3430 lines
307 KiB
HTML
3430 lines
307 KiB
HTML
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ALTER TABLE
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<h1 id="overview"><span>1. </span>Overview</h1>
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<p><b><a href="syntax/alter-table-stmt.html">alter-table-stmt:</a></b>
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<text x="347" y="288" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">column-name</text>
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<polygon points="692,288 680,292 680,283" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M409,288L686,288" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
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<path d="M692,288 L 700,288 Q 709,288 709,273 L 709,232 L 709,217" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<polygon points="202,314 191,318 191,310" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M120,288 L 127,288 Q 135,288 135,301 Q 135,314 150,314 L 181,314 L 196,314" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M202,314 L 245,314 Q 260,314 260,301 Q 260,288 268,288 L 275,288" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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</svg>
|
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</div>
|
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<p><b><a href="syntax/column-def.html">column-def:</a></b>
|
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<button id='xbab1d40e' onclick='hideorshow("xbab1d40e","x9242c9e5")'>show</button></p>
|
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<div id='x9242c9e5' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
|
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<div style="max-width:614px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 614.333 64.8">
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<circle cx="5" cy="17" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<polygon points="32,17 20,21 20,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M9,17L26,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
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<path d="M47,32L141,32A15 15 0 0 0 156 17A15 15 0 0 0 141 2L47,2A15 15 0 0 0 32 17A15 15 0 0 0 47 32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="94" y="17" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">column-name</text>
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<polygon points="179,17 168,21 168,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M156,17L173,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<polygon points="215,17 204,21 204,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M179,17L209,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M215,32L314,32L314,2L215,2Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="265" y="17" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">type-name</text>
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<polygon points="359,17 348,21 348,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M314,17L354,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M386,62L550,62L550,32L386,32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="468" y="47" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">column-constraint</text>
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<path d="M359,17L545,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<polygon points="604,17 593,21 593,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M550,17L599,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<circle cx="608" cy="17" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<polygon points="265,42 253,47 253,38" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M179,17 L 187,17 Q 194,17 194,30 Q 194,42 209,42 L 244,42 L 259,42" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M265,42 L 314,42 Q 329,42 329,30 Q 329,17 337,17 L 344,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<polygon points="550,47 562,43 562,51" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M550,17 L 562,17 Q 574,17 574,32 L 574,32 Q 574,47 565,47 L 556,47" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<polygon points="399,17 388,21 388,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M386,47 L 375,47 Q 363,47 363,32 L 363,32 Q 363,17 378,17 L 379,17 L 394,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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|
</svg>
|
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</div>
|
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<p><b><a href="syntax/column-constraint.html">column-constraint:</a></b>
|
|
<button id='x887f8a55' onclick='hideorshow("x887f8a55","xf69919cf")'>show</button></p>
|
|
<div id='xf69919cf' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
|
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<div style="max-width:844px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 844.306 578.88">
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<circle cx="5" cy="17" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<polygon points="32,17 20,21 20,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M9,17L26,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<polygon points="47,40 43,28 51,28" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M32,17 L 39,17 Q 47,17 47,25 L 47,34" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<polygon points="68,17 56,21 56,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M32,17L62,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M83,32L183,32A15 15 0 0 0 198 17A15 15 0 0 0 183 2L83,2A15 15 0 0 0 68 17A15 15 0 0 0 83 32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="133" y="17" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">CONSTRAINT</text>
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<polygon points="221,17 210,21 210,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M198,17L215,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M236,32L263,32A15 15 0 0 0 279 17A15 15 0 0 0 263 2L236,2A15 15 0 0 0 221 17A15 15 0 0 0 236 32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="250" y="17" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">name</text>
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<path d="M173,47 L 62,47 Q 47,47 47,55 L 47,62" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<polygon points="70,77 58,82 58,73" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M47,40 L 47,62 Q 47,77 56,77 L 64,77" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M85,92L148,92A15 15 0 0 0 163 77A15 15 0 0 0 148 62L85,62A15 15 0 0 0 70 77A15 15 0 0 0 85 92Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="116" y="77" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">PRIMARY</text>
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<path d="M163,77L180,77" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M201,92L217,92A15 15 0 0 0 233 77A15 15 0 0 0 217 62L201,62A15 15 0 0 0 186 77A15 15 0 0 0 201 92Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="209" y="77" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">KEY</text>
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<polygon points="271,138 259,142 259,133" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M233,77 L 240,77 Q 248,77 248,92 L 248,123 Q 248,138 256,138 L 265,138" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M286,153L316,153A15 15 0 0 0 331 138A15 15 0 0 0 316 123L286,123A15 15 0 0 0 271 138A15 15 0 0 0 286 153Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="301" y="138" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">DESC</text>
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<path d="M392,92L525,92L525,62L392,62Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="459" y="77" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">conflict-clause</text>
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<path d="M525,77L543,77" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M602,123L745,123A15 15 0 0 0 760 108A15 15 0 0 0 745 92L602,92A15 15 0 0 0 587 108A15 15 0 0 0 602 123Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="673" y="108" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">AUTOINCREMENT</text>
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<path d="M760,108L778,108" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<polygon points="834,77 823,82 823,73" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M673,77L827,77" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M286,115L302,115A15 15 0 0 0 318 100A15 15 0 0 0 302 85L286,85A15 15 0 0 0 271 100A15 15 0 0 0 286 115Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="294" y="100" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">ASC</text>
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<path d="M228,198L361,198L361,168L228,168Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="113" y="221" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">UNIQUE</text>
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<text x="184" y="259" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">(</text>
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<text x="309" y="259" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">)</text>
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</svg>
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</div>
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<p><b><a href="syntax/conflict-clause.html">conflict-clause:</a></b>
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<button id='x87405cdb' onclick='hideorshow("x87405cdb","xbe1eaa0c")'>show</button></p>
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<div id='xbe1eaa0c' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
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<div style="max-width:451px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 451.517 205.2">
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<circle cx="5" cy="6" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<polygon points="32,6 20,10 20,2" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M9,6L26,6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<polygon points="70,36 58,41 58,32" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M32,6 L 39,6 Q 47,6 47,21 L 47,21 Q 47,36 56,36 L 64,36" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M85,51L94,51A15 15 0 0 0 109 36L109,36A15 15 0 0 0 94 21L85,21A15 15 0 0 0 70 36L70,36A15 15 0 0 0 85 51Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="90" y="36" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">ON</text>
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<path d="M147,51L222,51A15 15 0 0 0 237 36L237,36A15 15 0 0 0 222 21L147,21A15 15 0 0 0 132 36L132,36A15 15 0 0 0 147 51Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="184" y="36" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">CONFLICT</text>
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<path d="M288,51L365,51A15 15 0 0 0 381 36L381,36A15 15 0 0 0 365 21L288,21A15 15 0 0 0 273 36L273,36A15 15 0 0 0 288 51Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="327" y="36" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">ROLLBACK</text>
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<text x="309" y="74" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">ABORT</text>
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<text x="299" y="112" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">FAIL</text>
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<path d="M288,165L340,165A15 15 0 0 0 355 150A15 15 0 0 0 340 135L288,135A15 15 0 0 0 273 150A15 15 0 0 0 288 165Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="314" y="150" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">IGNORE</text>
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<text x="320" y="187" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">REPLACE</text>
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<path d="M252,97 L 252,104 Q 252,112 259,112 L 267,112" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<polygon points="404,112 392,116 392,108" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M325,112L398,112" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
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<path d="M404,112 L 411,112 Q 419,112 419,104 L 419,97" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M252,135 L 252,142 Q 252,150 259,150 L 267,150" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<polygon points="404,150 392,154 392,145" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M355,150L398,150" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M404,150 L 411,150 Q 419,150 419,142 L 419,135" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
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</svg>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b>
|
|
<button id='x1b85ca15' onclick='hideorshow("x1b85ca15","x0b2c4b89")'>show</button></p>
|
|
<div id='x0b2c4b89' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
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<div style="max-width:963px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 963.96 1068.77">
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<circle cx="5" cy="17" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<polygon points="45,17 33,21 33,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M9,17L39,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M45,32L158,32L158,2L45,2Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="101" y="17" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">literal-value</text>
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<circle cx="958" cy="17" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M60,70L172,70A15 15 0 0 0 187 55L187,55A15 15 0 0 0 172 39L60,39A15 15 0 0 0 45 55L45,55A15 15 0 0 0 60 70Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M916,55 L 924,55 Q 931,55 931,47 L 931,40" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<p><b><a href="syntax/filter-clause.html">filter-clause:</a></b>
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<circle cx="5" cy="17" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<polygon points="32,17 20,21 20,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M9,17L26,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
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<path d="M47,32L93,32A15 15 0 0 0 108 17A15 15 0 0 0 93 2L47,2A15 15 0 0 0 32 17A15 15 0 0 0 47 32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="70" y="17" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">FILTER</text>
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<polygon points="131,17 119,21 119,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M108,17L125,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
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<path d="M146,32L146,32A15 15 0 0 0 161 17A15 15 0 0 0 146 2L146,2A15 15 0 0 0 131 17A15 15 0 0 0 146 32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="146" y="17" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">(</text>
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<polygon points="184,17 173,21 173,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M161,17L178,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
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<path d="M199,32L249,32A15 15 0 0 0 264 17A15 15 0 0 0 249 2L199,2A15 15 0 0 0 184 17A15 15 0 0 0 199 32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="224" y="17" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">WHERE</text>
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<polygon points="287,17 275,21 275,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M264,17L281,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M287,32L336,32L336,2L287,2Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="312" y="17" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">expr</text>
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<polygon points="359,17 348,21 348,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M336,17L353,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
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<path d="M374,32A15 15 0 0 0 389 17A15 15 0 0 0 374 2A15 15 0 0 0 359 17A15 15 0 0 0 374 32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="374" y="17" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">)</text>
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<polygon points="413,17 401,21 401,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
|
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<path d="M389,17L407,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
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<circle cx="416" cy="17" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
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</svg>
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</div>
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</div>
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<p><b><a href="syntax/function-arguments.html">function-arguments:</a></b>
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<button id='xa8394118' onclick='hideorshow("xa8394118","x88161a76")'>show</button></p>
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<div id='x88161a76' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
|
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<div style="max-width:456px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 456.566 223.344">
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<circle cx="5" cy="56" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<polygon points="32,56 20,60 20,52" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M9,56L26,56" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<polygon points="66,26 55,30 55,22" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M32,56 L 38,56 Q 43,56 43,41 L 43,41 Q 43,26 52,26 L 61,26" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M82,41L150,41A15 15 0 0 0 165 26L165,26A15 15 0 0 0 150 11L82,11A15 15 0 0 0 66 26L66,26A15 15 0 0 0 82 41Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="116" y="26" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">DISTINCT</text>
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<path d="M165,26L177,26" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<polygon points="218,56 206,60 206,52" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M183,26 L 189,26 Q 194,26 194,41 L 194,41 Q 194,56 203,56 L 212,56" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<polygon points="254,56 242,60 242,52" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M218,56L248,56" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M254,71L303,71L303,41L254,41Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="278" y="56" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">expr</text>
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<path d="M303,56L441,56" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<circle cx="450" cy="56" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<polygon points="116,56 104,60 104,52" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M32,56L110,56" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<polygon points="218,56 206,60 206,52" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M116,56L212,56" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
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<path d="M278,32A15 15 0 0 0 293 17A15 15 0 0 0 278 2A15 15 0 0 0 263 17A15 15 0 0 0 278 32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="278" y="17" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">,</text>
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<polygon points="293,17 305,12 305,21" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M303,56 L 314,56 Q 326,56 326,41 L 326,32 Q 326,17 312,17 L 299,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<polygon points="254,56 242,60 242,52" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M263,17 L 245,17 Q 230,17 230,32 L 230,41 Q 230,56 239,56 L 248,56" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M228,207A15 15 0 0 0 243 192L243,192A15 15 0 0 0 228 177A15 15 0 0 0 213 192L213,192A15 15 0 0 0 228 207Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="228" y="192" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">*</text>
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<path d="M32,56 L 38,56 Q 43,56 43,71 L 43,177 Q 43,192 58,192 L 192,192 L 207,192" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M243,192L272,192" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M278,192 L 360,192 Q 375,192 390,192 L 394,192 Q 409,192 409,177 L 409,71 Q 409,56 415,56 L 421,56" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<polygon points="228,216 216,221 216,212" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M116,192 L 181,192 Q 196,192 196,204 Q 196,216 209,216 L 222,216" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M228,216 L 242,216 Q 257,216 257,204 Q 257,192 262,192 L 268,192" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<polygon points="90,117 78,121 78,112" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M303,56 L 313,56 Q 323,56 323,71 L 323,71 Q 323,86 308,86 L 81,86 Q 66,86 66,101 L 66,102 Q 66,117 75,117 L 84,117" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M105,132L149,132A15 15 0 0 0 164 117L164,117A15 15 0 0 0 149 101L105,101A15 15 0 0 0 90 117L90,117A15 15 0 0 0 105 132Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="127" y="117" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">ORDER</text>
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<path d="M164,117L176,117" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M197,132L201,132A15 15 0 0 0 216 117L216,117A15 15 0 0 0 201 101L197,101A15 15 0 0 0 182 117L182,117A15 15 0 0 0 197 132Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="199" y="117" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">BY</text>
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<path d="M216,117L239,117" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M245,132L375,132L375,101L245,101Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="310" y="117" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">ordering-term</text>
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<path d="M310,169A15 15 0 0 0 325 154A15 15 0 0 0 310 139A15 15 0 0 0 294 154A15 15 0 0 0 310 169Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="310" y="154" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">,</text>
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<polygon points="325,154 336,150 336,159" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M375,117 L 380,117 Q 386,117 386,132 L 386,139 Q 386,154 371,154 L 345,154 L 330,154" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<polygon points="245,117 233,121 233,112" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M294,154 L 260,154 Q 245,154 236,154 Q 227,154 227,139 L 227,132 Q 227,117 233,117 L 239,117" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M375,117 L 383,117 Q 392,117 392,102 L 392,71 Q 392,56 407,56 L 413,56 L 428,56" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
</svg>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
|
|
<button id='x7731129b' onclick='hideorshow("x7731129b","x2a4bc58b")'>show</button></p>
|
|
<div id='x2a4bc58b' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
|
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<div style="max-width:798px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 798.451 99.576">
|
|
<circle cx="5" cy="17" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<polygon points="32,17 20,21 20,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M9,17L26,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
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<path d="M32,32L81,32L81,2L32,2Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
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<text x="56" y="17" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">expr</text>
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<polygon points="111,44 100,48 100,40" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M81,17 L 89,17 Q 96,17 96,30 Q 96,44 101,44 L 105,44" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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|
<path d="M126,59L190,59A15 15 0 0 0 205 44L205,44A15 15 0 0 0 190 29L126,29A15 15 0 0 0 111 44L111,44A15 15 0 0 0 126 59Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
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<text x="158" y="44" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">COLLATE</text>
|
|
<polygon points="228,44 217,48 217,40" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M205,44L223,44" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
<path d="M244,59L349,59A15 15 0 0 0 364 44L364,44A15 15 0 0 0 349 29L244,29A15 15 0 0 0 228 44L228,44A15 15 0 0 0 244 59Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="296" y="44" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">collation-name</text>
|
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<polygon points="406,17 394,21 394,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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|
<path d="M364,44 L 372,44 Q 379,44 379,30 Q 379,17 389,17 L 400,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
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<polygon points="243,17 232,21 232,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
|
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<path d="M81,17L238,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
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<path d="M243,17L394,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
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<polygon points="447,82 436,86 436,77" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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|
<path d="M406,17 L 413,17 Q 421,17 421,32 L 421,67 Q 421,82 431,82 L 441,82" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
<path d="M462,97L492,97A15 15 0 0 0 508 82A15 15 0 0 0 492 67L462,67A15 15 0 0 0 447 82A15 15 0 0 0 462 97Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
<text x="477" y="82" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">DESC</text>
|
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<polygon points="549,17 538,21 538,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M508,82 L 515,82 Q 523,82 523,67 L 523,32 Q 523,17 533,17 L 543,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
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<path d="M462,59L479,59A15 15 0 0 0 494 44L494,44A15 15 0 0 0 479 29L462,29A15 15 0 0 0 447 44L447,44A15 15 0 0 0 462 59Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
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<text x="471" y="44" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">ASC</text>
|
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<polygon points="447,44 436,48 436,40" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
|
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<path d="M421,29 L 421,36 Q 421,44 431,44 L 441,44" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
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<path d="M494,44 L 508,44 Q 523,44 523,36 L 523,29" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
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<polygon points="477,17 466,21 466,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M406,17L472,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
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<path d="M477,17L538,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
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<polygon points="591,44 579,48 579,40" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
|
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<path d="M549,17 L 557,17 Q 564,17 564,30 Q 564,44 574,44 L 585,44" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
<path d="M606,59L648,59A15 15 0 0 0 663 44L663,44A15 15 0 0 0 648 29L606,29A15 15 0 0 0 591 44L591,44A15 15 0 0 0 606 59Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
<text x="627" y="44" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">NULLS</text>
|
|
<polygon points="686,44 674,48 674,40" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
|
|
<path d="M663,44L680,44" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
<path d="M701,59L735,59A15 15 0 0 0 750 44L750,44A15 15 0 0 0 735 29L701,29A15 15 0 0 0 686 44L686,44A15 15 0 0 0 701 59Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
<text x="718" y="44" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">FIRST</text>
|
|
<polygon points="791,17 780,21 780,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
|
|
<path d="M750,44 L 757,44 Q 765,44 765,30 Q 765,17 775,17 L 786,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
<path d="M606,97L648,97A15 15 0 0 0 663 82A15 15 0 0 0 648 67L606,67A15 15 0 0 0 591 82A15 15 0 0 0 606 97Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
<text x="627" y="82" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">NULLS</text>
|
|
<polygon points="686,82 674,86 674,77" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
|
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<path d="M663,82L680,82" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
<path d="M701,97L727,97A15 15 0 0 0 742 82A15 15 0 0 0 727 67L701,67A15 15 0 0 0 686 82A15 15 0 0 0 701 97Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
<text x="714" y="82" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">LAST</text>
|
|
<polygon points="591,82 579,86 579,77" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
|
|
<path d="M564,29 L 564,67 Q 564,82 574,82 L 585,82" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
<path d="M742,82 L 754,82 Q 765,82 765,67 L 765,44 L 765,29" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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|
<polygon points="670,17 659,21 659,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
|
|
<path d="M549,17L665,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
<path d="M670,17L780,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
</svg>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p><b><a href="syntax/over-clause.html">over-clause:</a></b>
|
|
<button id='x0ad86d10' onclick='hideorshow("x0ad86d10","x7b8fa3cb")'>show</button></p>
|
|
<div id='x7b8fa3cb' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
|
|
<div style="max-width:600px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 600.706 418.392">
|
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<circle cx="5" cy="17" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
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<polygon points="32,17 20,21 20,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
|
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<path d="M9,17L26,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
<path d="M47,32L78,32A15 15 0 0 0 93 17A15 15 0 0 0 78 2L47,2A15 15 0 0 0 32 17A15 15 0 0 0 47 32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
<text x="62" y="17" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">OVER</text>
|
|
<polygon points="129,17 117,21 117,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M93,17L123,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
<path d="M144,32L241,32A15 15 0 0 0 256 17A15 15 0 0 0 241 2L144,2A15 15 0 0 0 129 17A15 15 0 0 0 144 32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
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<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
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<path d="M462,97L492,97A15 15 0 0 0 508 82A15 15 0 0 0 492 67L462,67A15 15 0 0 0 447 82A15 15 0 0 0 462 97Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
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<text x="477" y="82" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">DESC</text>
|
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<polygon points="549,17 538,21 538,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M508,82 L 515,82 Q 523,82 523,67 L 523,32 Q 523,17 533,17 L 543,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
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<path d="M462,59L479,59A15 15 0 0 0 494 44L494,44A15 15 0 0 0 479 29L462,29A15 15 0 0 0 447 44L447,44A15 15 0 0 0 462 59Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="471" y="44" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">ASC</text>
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<polygon points="447,44 436,48 436,40" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M421,29 L 421,36 Q 421,44 431,44 L 441,44" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M494,44 L 508,44 Q 523,44 523,36 L 523,29" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<polygon points="477,17 466,21 466,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M406,17L472,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M477,17L538,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<polygon points="591,44 579,48 579,40" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M549,17 L 557,17 Q 564,17 564,30 Q 564,44 574,44 L 585,44" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
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<path d="M606,59L648,59A15 15 0 0 0 663 44L663,44A15 15 0 0 0 648 29L606,29A15 15 0 0 0 591 44L591,44A15 15 0 0 0 606 59Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="627" y="44" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">NULLS</text>
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<polygon points="686,44 674,48 674,40" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M663,44L680,44" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M701,59L735,59A15 15 0 0 0 750 44L750,44A15 15 0 0 0 735 29L701,29A15 15 0 0 0 686 44L686,44A15 15 0 0 0 701 59Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="718" y="44" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">FIRST</text>
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<polygon points="791,17 780,21 780,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M750,44 L 757,44 Q 765,44 765,30 Q 765,17 775,17 L 786,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M606,97L648,97A15 15 0 0 0 663 82A15 15 0 0 0 648 67L606,67A15 15 0 0 0 591 82A15 15 0 0 0 606 97Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="627" y="82" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">NULLS</text>
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<polygon points="686,82 674,86 674,77" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M663,82L680,82" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M701,97L727,97A15 15 0 0 0 742 82A15 15 0 0 0 727 67L701,67A15 15 0 0 0 686 82A15 15 0 0 0 701 97Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="714" y="82" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">LAST</text>
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<polygon points="591,82 579,86 579,77" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M564,29 L 564,67 Q 564,82 574,82 L 585,82" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M742,82 L 754,82 Q 765,82 765,67 L 765,44 L 765,29" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<polygon points="670,17 659,21 659,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M549,17L665,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M670,17L780,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
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</svg>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b>
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<button id='x3d791b7e' onclick='hideorshow("x3d791b7e","x6cb8cd4a")'>show</button></p>
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<div id='x6cb8cd4a' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
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<div style="max-width:627px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 627.302 147.96">
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<circle cx="5" cy="17" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<polygon points="32,17 20,21 20,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M9,17L26,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M47,32L82,32A15 15 0 0 0 97 17A15 15 0 0 0 82 2L47,2A15 15 0 0 0 32 17A15 15 0 0 0 47 32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="65" y="17" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">RAISE</text>
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<polygon points="120,17 109,21 109,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M97,17L114,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M135,32L135,32A15 15 0 0 0 150 17A15 15 0 0 0 135 2L135,2A15 15 0 0 0 120 17A15 15 0 0 0 135 32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="135" y="17" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">(</text>
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<polygon points="192,55 180,59 180,50" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M150,17 L 158,17 Q 165,17 165,32 L 165,40 Q 165,55 176,55 L 186,55" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M207,70L285,70A15 15 0 0 0 300 55L300,55A15 15 0 0 0 285 39L207,39A15 15 0 0 0 192 55L192,55A15 15 0 0 0 207 70Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="246" y="55" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">ROLLBACK</text>
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<polygon points="336,55 324,59 324,50" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M300,55L330,55" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M351,70A15 15 0 0 0 366 55L366,55A15 15 0 0 0 351 39A15 15 0 0 0 336 55L336,55A15 15 0 0 0 351 70Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="351" y="55" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">,</text>
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<polygon points="389,55 378,59 378,50" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M366,55L383,55" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M404,70L508,70A15 15 0 0 0 523 55L523,55A15 15 0 0 0 508 39L404,39A15 15 0 0 0 389 55L389,55A15 15 0 0 0 404 70Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="456" y="55" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">error-message</text>
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<polygon points="564,17 553,21 553,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M523,55 L 530,55 Q 538,55 538,40 L 538,32 Q 538,17 548,17 L 558,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M579,32A15 15 0 0 0 594 17A15 15 0 0 0 579 2A15 15 0 0 0 564 17A15 15 0 0 0 579 32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="579" y="17" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">)</text>
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<polygon points="617,17 606,21 606,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M594,17L612,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<circle cx="621" cy="17" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<polygon points="192,17 180,21 180,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M150,17L186,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
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<path d="M207,32L259,32A15 15 0 0 0 274 17A15 15 0 0 0 259 2L207,2A15 15 0 0 0 192 17A15 15 0 0 0 207 32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="233" y="17" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">IGNORE</text>
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<polygon points="456,17 444,21 444,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M274,17L450,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
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<path d="M456,17L553,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
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<path d="M207,108L249,108A15 15 0 0 0 264 92A15 15 0 0 0 249 77L207,77A15 15 0 0 0 192 92A15 15 0 0 0 207 108Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
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<text x="228" y="92" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">ABORT</text>
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<polygon points="300,92 288,97 288,88" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M264,92L294,92" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
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<path d="M300,92 L 307,92 Q 315,92 315,77 L 315,70 Q 315,55 322,55 L 330,55" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M207,145L229,145A15 15 0 0 0 244 130A15 15 0 0 0 229 115L207,115A15 15 0 0 0 192 130A15 15 0 0 0 207 145Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="218" y="130" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">FAIL</text>
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<polygon points="300,130 288,135 288,126" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M244,130L294,130" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
<path d="M300,130 L 307,130 Q 315,130 315,115 L 315,92 L 315,77" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<polygon points="192,130 180,135 180,126" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M165,39 L 165,115 Q 165,130 176,130 L 186,130" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<polygon points="192,92 180,97 180,88" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M165,77 L 165,85 Q 165,92 176,92 L 186,92" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
</svg>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
|
|
<button id='x4ea3c336' onclick='hideorshow("x4ea3c336","xeda0b6a3")'>show</button></p>
|
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<div id='xeda0b6a3' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
|
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<div style="max-width:669px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 669.677 1162.3">
|
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<path d="M55,845L667,845L667,99L55,99Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:3.24;stroke:rgb(211,211,211);" />
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<circle cx="6" cy="17" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<polygon points="46,17 34,21 34,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
|
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<path d="M10,17L40,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
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<path d="M61,32L92,32A15 15 0 0 0 107 17A15 15 0 0 0 92 2L61,2A15 15 0 0 0 46 17A15 15 0 0 0 61 32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
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<text x="76" y="17" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">WITH</text>
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<path d="M167,62L253,62A15 15 0 0 0 268 47L268,47A15 15 0 0 0 253 32L167,32A15 15 0 0 0 152 47L152,47A15 15 0 0 0 167 62Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="210" y="47" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">RECURSIVE</text>
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<polygon points="210,17 198,21 198,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M107,17L204,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<polygon points="358,17 346,21 346,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M210,17L352,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
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<path d="M358,32L584,32L584,2L358,2Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
<text x="471" y="17" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">common-table-expression</text>
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<polygon points="152,47 140,51 140,43" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M107,17 L 114,17 Q 122,17 122,32 L 122,32 Q 122,47 134,47 L 146,47" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<polygon points="291,47 279,51 279,43" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M268,47L285,47" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M291,47 L 298,47 Q 306,47 306,32 L 306,32 Q 306,17 321,17 L 331,17 L 346,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M471,70A15 15 0 0 0 486 55L486,55A15 15 0 0 0 471 39A15 15 0 0 0 456 55L456,55A15 15 0 0 0 471 70Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="471" y="55" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">,</text>
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<polygon points="486,55 498,50 498,59" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M584,17 L 592,17 Q 599,17 599,32 L 599,40 Q 599,55 584,55 L 507,55 L 492,55" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M456,55 L 350,55 Q 335,55 335,40 L 335,32 Q 335,17 340,17 L 346,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<polygon points="295,83 307,79 307,88" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M584,17 L 592,17 Q 599,17 599,32 L 599,68 Q 599,83 584,83 L 316,83 L 301,83" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M295,83 L 40,83 Q 25,83 25,98 L 25,113" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<polygon points="25,47 20,36 29,36" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<polygon points="55,129 43,133 43,124" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M55,129L121,129" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M142,144L193,144A15 15 0 0 0 208 129A15 15 0 0 0 193 114L142,114A15 15 0 0 0 127 129A15 15 0 0 0 142 144Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
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<text x="167" y="129" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">SELECT</text>
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<path d="M208,129 L 216,129 Q 223,129 223,144 L 223,144 Q 223,159 233,159 L 244,159" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M265,174L333,174A15 15 0 0 0 348 159A15 15 0 0 0 333 144L265,144A15 15 0 0 0 250 159A15 15 0 0 0 265 174Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="299" y="159" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">DISTINCT</text>
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<path d="M417,144L545,144L545,114L417,114Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="481" y="129" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">result-column</text>
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|
<path d="M481,182A15 15 0 0 0 496 166A15 15 0 0 0 481 151A15 15 0 0 0 466 166A15 15 0 0 0 481 182Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="481" y="166" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">,</text>
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<path d="M299,129L406,129" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M265,212L280,212A15 15 0 0 0 295 197A15 15 0 0 0 280 182L265,182A15 15 0 0 0 250 197A15 15 0 0 0 265 212Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="272" y="197" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">ALL</text>
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<path d="M348,197 L 356,197 Q 363,197 363,182 L 363,159 L 363,144" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M168,287L203,287A15 15 0 0 0 218 272A15 15 0 0 0 203 257L168,257A15 15 0 0 0 153 272A15 15 0 0 0 168 287Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="186" y="272" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">FROM</text>
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</svg>
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</div>
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<p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b>
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<button id='x1dfb1a3c' onclick='hideorshow("x1dfb1a3c","x7408a298")'>show</button></p>
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<div id='x7408a298' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
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<div style="max-width:638px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 638.525 167.4">
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<path d="M9,29L26,29" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M47,44L122,44A15 15 0 0 0 137 29A15 15 0 0 0 122 14L47,14A15 15 0 0 0 32 29A15 15 0 0 0 47 44Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="85" y="29" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">table-name</text>
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<text x="211" y="29" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">(</text>
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<text x="49" y="150" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">AS</text>
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<text x="137" y="119" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">NOT</text>
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<text x="278" y="119" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">MATERIALIZED</text>
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</svg>
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</div>
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</div>
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<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b>
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<button id='xc855258b' onclick='hideorshow("xc855258b","x4cba43c7")'>show</button></p>
|
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<div id='x4cba43c7' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
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<div style="max-width:293px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 293.842 147.96">
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<circle cx="5" cy="17" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<polygon points="32,17 20,21 20,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M9,17L26,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<polygon points="68,17 56,21 56,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M32,17L62,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M83,32L127,32A15 15 0 0 0 142 17A15 15 0 0 0 127 2L83,2A15 15 0 0 0 68 17A15 15 0 0 0 83 32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="105" y="17" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">UNION</text>
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<path d="M83,70L127,70A15 15 0 0 0 142 55L142,55A15 15 0 0 0 127 39L83,39A15 15 0 0 0 68 55L68,55A15 15 0 0 0 83 70Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="105" y="55" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">UNION</text>
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<text x="125" y="92" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">INTERSECT</text>
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<polygon points="68,55 56,59 56,50" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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|
<path d="M32,17 L 39,17 Q 47,17 47,32 L 47,40 Q 47,55 55,55 L 62,55" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
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<path d="M142,17L276,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
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<polygon points="68,92 56,97 56,88" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
|
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<path d="M47,39 L 47,77 Q 47,92 55,92 L 62,92" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
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<polygon points="233,92 221,97 221,88" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
|
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<path d="M183,92L227,92" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
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<path d="M233,92 L 240,92 Q 248,92 248,77 L 248,54 L 248,39" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
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<polygon points="68,130 56,135 56,126" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
|
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<path d="M47,77 L 47,115 Q 47,130 55,130 L 62,130" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
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<polygon points="233,130 221,135 221,126" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
|
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<path d="M150,130L227,130" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
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<path d="M233,130 L 240,130 Q 248,130 248,115 L 248,92 L 248,77" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
</svg>
|
|
</div>
|
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</div>
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<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
|
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<button id='x26d919fe' onclick='hideorshow("x26d919fe","x40a8c33b")'>show</button></p>
|
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<div id='x40a8c33b' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
|
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<div style="max-width:793px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 793.282 84.24">
|
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<circle cx="5" cy="17" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
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<polygon points="32,17 20,21 20,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
|
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<path d="M9,17L26,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
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<path d="M32,32L193,32L193,2L32,2Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
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<text x="112" y="17" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">table-or-subquery</text>
|
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<polygon points="259,47 247,51 247,43" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
|
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<path d="M193,17 L 200,17 Q 208,17 208,32 L 208,32 Q 208,47 223,47 L 238,47 L 253,47" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
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<path d="M259,62L380,62L380,32L259,32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
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<text x="319" y="47" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">join-operator</text>
|
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<polygon points="403,47 391,51 391,43" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M380,47L397,47" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
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<path d="M403,62L564,62L564,32L403,32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
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<text x="483" y="47" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">table-or-subquery</text>
|
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<polygon points="587,47 575,51 575,43" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
|
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<path d="M564,47L581,47" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
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<path d="M587,62L721,62L721,32L587,32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
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<text x="654" y="47" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">join-constraint</text>
|
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<polygon points="783,17 772,21 772,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M721,47 L 742,47 Q 757,47 757,32 L 757,32 Q 757,17 767,17 L 778,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
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<circle cx="787" cy="17" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
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<polygon points="483,17 472,21 472,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
|
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<path d="M193,17L478,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
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<path d="M483,17L776,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
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<polygon points="483,77 495,73 495,82" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
|
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<path d="M721,47 L 728,47 Q 736,47 736,62 L 736,62 Q 736,77 721,77 L 504,77 L 489,77" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
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<path d="M483,77 L 247,77 Q 232,77 232,62 L 232,62 Q 232,47 246,47 L 259,47" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
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</svg>
|
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</div>
|
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<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
|
|
<button id='x6dcd3d62' onclick='hideorshow("x6dcd3d62","x3186fc63")'>show</button></p>
|
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<div id='x3186fc63' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
|
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<div style="max-width:483px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 483.336 126.576">
|
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<circle cx="5" cy="17" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
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<polygon points="50,55 39,59 39,50" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M9,17 L 16,17 Q 24,17 24,32 L 24,40 Q 24,55 34,55 L 45,55" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
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<path d="M66,70L104,70A15 15 0 0 0 120 55L120,55A15 15 0 0 0 104 39L66,39A15 15 0 0 0 50 55L50,55A15 15 0 0 0 66 70Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
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<text x="85" y="55" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">USING</text>
|
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<polygon points="143,55 131,59 131,50" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
|
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<path d="M120,55L137,55" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
<path d="M158,70A15 15 0 0 0 173 55L173,55A15 15 0 0 0 158 39A15 15 0 0 0 143 55L143,55A15 15 0 0 0 158 70Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="158" y="55" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">(</text>
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<polygon points="209,55 197,59 197,50" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M173,55L203,55" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
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<path d="M224,70L318,70A15 15 0 0 0 333 55L333,55A15 15 0 0 0 318 39L224,39A15 15 0 0 0 209 55L209,55A15 15 0 0 0 224 70Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
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<text x="271" y="55" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">column-name</text>
|
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<polygon points="369,55 358,59 358,50" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M333,55L363,55" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
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<path d="M384,70A15 15 0 0 0 399 55L399,55A15 15 0 0 0 384 39A15 15 0 0 0 369 55L369,55A15 15 0 0 0 384 70Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
<text x="384" y="55" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">)</text>
|
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<polygon points="422,55 411,59 411,50" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
|
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<path d="M399,55L417,55" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<polygon points="473,17 462,21 462,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M422,55 L 430,55 Q 437,55 437,40 L 437,32 Q 437,17 452,17 L 453,17 L 468,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<circle cx="477" cy="17" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M271,108A15 15 0 0 0 286 92A15 15 0 0 0 271 77A15 15 0 0 0 256 92A15 15 0 0 0 271 108Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
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<text x="271" y="92" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">,</text>
|
|
<polygon points="286,92 298,88 298,97" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
|
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<path d="M333,55 L 341,55 Q 348,55 348,70 L 348,77 Q 348,92 333,92 L 307,92 L 292,92" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
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<path d="M256,92 L 197,92 Q 182,92 182,77 L 182,70 Q 182,55 190,55 L 197,55" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<polygon points="50,17 39,21 39,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
|
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<path d="M9,17L45,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
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<path d="M66,32L74,32A15 15 0 0 0 90 17A15 15 0 0 0 74 2L66,2A15 15 0 0 0 50 17A15 15 0 0 0 66 32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
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<text x="70" y="17" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">ON</text>
|
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<polygon points="113,17 101,21 101,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M90,17L107,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
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<path d="M113,32L162,32L162,2L113,2Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
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<text x="137" y="17" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">expr</text>
|
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<polygon points="422,17 411,21 411,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M162,17L417,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
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<path d="M422,17L462,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
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<polygon points="209,120 197,124 197,115" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
|
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<path d="M9,17 L 16,17 Q 24,17 24,32 L 24,105 Q 24,120 39,120 L 188,120 L 203,120" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M209,120 L 422,120 Q 437,120 437,105 L 437,54 L 437,39" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
</svg>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
|
|
<button id='x2f3e3894' onclick='hideorshow("x2f3e3894","x3ae2e43c")'>show</button></p>
|
|
<div id='x3ae2e43c' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
|
|
<div style="max-width:620px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 620.333 255.312">
|
|
<circle cx="5" cy="17" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
<polygon points="50,71 39,76 39,67" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
|
|
<path d="M9,17 L 16,17 Q 24,17 24,32 L 24,56 Q 24,71 34,71 L 45,71" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
<path d="M66,86L133,86A15 15 0 0 0 148 71A15 15 0 0 0 133 56L66,56A15 15 0 0 0 50 71A15 15 0 0 0 66 86Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
<text x="99" y="71" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">NATURAL</text>
|
|
<polygon points="189,41 178,45 178,37" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
|
|
<path d="M148,71 L 155,71 Q 163,71 163,56 L 163,56 Q 163,41 173,41 L 184,41" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
<polygon points="231,71 219,76 219,67" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
|
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<path d="M189,41 L 197,41 Q 204,41 204,56 L 204,56 Q 204,71 215,71 L 225,71" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
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<path d="M246,86L273,86A15 15 0 0 0 288 71A15 15 0 0 0 273 56L246,56A15 15 0 0 0 231 71A15 15 0 0 0 246 86Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
<text x="259" y="71" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">LEFT</text>
|
|
<polygon points="378,71 366,76 366,67" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
|
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<path d="M288,71L372,71" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
<path d="M393,86L437,86A15 15 0 0 0 452 71A15 15 0 0 0 437 56L393,56A15 15 0 0 0 378 71A15 15 0 0 0 393 86Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
<text x="415" y="71" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">OUTER</text>
|
|
<polygon points="475,71 463,76 463,67" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M452,71L469,71" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
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<polygon points="516,41 505,45 505,37" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M475,71 L 482,71 Q 490,71 490,56 L 490,56 Q 490,41 500,41 L 511,41" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M532,56L554,56A15 15 0 0 0 569 41A15 15 0 0 0 554 26L532,26A15 15 0 0 0 516 41A15 15 0 0 0 532 56Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
<text x="543" y="41" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">JOIN</text>
|
|
<polygon points="610,17 599,21 599,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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|
<path d="M569,41 L 576,41 Q 584,41 584,29 Q 584,17 594,17 L 605,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<circle cx="614" cy="17" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
<path d="M310,32A15 15 0 0 0 325 17A15 15 0 0 0 310 2A15 15 0 0 0 295 17A15 15 0 0 0 310 32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
<text x="310" y="17" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">,</text>
|
|
<polygon points="295,17 283,21 283,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
|
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<path d="M9,17L289,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
<path d="M325,17L599,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
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<polygon points="99,41 88,45 88,37" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
|
|
<path d="M9,17 L 16,17 Q 24,17 24,29 Q 24,41 39,41 L 78,41 L 93,41" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
<path d="M99,41L178,41" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
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<path d="M189,41L505,41" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
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<polygon points="378,41 366,45 366,37" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M336,71 L 344,71 Q 351,71 351,56 L 351,56 Q 351,41 362,41 L 372,41" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
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<polygon points="231,109 219,113 219,105" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
|
|
<path d="M189,41 L 197,41 Q 204,41 204,56 L 204,94 Q 204,109 215,109 L 225,109" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
<path d="M246,124L284,124A15 15 0 0 0 299 109A15 15 0 0 0 284 94L246,94A15 15 0 0 0 231 109A15 15 0 0 0 246 124Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="265" y="109" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">RIGHT</text>
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<polygon points="341,71 329,76 329,67" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M299,109 L 307,109 Q 314,109 314,94 L 314,86 Q 314,71 324,71 L 335,71" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<polygon points="231,147 219,151 219,142" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M189,41 L 197,41 Q 204,41 204,56 L 204,132 Q 204,147 215,147 L 225,147" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
<path d="M246,162L274,162A15 15 0 0 0 289 147A15 15 0 0 0 274 132L246,132A15 15 0 0 0 231 147A15 15 0 0 0 246 162Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
<text x="260" y="147" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">FULL</text>
|
|
<path d="M289,147 L 302,147 Q 314,147 314,132 L 314,109 L 314,94" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
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<polygon points="231,192 219,196 219,188" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M189,41 L 197,41 Q 204,41 204,56 L 204,177 Q 204,192 215,192 L 225,192" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
<path d="M246,207L287,207A15 15 0 0 0 302 192A15 15 0 0 0 287 177L246,177A15 15 0 0 0 231 192A15 15 0 0 0 246 207Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
<text x="267" y="192" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">INNER</text>
|
|
<polygon points="475,192 463,196 463,188" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
|
|
<path d="M302,192L469,192" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
<path d="M475,192 L 482,192 Q 490,192 490,185 L 490,177" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
<polygon points="231,238 219,242 219,233" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
|
|
<path d="M9,17 L 16,17 Q 24,17 24,32 L 24,223 Q 24,238 39,238 L 210,238 L 225,238" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
<path d="M246,253L287,253A15 15 0 0 0 303 238A15 15 0 0 0 287 222L246,222A15 15 0 0 0 231 238A15 15 0 0 0 246 253Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
<text x="267" y="238" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">CROSS</text>
|
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<polygon points="475,238 463,242 463,233" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M303,238L469,238" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
<path d="M475,238 L 482,238 Q 490,238 490,223 L 490,71 L 490,56" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
</svg>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
|
|
<button id='x5703d930' onclick='hideorshow("x5703d930","xaba99b57")'>show</button></p>
|
|
<div id='xaba99b57' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
|
|
<div style="max-width:798px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 798.451 99.576">
|
|
<circle cx="5" cy="17" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M9,17L26,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M32,32L81,32L81,2L32,2Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="56" y="17" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">expr</text>
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<path d="M81,17 L 89,17 Q 96,17 96,30 Q 96,44 101,44 L 105,44" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M126,59L190,59A15 15 0 0 0 205 44L205,44A15 15 0 0 0 190 29L126,29A15 15 0 0 0 111 44L111,44A15 15 0 0 0 126 59Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="158" y="44" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">COLLATE</text>
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<path d="M244,59L349,59A15 15 0 0 0 364 44L364,44A15 15 0 0 0 349 29L244,29A15 15 0 0 0 228 44L228,44A15 15 0 0 0 244 59Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="296" y="44" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">collation-name</text>
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<path d="M364,44 L 372,44 Q 379,44 379,30 Q 379,17 389,17 L 400,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M81,17L238,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M243,17L394,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<polygon points="447,82 436,86 436,77" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M406,17 L 413,17 Q 421,17 421,32 L 421,67 Q 421,82 431,82 L 441,82" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M462,97L492,97A15 15 0 0 0 508 82A15 15 0 0 0 492 67L462,67A15 15 0 0 0 447 82A15 15 0 0 0 462 97Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="477" y="82" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">DESC</text>
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<polygon points="549,17 538,21 538,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M508,82 L 515,82 Q 523,82 523,67 L 523,32 Q 523,17 533,17 L 543,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M462,59L479,59A15 15 0 0 0 494 44L494,44A15 15 0 0 0 479 29L462,29A15 15 0 0 0 447 44L447,44A15 15 0 0 0 462 59Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="471" y="44" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">ASC</text>
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<polygon points="447,44 436,48 436,40" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M421,29 L 421,36 Q 421,44 431,44 L 441,44" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M494,44 L 508,44 Q 523,44 523,36 L 523,29" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<polygon points="477,17 466,21 466,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M406,17L472,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M477,17L538,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M549,17 L 557,17 Q 564,17 564,30 Q 564,44 574,44 L 585,44" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M606,59L648,59A15 15 0 0 0 663 44L663,44A15 15 0 0 0 648 29L606,29A15 15 0 0 0 591 44L591,44A15 15 0 0 0 606 59Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="627" y="44" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">NULLS</text>
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<polygon points="686,44 674,48 674,40" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M663,44L680,44" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M701,59L735,59A15 15 0 0 0 750 44L750,44A15 15 0 0 0 735 29L701,29A15 15 0 0 0 686 44L686,44A15 15 0 0 0 701 59Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="718" y="44" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">FIRST</text>
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<polygon points="791,17 780,21 780,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M750,44 L 757,44 Q 765,44 765,30 Q 765,17 775,17 L 786,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M606,97L648,97A15 15 0 0 0 663 82A15 15 0 0 0 648 67L606,67A15 15 0 0 0 591 82A15 15 0 0 0 606 97Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="627" y="82" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">NULLS</text>
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<path d="M663,82L680,82" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
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<path d="M701,97L727,97A15 15 0 0 0 742 82A15 15 0 0 0 727 67L701,67A15 15 0 0 0 686 82A15 15 0 0 0 701 97Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="714" y="82" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">LAST</text>
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<polygon points="591,82 579,86 579,77" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M564,29 L 564,67 Q 564,82 574,82 L 585,82" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M742,82 L 754,82 Q 765,82 765,67 L 765,44 L 765,29" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<polygon points="670,17 659,21 659,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M549,17L665,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M670,17L780,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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</svg>
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</div>
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</div>
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<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
|
|
<button id='xb13fc246' onclick='hideorshow("xb13fc246","x16adc8d5")'>show</button></p>
|
|
<div id='x16adc8d5' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
|
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<div style="max-width:398px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 398.054 163.08">
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<circle cx="5" cy="17" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<polygon points="45,17 33,21 33,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M9,17L39,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M45,32L94,32L94,2L45,2Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="69" y="17" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">expr</text>
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<polygon points="136,55 124,59 124,50" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M94,17 L 102,17 Q 109,17 109,32 L 109,40 Q 109,55 119,55 L 130,55" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M151,70L155,70A15 15 0 0 0 170 55L170,55A15 15 0 0 0 155 39L151,39A15 15 0 0 0 136 55L136,55A15 15 0 0 0 151 70Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="153" y="55" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">AS</text>
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<polygon points="206,55 194,59 194,50" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M170,55L200,55" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M221,70L309,70A15 15 0 0 0 324 55L324,55A15 15 0 0 0 309 39L221,39A15 15 0 0 0 206 55L206,55A15 15 0 0 0 221 70Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="265" y="55" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">column-alias</text>
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<polygon points="347,55 335,59 335,50" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M324,55L341,55" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<polygon points="388,17 377,21 377,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M347,55 L 354,55 Q 362,55 362,40 L 362,32 Q 362,17 372,17 L 382,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<circle cx="392" cy="17" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M109,39 L 109,70 Q 109,85 124,85 L 132,85 L 147,85" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M153,85 L 170,85 Q 185,85 185,70 L 185,70 Q 185,55 192,55 L 200,55" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<polygon points="241,17 230,21 230,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M94,17L235,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M241,17L377,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<polygon points="50,108 39,112 39,103" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M9,17 L 16,17 Q 24,17 24,32 L 24,93 Q 24,108 34,108 L 45,108" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M66,123A15 15 0 0 0 81 108A15 15 0 0 0 66 92A15 15 0 0 0 50 108A15 15 0 0 0 66 123Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="66" y="108" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">*</text>
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<polygon points="347,108 335,112 335,103" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M81,108L341,108" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
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<path d="M347,108 L 354,108 Q 362,108 362,93 L 362,54 L 362,39" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<polygon points="50,145 39,150 39,141" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M24,92 L 24,130 Q 24,145 34,145 L 45,145" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M66,160L141,160A15 15 0 0 0 156 145A15 15 0 0 0 141 130L66,130A15 15 0 0 0 50 145A15 15 0 0 0 66 160Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="103" y="145" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">table-name</text>
|
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<path d="M156,145L173,145" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M194,160A15 15 0 0 0 209 145A15 15 0 0 0 194 130A15 15 0 0 0 179 145A15 15 0 0 0 194 160Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="194" y="145" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">.</text>
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<path d="M209,145L226,145" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M247,160A15 15 0 0 0 262 145A15 15 0 0 0 247 130A15 15 0 0 0 232 145A15 15 0 0 0 247 160Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="247" y="145" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">*</text>
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<path d="M262,145L341,145" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M347,145 L 354,145 Q 362,145 362,130 L 362,107 L 362,92" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
</svg>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
|
|
<button id='x737a0d50' onclick='hideorshow("x737a0d50","xcd034acb")'>show</button></p>
|
|
<div id='xcd034acb' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
|
|
<div style="max-width:720px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 720.778 457.704">
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|
<circle cx="5" cy="36" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
<polygon points="50,74 39,78 39,70" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M9,36 L 16,36 Q 24,36 24,51 L 24,59 Q 24,74 34,74 L 45,74" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
<path d="M66,89L162,89A15 15 0 0 0 177 74L177,74A15 15 0 0 0 162 59L66,59A15 15 0 0 0 50 74L50,74A15 15 0 0 0 66 89Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="114" y="74" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">schema-name</text>
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<polygon points="194,74 183,78 183,70" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M177,74L189,74" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
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<path d="M209,89A15 15 0 0 0 225 74L225,74A15 15 0 0 0 209 59A15 15 0 0 0 194 74L194,74A15 15 0 0 0 209 89Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="209" y="74" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">.</text>
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<polygon points="266,36 255,41 255,32" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M225,74 L 232,74 Q 240,74 240,59 L 240,51 Q 240,36 250,36 L 260,36" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M281,51L356,51A15 15 0 0 0 371 36A15 15 0 0 0 356 21L281,21A15 15 0 0 0 266 36A15 15 0 0 0 281 51Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="319" y="36" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">table-name</text>
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<polygon points="407,36 396,41 396,32" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M371,36L402,36" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M423,51L427,51A15 15 0 0 0 442 36A15 15 0 0 0 427 21L423,21A15 15 0 0 0 407 36A15 15 0 0 0 423 51Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="425" y="36" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">AS</text>
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<polygon points="478,36 466,41 466,32" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M442,36L472,36" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M493,51L561,51A15 15 0 0 0 577 36A15 15 0 0 0 561 21L493,21A15 15 0 0 0 478 36A15 15 0 0 0 493 51Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="527" y="36" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">table-alias</text>
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<path d="M9,36L255,36" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<polygon points="422,6 411,10 411,2" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M371,36 L 379,36 Q 386,36 386,21 L 386,21 Q 386,6 401,6 L 402,6 L 417,6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M422,6 L 442,6 Q 457,6 457,21 L 457,21 Q 457,36 464,36 L 472,36" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M422,6 L 577,6 Q 592,6 592,21 L 592,21 Q 592,36 599,36 L 607,36" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M323,127L388,127A15 15 0 0 0 403 112A15 15 0 0 0 388 97L323,97A15 15 0 0 0 308 112A15 15 0 0 0 323 127Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="356" y="112" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">INDEXED</text>
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<polygon points="426,112 415,116 415,108" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M403,112L420,112" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="443" y="112" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">BY</text>
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<path d="M460,112L478,112" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="538" y="112" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">index-name</text>
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<text x="333" y="150" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">NOT</text>
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<text x="429" y="150" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">INDEXED</text>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<p><b><a href="syntax/foreign-key-clause.html">foreign-key-clause:</a></b>
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<button id='xa1220d59' onclick='hideorshow("xa1220d59","xa88e81ad")'>show</button></p>
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<div id='xa88e81ad' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
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<path d="M60,70L164,70A15 15 0 0 0 179 55A15 15 0 0 0 164 39L60,39A15 15 0 0 0 45 55A15 15 0 0 0 60 70Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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</div>
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</div>
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<p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b>
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<button id='x72160c36' onclick='hideorshow("x72160c36","xc177227a")'>show</button></p>
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<div id='xc177227a' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
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<path d="M65,334L252,334A15 15 0 0 0 267 319A15 15 0 0 0 252 304L65,304A15 15 0 0 0 50 319A15 15 0 0 0 65 334Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M290,244 L 297,244 Q 305,244 305,236 L 305,229" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M66,297L192,297A15 15 0 0 0 207 281A15 15 0 0 0 192 266L66,266A15 15 0 0 0 50 281A15 15 0 0 0 66 297Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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</svg>
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</div>
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</div>
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<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b>
|
|
<button id='x29c2e12a' onclick='hideorshow("x29c2e12a","x203ecbb3")'>show</button></p>
|
|
<div id='x203ecbb3' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
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<div style="max-width:292px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 292.013 99.576">
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<circle cx="5" cy="17" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<polygon points="50,44 39,48 39,40" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M9,17 L 16,17 Q 24,17 24,30 Q 24,44 34,44 L 45,44" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M66,59A15 15 0 0 0 81 44L81,44A15 15 0 0 0 66 29A15 15 0 0 0 50 44L50,44A15 15 0 0 0 66 59Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="66" y="44" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">+</text>
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<path d="M137,32L244,32A15 15 0 0 0 259 17A15 15 0 0 0 244 2L137,2A15 15 0 0 0 122 17A15 15 0 0 0 137 32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="191" y="17" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">numeric-literal</text>
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<path d="M66,97A15 15 0 0 0 81 82L81,82A15 15 0 0 0 66 67A15 15 0 0 0 50 82L50,82A15 15 0 0 0 66 97Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="66" y="82" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">-</text>
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<path d="M66,17L111,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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</svg>
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|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b>
|
|
<button id='x9fc0104d' onclick='hideorshow("x9fc0104d","x24c08160")'>show</button></p>
|
|
<div id='x24c08160' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
|
|
<div style="max-width:661px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 661.008 110.16">
|
|
<circle cx="5" cy="17" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
<polygon points="45,17 33,21 33,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
|
|
<path d="M9,17L39,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
<path d="M60,32L87,32A15 15 0 0 0 102 17A15 15 0 0 0 87 2L60,2A15 15 0 0 0 45 17A15 15 0 0 0 60 32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
<text x="74" y="17" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">name</text>
|
|
<polygon points="165,92 153,97 153,88" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
|
|
<path d="M102,17 L 123,17 Q 138,17 138,32 L 138,77 Q 138,92 149,92 L 159,92" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
<path d="M180,108A15 15 0 0 0 195 92A15 15 0 0 0 180 77A15 15 0 0 0 165 92A15 15 0 0 0 180 108Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
<text x="180" y="92" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">(</text>
|
|
<polygon points="212,92 201,97 201,88" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
|
|
<path d="M195,92L207,92" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
<path d="M212,108L350,108L350,77L212,77Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
<text x="281" y="92" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">signed-number</text>
|
|
<polygon points="367,92 356,97 356,88" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
|
|
<path d="M350,92L362,92" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
<path d="M382,108A15 15 0 0 0 398 92A15 15 0 0 0 382 77A15 15 0 0 0 367 92A15 15 0 0 0 382 108Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
<text x="382" y="92" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">,</text>
|
|
<polygon points="415,92 403,97 403,88" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
|
|
<path d="M398,92L409,92" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
<path d="M415,108L553,108L553,77L415,77Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
<text x="484" y="92" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">signed-number</text>
|
|
<polygon points="570,92 558,97 558,88" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
|
|
<path d="M553,92L564,92" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
<path d="M585,108A15 15 0 0 0 600 92A15 15 0 0 0 585 77A15 15 0 0 0 570 92A15 15 0 0 0 585 108Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
<text x="585" y="92" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">)</text>
|
|
<polygon points="651,17 640,21 640,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
|
|
<path d="M600,92 L 608,92 Q 615,92 615,77 L 615,32 Q 615,17 630,17 L 630,17 L 645,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
<circle cx="655" cy="17" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
<polygon points="165,55 153,59 153,50" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
|
|
<path d="M102,17 L 123,17 Q 138,17 138,32 L 138,40 Q 138,55 149,55 L 159,55" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
<path d="M180,70A15 15 0 0 0 195 55L195,55A15 15 0 0 0 180 39A15 15 0 0 0 165 55L165,55A15 15 0 0 0 180 70Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
<text x="180" y="55" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">(</text>
|
|
<polygon points="212,55 201,59 201,50" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
|
|
<path d="M195,55L207,55" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
<path d="M212,70L350,70L350,39L212,39Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
<text x="281" y="55" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">signed-number</text>
|
|
<polygon points="367,55 356,59 356,50" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
|
|
<path d="M350,55L362,55" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
<path d="M382,70A15 15 0 0 0 398 55L398,55A15 15 0 0 0 382 39A15 15 0 0 0 367 55L367,55A15 15 0 0 0 382 70Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
<text x="382" y="55" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">)</text>
|
|
<polygon points="600,55 589,59 589,50" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
|
|
<path d="M398,55L594,55" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
<path d="M600,55 L 608,55 Q 615,55 615,47 L 615,40" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
<polygon points="74,47 85,43 85,51" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
|
|
<path d="M102,17 L 110,17 Q 117,17 117,32 L 117,32 Q 117,47 102,47 L 94,47 L 79,47" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
<path d="M74,47 L 33,47 Q 18,47 18,32 L 18,32 Q 18,17 26,17 L 33,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
<polygon points="382,17 371,21 371,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
|
|
<path d="M102,17L377,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
<path d="M382,17L630,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
</svg>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b>
|
|
<button id='xad4d1b3a' onclick='hideorshow("xad4d1b3a","x8f88f095")'>show</button></p>
|
|
<div id='x8f88f095' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
|
|
<div style="max-width:292px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 292.013 99.576">
|
|
<circle cx="5" cy="17" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
<polygon points="50,44 39,48 39,40" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
|
|
<path d="M9,17 L 16,17 Q 24,17 24,30 Q 24,44 34,44 L 45,44" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
<path d="M66,59A15 15 0 0 0 81 44L81,44A15 15 0 0 0 66 29A15 15 0 0 0 50 44L50,44A15 15 0 0 0 66 59Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
<text x="66" y="44" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">+</text>
|
|
<polygon points="122,17 111,21 111,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
|
|
<path d="M81,44 L 88,44 Q 96,44 96,30 Q 96,17 106,17 L 116,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
<path d="M137,32L244,32A15 15 0 0 0 259 17A15 15 0 0 0 244 2L137,2A15 15 0 0 0 122 17A15 15 0 0 0 137 32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
<text x="191" y="17" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">numeric-literal</text>
|
|
<polygon points="282,17 271,21 271,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
|
|
<path d="M259,17L276,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
<circle cx="286" cy="17" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
<polygon points="50,82 39,86 39,77" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
|
|
<path d="M9,17 L 16,17 Q 24,17 24,32 L 24,67 Q 24,82 34,82 L 45,82" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
<path d="M66,97A15 15 0 0 0 81 82L81,82A15 15 0 0 0 66 67A15 15 0 0 0 50 82L50,82A15 15 0 0 0 66 97Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
<text x="66" y="82" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">-</text>
|
|
<path d="M81,82 L 88,82 Q 96,82 96,67 L 96,44 L 96,29" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
<polygon points="66,17 54,21 54,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
|
|
<path d="M9,17L60,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
<path d="M66,17L111,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
|
|
</svg>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p>SQLite supports a limited subset of ALTER TABLE.
|
|
The ALTER TABLE command in SQLite allows
|
|
these alterations of an existing table:
|
|
it can be renamed;
|
|
a column can be renamed;
|
|
a column can be added to it;
|
|
or
|
|
a column can be dropped from it.
|
|
|
|
<a name="altertabrename"></a>
|
|
|
|
</p><h1 id="alter_table_rename"><span>2. </span>ALTER TABLE RENAME</h1>
|
|
|
|
<p> The RENAME TO syntax changes the name of <span class='yyterm'>table-name</span>
|
|
to <span class='yyterm'>new-table-name</span>.
|
|
This command
|
|
cannot be used to move a table between attached databases, only to rename
|
|
a table within the same database.
|
|
If the table being renamed has triggers or indices, then these remain
|
|
attached to the table after it has been renamed.
|
|
|
|
</p><blockquote style="background-color: #ffd0d0;">
|
|
<b>Compatibility Note:</b>
|
|
The behavior of ALTER TABLE when renaming a table was enhanced
|
|
in versions 3.25.0 (2018-09-15) and 3.26.0 (2018-12-01)
|
|
in order to carry the rename operation forward into triggers and
|
|
views that reference the renamed table. This is considered an
|
|
improvement. Applications that depend on the older (and
|
|
arguably buggy) behavior can use the
|
|
<a href="pragma.html#pragma_legacy_alter_table">PRAGMA legacy_alter_table=ON</a> statement or the
|
|
<a href="c3ref/c_dbconfig_defensive.html#sqlitedbconfiglegacyaltertable">SQLITE_DBCONFIG_LEGACY_ALTER_TABLE</a> configuration parameter
|
|
on <a href="c3ref/db_config.html">sqlite3_db_config()</a> interface to make ALTER TABLE RENAME
|
|
behave as it did prior to version 3.25.0.
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Beginning with release 3.25.0 (2018-09-15), references to the table
|
|
within trigger bodies and view definitions are also renamed.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p> Prior to version 3.26.0 (2018-12-01), FOREIGN KEY references
|
|
to a table that is renamed were only edited if the
|
|
<a href="pragma.html#pragma_foreign_keys">PRAGMA foreign_keys=ON</a>, or in other words if
|
|
<a href="foreignkeys.html">foreign key constraints</a> were being enforced. With
|
|
<a href="pragma.html#pragma_foreign_keys">PRAGMA foreign_keys=OFF</a>, FOREIGN KEY constraints would not be changed
|
|
when the table that the foreign key referred to (the "<a href="foreignkeys.html#parentchild">parent table</a>")
|
|
was renamed. Beginning with version 3.26.0, FOREIGN KEY constraints
|
|
are always converted when a table is renamed, unless the
|
|
<a href="pragma.html#pragma_legacy_alter_table">PRAGMA legacy_alter_table=ON</a> setting is engaged. The following
|
|
table summarizes the difference:</p>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
<table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0">
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th>PRAGMA foreign_keys
|
|
</th><th>PRAGMA legacy_alter_table
|
|
</th><th><a href="foreignkeys.html#parentchild">Parent Table</a>
|
|
references are updated
|
|
</th><th>SQLite version
|
|
</th></tr><tr><td align="center">Off</td><td align="center">Off</td><td align="center">No</td><td align="center">< 3.26.0
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td align="center">Off</td><td align="center">Off</td><td align="center">Yes</td><td align="center">>= 3.26.0
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td align="center">On</td><td align="center">Off</td><td align="center">Yes</td><td align="center">all
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td align="center">Off</td><td align="center">On</td><td align="center">No</td><td align="center">all
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td align="center">On</td><td align="center">On</td><td align="center">Yes</td><td align="center">all
|
|
</td></tr></table>
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<a name="altertabmvcol"></a>
|
|
|
|
<h1 id="alter_table_rename_column"><span>3. </span>ALTER TABLE RENAME COLUMN</h1>
|
|
|
|
<p> The RENAME COLUMN TO syntax changes the
|
|
<span class='yyterm'>column-name</span> of table <span class='yyterm'>table-name</span>
|
|
into <span class='yyterm'>new-column-name</span>. The column name is changed both
|
|
within the table definition itself and also within all indexes, triggers,
|
|
and views that reference the column. If the column name change would
|
|
result in a semantic ambiguity in a trigger or view, then the RENAME
|
|
COLUMN fails with an error and no changes are applied.
|
|
|
|
<a name="altertabaddcol"></a>
|
|
|
|
</p><h1 id="alter_table_add_column"><span>4. </span>ALTER TABLE ADD COLUMN</h1>
|
|
|
|
<p> The ADD COLUMN syntax
|
|
is used to add a new column to an existing table.
|
|
The new column is always appended to the end of the list of existing columns.
|
|
The <a href="syntax/column-def.html">column-def</a> rule defines the characteristics of the new column.
|
|
The new column may take any of the forms permissible in a <a href="lang_createtable.html">CREATE TABLE</a>
|
|
statement, with the following restrictions:
|
|
</p><ul>
|
|
<li>The column may not have a PRIMARY KEY or UNIQUE constraint.</li>
|
|
<li>The column may not have a default value of CURRENT_TIME, CURRENT_DATE,
|
|
CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, or an expression in parentheses.</li>
|
|
<li>If a NOT NULL constraint is specified, then the column must have a
|
|
default value other than NULL.
|
|
</li><li>If <a href="foreignkeys.html">foreign key constraints</a> are <a href="pragma.html#pragma_foreign_keys">enabled</a> and
|
|
a column with a <a href="syntax/foreign-key-clause.html">REFERENCES clause</a>
|
|
is added, the column must have a default value of NULL.
|
|
</li><li>The column may not be <a href="gencol.html">GENERATED ALWAYS ... STORED</a>,
|
|
though VIRTUAL columns are allowed.
|
|
</li></ul>
|
|
|
|
<p>When adding a column with a <a href="lang_createtable.html#ckconst">CHECK constraint</a>, or a NOT NULL constraint
|
|
on a <a href="gencol.html">generated column</a>, the added constraints are tested against all
|
|
preexisting rows in the table and the ADD COLUMN fails
|
|
if any constraint fails. The testing of added constraints
|
|
against preexisting rows is a new enhancement as of SQLite version
|
|
3.37.0 (2021-11-27).</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>The ALTER TABLE command works by modifying the SQL text of the schema
|
|
stored in the <a href="schematab.html">sqlite_schema table</a>.
|
|
No changes are made to table content for renames or column addition without
|
|
constraints.
|
|
Because of this,
|
|
the execution time of such ALTER TABLE commands is independent of
|
|
the amount of data in the table and such commands will
|
|
run as quickly on a table with 10 million rows as on a table with 1 row.
|
|
When adding new columns that have CHECK constraints, or adding generated
|
|
columns with NOT NULL constraints, or when deleting columns, then all
|
|
existing data in the table must be either read (to test new constraints
|
|
against existing rows) or written (to remove deleted columns). In those
|
|
cases, the ALTER TABLE command takes time that is proportional to the
|
|
amount of content in the table being altered.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>After ADD COLUMN has been run on a database, that database will not
|
|
be readable by SQLite version 3.1.3 (2005-02-20) and earlier.</p>
|
|
|
|
<a name="altertabdropcol"></a>
|
|
|
|
<h1 id="alter_table_drop_column"><span>5. </span>ALTER TABLE DROP COLUMN</h1>
|
|
|
|
<p> The DROP COLUMN syntax
|
|
is used to remove an existing column from a table.
|
|
The DROP COLUMN command removes the named column from the table,
|
|
and rewrites its content to purge the data associated
|
|
with that column.
|
|
The DROP COLUMN command only works if the column is not referenced
|
|
by any other parts of the schema and is not a PRIMARY KEY and
|
|
does not have a UNIQUE constraint.
|
|
Possible reasons why the DROP COLUMN command can fail include:
|
|
</p><ul>
|
|
<li>The column is a PRIMARY KEY or part of one.
|
|
</li><li>The column has a UNIQUE constraint.
|
|
</li><li>The column is indexed.
|
|
</li><li>The column is named in the WHERE clause of a <a href="partialindex.html">partial index</a>.
|
|
</li><li>The column is named in a table or column <a href="lang_createtable.html#ckconst">CHECK constraint</a>
|
|
not associated with the column being dropped.
|
|
</li><li>The column is used in a <a href="foreignkeys.html">foreign key constraint</a>.
|
|
</li><li>The column is used in the expression of a <a href="gencol.html">generated column</a>.
|
|
</li><li>The column appears in a trigger or view.
|
|
</li></ul>
|
|
|
|
<h2 id="how_it_works"><span>5.1. </span>How It Works</h2>
|
|
|
|
<p>SQLite stores the schema as plain text in the <a href="schematab.html">sqlite_schema table</a>.
|
|
The DROP COLUMN command (and all of the other variations of ALTER TABLE
|
|
as well) modify that text and then attempt to reparse the entire schema.
|
|
The command is only successful if the schema is still valid after the
|
|
text has been modified. In the case of the DROP COLUMN command, the
|
|
only text modified is that the column definition is removed from the
|
|
CREATE TABLE statement. The DROP COLUMN command will fail if there
|
|
are any traces of the column in other parts of the schema that will
|
|
prevent the schema from parsing after the CREATE TABLE statement has
|
|
been modified.
|
|
|
|
</p><h1 id="disable_error_checking_using_pragma_writable_schema_on"><span>6. </span>Disable Error Checking Using PRAGMA writable_schema=ON</h1>
|
|
|
|
<p>ALTER TABLE will normally fail and make no changes if it encounters
|
|
any entries in the <a href="schematab.html">sqlite_schema table</a> that do not parse. For
|
|
example, if there is a malformed VIEW or TRIGGER associated with
|
|
table named "tbl1", then an attempt to rename "tbl1" to "tbl1neo" will
|
|
fail because the associated views and triggers could not be parsed.
|
|
|
|
</p><p>Beginning with SQLite 3.38.0 (2022-02-22), this error checking
|
|
can be disabled by setting "<a href="pragma.html#pragma_writable_schema">PRAGMA writable_schema=ON;</a>". When
|
|
the schema is writable, ALTER TABLE silently ignores any rows of the
|
|
sqlite_schema table that do not parse.
|
|
|
|
<a name="otheralter"></a>
|
|
|
|
</p><h1 id="making_other_kinds_of_table_schema_changes"><span>7. </span>Making Other Kinds Of Table Schema Changes</h1>
|
|
|
|
<p> The only schema altering commands directly supported by SQLite are the
|
|
"<a href="lang_altertable.html#altertabrename">rename table</a>", "<a href="lang_altertable.html#altertabmvcol">rename column</a>", "<a href="lang_altertable.html#altertabaddcol">add column</a>", "<a href="lang_altertable.html#altertabdropcol">drop column</a>"
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commands shown above. However, applications
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can make other arbitrary changes to the format of a table using a simple
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sequence of operations.
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The steps to make arbitrary changes to the schema design of some table X
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are as follows:
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</p><ol>
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<li><p>
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If foreign key constraints are enabled, disable them using <a href="pragma.html#pragma_foreign_keys">PRAGMA foreign_keys=OFF</a>.
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</p></li><li><p>
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Start a transaction.
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|
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</p></li><li><p>
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Remember the format of all indexes, triggers, and views associated with table X.
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This information will be needed in step 8 below. One way to do this is
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to run a query like the following:
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SELECT type, sql FROM sqlite_schema WHERE tbl_name='X'.
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</p></li><li><p>
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|
Use <a href="lang_createtable.html">CREATE TABLE</a> to construct a new table "new_X" that is in the desired
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revised format of table X. Make sure that the name "new_X" does not collide
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with any existing table name, of course.
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|
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</p></li><li><p>
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Transfer content from X into new_X using a statement
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like: INSERT INTO new_X SELECT ... FROM X.
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|
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</p></li><li><p>
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Drop the old table X: <a href="lang_droptable.html">DROP TABLE X</a>.
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|
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</p></li><li><p>
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Change the name of new_X to X using: ALTER TABLE new_X RENAME TO X.
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|
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</p></li><li><p>
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Use <a href="lang_createindex.html">CREATE INDEX</a>, <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">CREATE TRIGGER</a>, and <a href="lang_createview.html">CREATE VIEW</a>
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|
to reconstruct indexes, triggers, and views
|
|
associated with table X. Perhaps use the old format of the triggers,
|
|
indexes, and views saved from step 3 above as a guide, making changes
|
|
as appropriate for the alteration.
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|
|
|
</p></li><li><p>If any views refer to table X in a way that is affected by the
|
|
schema change, then drop those views using <a href="lang_dropview.html">DROP VIEW</a> and recreate them
|
|
with whatever changes are necessary to accommodate the schema change
|
|
using <a href="lang_createview.html">CREATE VIEW</a>.
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|
|
|
</p></li><li><p>
|
|
If foreign key constraints were originally enabled
|
|
then run <a href="pragma.html#pragma_foreign_key_check">PRAGMA foreign_key_check</a> to verify that the schema
|
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change did not break any foreign key constraints.
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|
|
|
|
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</p></li><li><p>
|
|
Commit the transaction started in step 2.
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|
|
|
</p></li><li><p>
|
|
If foreign keys constraints were originally enabled, reenable them now.
|
|
</p></li></ol>
|
|
|
|
<a name="caution"></a>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Caution:</b>
|
|
Take care to follow the procedure above precisely. The boxes below
|
|
summarize two procedures for modifying a table definition. At first
|
|
glance, they both appear to accomplish the same thing. However, the
|
|
procedure on the right does not always work, especially with the
|
|
enhanced <a href="lang_altertable.html#altertabrename">rename table</a> capabilities added by versions 3.25.0 and
|
|
3.26.0. In the procedure on the right, the initial rename of the
|
|
table to a temporary name might corrupt references to that table in
|
|
triggers, views, and foreign key constraints. The safe procedure on
|
|
the left constructs the revised table definition using a new temporary
|
|
name, then renames the table into its final name, which does not break
|
|
links.
|
|
|
|
</p><center>
|
|
<table border="1" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0">
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td valign="top">
|
|
<ol>
|
|
<li>Create new table
|
|
</li><li>Copy data
|
|
</li><li>Drop old table
|
|
</li><li>Rename new into old
|
|
</li></ol>
|
|
</td><td valign="top">
|
|
<ol>
|
|
<li>Rename old table
|
|
</li><li>Create new table
|
|
</li><li>Copy data
|
|
</li><li>Drop old table
|
|
</li></ol>
|
|
</td></tr><tr>
|
|
<th>↑<br>Correct
|
|
</th><th>↑<br>Incorrect
|
|
</th></tr></table>
|
|
</center>
|
|
|
|
<p>The 12-step <a href="lang_altertable.html#otheralter">generalized ALTER TABLE procedure</a>
|
|
above will work even if the
|
|
schema change causes the information stored in the table to change.
|
|
So the full 12-step procedure above is appropriate for dropping a column,
|
|
changing the order of columns, adding or removing a UNIQUE constraint
|
|
or PRIMARY KEY, adding CHECK or FOREIGN KEY or NOT NULL constraints,
|
|
or changing the datatype for a column, for example. However, a simpler
|
|
and faster procedure can optionally be used for
|
|
some changes that do no affect the on-disk content in any way.
|
|
The following simpler procedure is appropriate for removing
|
|
CHECK or FOREIGN KEY or NOT NULL constraints,
|
|
or adding, removing, or changing default values on
|
|
a column.
|
|
|
|
</p><ol>
|
|
<li><p> Start a transaction.
|
|
|
|
</p></li><li><p> Run <a href="pragma.html#pragma_schema_version">PRAGMA schema_version</a> to determine the current schema
|
|
version number. This number will be needed for step 6 below.
|
|
|
|
</p></li><li><p> Activate schema editing using
|
|
<a href="pragma.html#pragma_writable_schema">PRAGMA writable_schema=ON</a>.
|
|
|
|
</p></li><li><p> Run an <a href="lang_update.html">UPDATE</a> statement to change the definition of table X
|
|
in the <a href="schematab.html">sqlite_schema table</a>:
|
|
UPDATE sqlite_schema SET sql=... WHERE type='table' AND name='X';
|
|
</p><p><em>Caution:</em> Making a change to the sqlite_schema table like this will
|
|
render the database corrupt and unreadable if the change contains
|
|
a syntax error. It is suggested that careful testing of the UPDATE
|
|
statement be done on a separate blank database prior to using it on
|
|
a database containing important data.
|
|
|
|
</p></li><li><p> If the change to table X also affects other tables or indexes or
|
|
triggers are views within schema, then run <a href="lang_update.html">UPDATE</a> statements to modify
|
|
those other tables indexes and views too. For example, if the name of
|
|
a column changes, all FOREIGN KEY constraints, triggers, indexes, and
|
|
views that refer to that column must be modified.
|
|
</p><p><em>Caution:</em> Once again, making changes to the sqlite_schema
|
|
table like this will render the database corrupt and unreadable if the
|
|
change contains an error. Carefully test this entire procedure
|
|
on a separate test database prior to using it on
|
|
a database containing important data and/or make backup copies of
|
|
important databases prior to running this procedure.
|
|
|
|
</p></li><li><p> Increment the schema version number using
|
|
<a href="pragma.html#pragma_schema_version">PRAGMA schema_version=X</a> where X is one
|
|
more than the old schema version number found in step 2 above.
|
|
|
|
</p></li><li><p> Disable schema editing using
|
|
<a href="pragma.html#pragma_writable_schema">PRAGMA writable_schema=OFF</a>.
|
|
|
|
</p></li><li><p> (Optional) Run <a href="pragma.html#pragma_integrity_check">PRAGMA integrity_check</a> to verify that the
|
|
schema changes did not damage the database.
|
|
|
|
</p></li><li><p> Commit the transaction started on step 1 above.
|
|
</p></li></ol>
|
|
|
|
<p>If some future version of SQLite adds new ALTER TABLE capabilities,
|
|
those capabilities will very likely use one of the two procedures
|
|
outlined above.
|
|
|
|
<a name="altertableishard"></a>
|
|
|
|
</p><h1 id="why_alter_table_is_such_a_problem_for_sqlite"><span>8. </span>Why ALTER TABLE is such a problem for SQLite</h1>
|
|
|
|
<p>Most SQL database engines store the schema already parsed into
|
|
various system tables. On those database engines, ALTER TABLE merely
|
|
has to make modifications to the corresponding system tables.
|
|
|
|
</p><p>SQLite is different in that it stores the schema
|
|
in the <a href="schematab.html">sqlite_schema</a> table as the original text of the CREATE
|
|
statements that define the schema. Hence ALTER TABLE needs
|
|
to revise the text of the CREATE statement. Doing
|
|
so can be tricky for certain "creative" schema designs.
|
|
|
|
</p><p>The SQLite approach of storing the schema as text has advantages
|
|
for an embedded relational database. For one, it means that the
|
|
schema takes up less space in the database file. This is important
|
|
since a common SQLite usage pattern is to have many small,
|
|
separate database files instead of putting everything in one
|
|
big global database file, which is the usual approach for client/server
|
|
database engines.
|
|
Since the schema is duplicated in each separate database file, it is
|
|
important to keep the schema representation compact.
|
|
|
|
</p><p>Storing the schema as text rather than as parsed tables also
|
|
give flexibility to the implementation. Since the internal parse
|
|
of the schema is regenerated each time the database is opened, the
|
|
internal representation of the schema can change from one release
|
|
to the next. This is important, as sometimes new features require
|
|
enhancements to the internal schema representation. Changing the
|
|
internal schema representation would be much more difficult if the
|
|
schema representation was exposed in the database file. So, in other
|
|
words, storing the schema as text helps maintain backwards
|
|
compatibility, and helps ensure that older database files can be
|
|
read and written by newer versions of SQLite.
|
|
|
|
</p><p>Storing the schema as text also makes the
|
|
<a href="fileformat2.html">SQLite database file format</a> easier to define, document, and
|
|
understand. This helps make SQLite database files a
|
|
<a href="locrsf.html">recommended storage format</a> for long-term archiving of data.
|
|
|
|
</p><p>The downside of storing schema a text is that it can make
|
|
the schema tricky to modify. And for that reason, the ALTER TABLE
|
|
support in SQLite has traditionally lagged behind other SQL
|
|
database engines that store their schemas as parsed system tables
|
|
that are easier to modify.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p><p align="center"><small><i>This page last modified on <a href="https://sqlite.org/docsrc/honeypot" id="mtimelink" data-href="https://sqlite.org/docsrc/finfo/pages/lang_altertable.in?m=7d2205713a">2022-08-10 18:45:48</a> UTC </small></i></p>
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