line</strong> </p><p><strong>fresh-line print write-string</strong> </p><p><strong>pprint terpri write-to-string</strong></p>|<p></p>
<p>| :- |</p>
<p><strong>Figure 21–3. Operators relating to Output Streams.</strong></p>
<p>A <span><i>stream</i></span> that is both an <em>input stream</em> and an <em>output stream</em> is called a <em>bidirectional stream</em>. See the <span><i>functions</i></span> <strong>input-stream-p</strong> and <strong>output-stream-p</strong>.</p>
<p>Any of the <span><i>operators</i></span> listed in Figure 21–2 or Figure 21–3 can be used with <em>bidirectional streams</em>. In addition, Figure 21–4 shows a list of <span><i>operators</i></span> that relate specificaly to <em>bidirectional streams</em>.</p>
<p>|<strong>y-or-n-p yes-or-no-p</strong>|</p>
<p>| :- |</p>
<p><strong>Figure 21–4. Operators relating to Bidirectional Streams.</strong></p>
<h4 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="211112-open-and-closed-streams">21.1.1.1.2 Open and Closed Streams<a href="cb-b-stream-concepts.html#211112-open-and-closed-streams" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 21.1.1.1.2 Open and Closed Streams" title="Direct link to 21.1.1.1.2 Open and Closed Streams">​</a></h4>
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<p><span><i>Streams</i></span> are either <span><i>open</i></span> or <span><i>closed</i></span>.</p>
<p>Except as explicitly specified otherwise, operations that create and return <span><i>streams</i></span> return <em>open streams</em>.</p>
<p>The action of <em>closing</em> a <span><i>stream</i></span> marks the end of its use as a source or sink of data, permitting the <span><i>implementation</i></span> to reclaim its internal data structures, and to free any external resources which might have been locked by the <span><i>stream</i></span> when it was opened.</p>
<p>Except as explicitly specified otherwise, the consequences are undefined when a <em>closed stream</em> is used where a <span><i>stream</i></span> is called for.</p>
<p>Coercion of <span><i>streams</i></span> to <span><i>pathnames</i></span> is permissible for <em>closed streams</em>; in some situations, such as for a <span><i>truename</i></span> computation, the result might be different for an <em>open stream</em> and for that same <span><i>stream</i></span> once it has been <span><i>closed</i></span>.</p>
<h4 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="211113-interactive-streams">21.1.1.1.3 Interactive Streams<a href="cb-b-stream-concepts.html#211113-interactive-streams" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 21.1.1.1.3 Interactive Streams" title="Direct link to 21.1.1.1.3 Interactive Streams">​</a></h4>
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<p>An <span><i>interactive stream</i></span> is one on which it makes sense to perform interactive querying.</p>
<p>The precise meaning of an <span><i>interactive stream</i></span> is <span><i>implementation-defined</i></span>, and may depend on the underlying operating system. Some examples of the things that an <span><i>implementation</i></span> might choose to use as identifying characteristics of an <span><i>interactive stream</i></span> include:</p>
<p><em>•</em> The <span><i>stream</i></span> is connected to a person (or equivalent) in such a way that the program can prompt for information and expect to receive different input depending on the prompt.</p>
<p><em>•</em> The program is expected to prompt for input and support “normal input editing”.</p>
<p><em>•</em> <span><b>read-char</b></span> might wait for the user to type something before returning instead of immediately returning a character or end-of-file.</p>
<p>The general intent of having some <span><i>streams</i></span> be classified as <span><i>interactive streams</i></span> is to allow them to be distinguished from streams containing batch (or background or command-file) input. Output to batch streams is typically discarded or saved for later viewing, so interactive queries to such streams might not have the expected effect.</p>
<p><em>Terminal I/O</em> might or might not be an <span><i>interactive stream</i></span>.</p>
<h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="21112-abstract-classifications-of-streams">21.1.1.2 Abstract Classifications of Streams<a href="cb-b-stream-concepts.html#21112-abstract-classifications-of-streams" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 21.1.1.2 Abstract Classifications of Streams" title="Direct link to 21.1.1.2 Abstract Classifications of Streams">​</a></h3>
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<h4 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="211121-file-streams">21.1.1.2.1 File Streams<a href="cb-b-stream-concepts.html#211121-file-streams" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 21.1.1.2.1 File Streams" title="Direct link to 21.1.1.2.1 File Streams">​</a></h4>
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<p>Some <span><i>streams</i></span>, called <span><i>file streams</i></span>, provide access to <span><i>files</i></span>. An <span><i>object</i></span> of <span><i>class</i></span> <span><b>file-stream</b></span> is used to represent a <span><i>file stream</i></span>.</p>
<p>The basic operation for opening a <span><i>file</i></span> is <span><b>open</b></span>, which typically returns a <span><i>file stream</i></span> (see its dictionary entry for details). The basic operation for closing a <span><i>stream</i></span> is <span><b>close</b></span>. The macro <span><b>with-open-file</b></span> is useful to express the common idiom of opening a <span><i>file</i></span> for the duration of a given body of <span><i>code</i></span>, and assuring that the resulting <span><i>stream</i></span> is closed upon exit from that body.</p>
<h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="21113-other-subclasses-of-stream">21.1.1.3 Other Subclasses of Stream<a href="cb-b-stream-concepts.html#21113-other-subclasses-of-stream" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 21.1.1.3 Other Subclasses of Stream" title="Direct link to 21.1.1.3 Other Subclasses of Stream">​</a></h3>
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<p>The <span><i>class</i></span> <span><b>stream</b></span> has a number of <em>subclasses</em> defined by this specification. Figure 21–5 shows some information about these subclasses.</p>
<p>|<strong>Class Related Operators</strong>|</p>
<p>| :- |</p>
<p>|</p><p><strong>broadcast-stream make-broadcast-stream</strong> </p><p><span><b>broadcast-stream-streams</b></span> </p><p><strong>concatenated-stream make-concatenated-stream</strong> </p><p><strong>concatenated-stream-streams</strong> </p><p><strong>echo-stream make-echo-stream</strong> </p><p><strong>echo-stream-input-stream</strong> </p><p><strong>echo-stream-output-stream</strong> </p><p><strong>string-stream make-string-input-stream</strong> </p><p><span><b>with-input-from-string</b></span> </p><p><span><b>make-string-output-stream</b></span> </p><p><span><b>with-output-to-string</b></span> </p><p><span><b>get-output-stream-string</b></span> </p><p><strong>synonym-stream make-synonym-stream</strong> </p><p><span><b>synonym-stream-symbol</b></span> </p><p><strong>two-way-stream make-two-way-stream</strong> </p><p><strong>two-way-stream-input-stream</strong> </p><p><strong>two-way-stream-output-stream</strong></p>|<p></p>
<p><strong>Figure 21–5. Defined Names related to Specialized Streams</strong></p>
<h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="2112-stream-variables">21.1.2 Stream Variables<a href="cb-b-stream-concepts.html#2112-stream-variables" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 21.1.2 Stream Variables" title="Direct link to 21.1.2 Stream Variables">​</a></h2>
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<p><span><i>Variables</i></span> whose <span><i>values</i></span> must be <span><i>streams</i></span> are sometimes called <span><i>stream variables</i></span>.</p>
<p>Certain <span><i>stream variables</i></span> are defined by this specification to be the proper source of input or output in various <span><i>situations</i></span> where no specific <span><i>stream</i></span> has been specified instead. A complete list of such <em>standardized stream variables</em> appears in Figure 21–6. The consequences are undefined if at any time the <span><i>value</i></span> of any of these <span><i>variables</i></span> is not an <em>open stream</em>.</p>
<p>|<strong>Glossary Term Variable Name</strong>|</p>
<p>| :- |</p>
<p>|</p><p><em>debug I/O</em> <strong>*debug-io*</strong> </p><p><em>error output<span><i> </i></span></em>*error-output*** </p><p><em>query I/O</em> <strong>*query-io*</strong> </p><p><em>standard input<span><i> </i></span></em>*standard-input*** </p><p><em>standard output<span><i> </i></span></em>*standard-output*** </p><p><em>terminal I/O</em> <span><b>*terminal-io*</b></span> </p><p><em>trace output<span><i> </i></span></em>*trace-output***</p>|<p></p>
<p><strong>Figure 21–6. Standardized Stream Variables</strong></p>
<p>Note that, by convention, <em>standardized stream variables</em> have names ending in “-input*” if they must be <em>input streams</em>, ending in “-output*” if they must be <em>output streams</em>, or ending in “-io*” if they must be <em>bidirectional streams</em>.</p>
<p>User programs may <span><i>assign</i></span> or <span><i>bind</i></span> any <em>standardized stream variable</em> except <span><b>*terminal-io*</b></span>.</p>
<h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="2113-stream-arguments-to-standardized-functions">21.1.3 Stream Arguments to Standardized Functions<a href="cb-b-stream-concepts.html#2113-stream-arguments-to-standardized-functions" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 21.1.3 Stream Arguments to Standardized Functions" title="Direct link to 21.1.3 Stream Arguments to Standardized Functions">​</a></h2>
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<p>The <span><i>operators</i></span> in Figure 21–7 accept <em>stream arguments</em> that might be either <span><i>open</i></span> or <em>closed streams</em>.</p>
<p>|</p><p><strong>broadcast-stream-streams file-author pathnamep</strong> </p><p><strong>close file-namestring probe-file</strong> </p><p><strong>compile-file file-write-date rename-file</strong> </p><p><strong>compile-file-pathname host-namestring streamp</strong> </p><p><strong>concatenated-stream-streams load synonym-stream-symbol delete-file logical-pathname translate-logical-pathname directory merge-pathnames translate-pathname directory-namestring namestring truename</strong> </p><p><strong>dribble open two-way-stream-input-stream echo-stream-input-stream open-stream-p two-way-stream-output-stream echo-stream-ouput-stream parse-namestring wild-pathname-p ed pathname with-open-file</strong> </p><p><strong>enough-namestring pathname-match-p</strong></p>|<p></p>
<p>| :- |</p>
<p><strong>Figure 21–7. Operators that accept either Open or Closed Streams</strong></p>
<p>The <span><i>operators</i></span> in Figure 21–8 accept <em>stream arguments</em> that must be <em>open streams</em>.</p>
<p>|</p><p><strong>clear-input output-stream-p read-char-no-hang clear-output peek-char read-delimited-list file-length pprint read-line</strong> </p><p><strong>file-position pprint-fill read-preserving-whitespace file-string-length pprint-indent stream-element-type finish-output pprint-linear stream-external-format force-output pprint-logical-block terpri</strong> </p><p><strong>format pprint-newline unread-char fresh-line pprint-tab with-open-stream get-output-stream-string pprint-tabular write</strong> </p><p><strong>input-stream-p prin1 write-byte</strong> </p><p><strong>interactive-stream-p princ write-char</strong> </p><p><strong>listen print write-line</strong> </p><p><strong>make-broadcast-stream print-object write-string make-concatenated-stream print-unreadable-object y-or-n-p</strong> </p><p><strong>make-echo-stream read yes-or-no-p</strong> </p><p><strong>make-synonym-stream read-byte</strong> </p><p><strong>make-two-way-stream read-char</strong></p>|<p></p>
<p>| - |</p>
<p><strong>Figure 21–8. Operators that accept Open Streams only</strong></p>
<h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="2114-restrictions-on-composite-streams">21.1.4 Restrictions on Composite Streams<a href="cb-b-stream-concepts.html#2114-restrictions-on-composite-streams" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 21.1.4 Restrictions on Composite Streams" title="Direct link to 21.1.4 Restrictions on Composite Streams">​</a></h2>
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<p>The consequences are undefined if any <em>component</em> of a <span><i>composite stream</i></span> is <span><i>closed</i></span> before the <span><i>composite stream</i></span> is <span><i>closed</i></span>.</p>
<p>The consequences are undefined if the <span><i>synonym stream symbol</i></span> is not <span><i>bound</i></span> to an <em>open stream</em> from the time of the <span><i>synonym stream</i></span>’s creation until the time it is <span><i>closed</i></span>.</p></div><footer class="theme-doc-footer docusaurus-mt-lg"><div class="theme-doc-footer-edit-meta-row row"><div class="col"><a href="https://github.com/lisp-docs/cl-language-reference/tree/main/docs/chap-21/cb-b-stream-concepts.md" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="theme-edit-this-page"><svg fill="currentColor" height="20" width="20" viewBox="0 0 40 40" class="iconEdit_Z9Sw" aria-hidden="true"><g><path d="m34.5 11.7l-3 3.1-6.3-6.3 3.1-3q0.5-0.5 1.2-0.5t1.1 0.5l3.9 3.9q0.5 0.4 0.5 1.1t-0.5 1.2z m-29.5 17.1l18.4-18.5 6.3 6.3-18.4 18.4h-6.3v-6.2z"></path></g></svg>Edit this page</a></div><div class="col lastUpdated_vwxv"><span class="theme-last-updated">Last updated<!-- --> by 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class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">21.1.1.1 Abstract Classifications of Streams</a><ul><li><a href="cb-b-stream-concepts.html#211111-input" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">21.1.1.1.1 Input</a></li><li><a href="cb-b-stream-concepts.html#211112-open-and-closed-streams" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">21.1.1.1.2 Open and Closed Streams</a></li><li><a href="cb-b-stream-concepts.html#211113-interactive-streams" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">21.1.1.1.3 Interactive Streams</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="cb-b-stream-concepts.html#21112-abstract-classifications-of-streams" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">21.1.1.2 Abstract Classifications of Streams</a><ul><li><a href="cb-b-stream-concepts.html#211121-file-streams" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">21.1.1.2.1 File Streams</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="cb-b-stream-concepts.html#21113-other-subclasses-of-stream" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">21.1.1.3 Other Subclasses of Stream</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="cb-b-stream-concepts.html#2112-stream-variables" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">21.1.2 Stream Variables</a></li><li><a href="cb-b-stream-concepts.html#2113-stream-arguments-to-standardized-functions" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">21.1.3 Stream Arguments to Standardized Functions</a></li><li><a href="cb-b-stream-concepts.html#2114-restrictions-on-composite-streams" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">21.1.4 Restrictions on Composite Streams</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></main></div></div></div><footer class="footer footer--dark"><div class="container container-fluid"><div class="row footer__links"><div class="col footer__col"><div class="footer__title">Docs</div><ul class="footer__items clean-list"><li class="footer__item"><a href="../../docs/tutorial.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Common Lisp Tutorial</a></li><li class="footer__item"><a 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