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<html><head><meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=0.8"/><title>18 Concurrency and Synchronization</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../scribble.css" title="default"/><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../racket.css" title="default"/><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../manual-style.css" title="default"/><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../manual-racket.css" title="default"/><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../manual-racket.css" title="default"/><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../doc-site.css" title="default"/><script type="text/javascript" src="../scribble-common.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../manual-racket.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../manual-racket.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../doc-site.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../local-redirect/local-redirect.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../local-redirect/local-user-redirect.js"></script><!--[if IE 6]><style type="text/css">.SIEHidden { overflow: hidden; }</style><![endif]--></head><body id="doc-racket-lang-org"><div class="tocset"><div class="tocview"><div class="tocviewlist tocviewlisttopspace"><div class="tocviewtitle"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td style="width: 1em;"><a href="javascript:void(0);" title="Expand/Collapse" class="tocviewtoggle" onclick="TocviewToggle(this,"tocview_0");">▼</a></td><td></td><td><a href="index.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">The Racket Guide</a></td></tr></table></div><div class="tocviewsublisttop" style="display: block;" id="tocview_0"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td align="right">1 </td><td><a href="intro.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Welcome to Racket</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">2 </td><td><a href="to-scheme.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Racket Essentials</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">3 </td><td><a href="datatypes.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Built-<wbr></wbr>In Datatypes</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">4 </td><td><a href="scheme-forms.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Expressions and Definitions</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">5 </td><td><a href="define-struct.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Programmer-<wbr></wbr>Defined Datatypes</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">6 </td><td><a href="modules.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Modules</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">7 </td><td><a href="contracts.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Contracts</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">8 </td><td><a href="i_o.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Input and Output</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">9 </td><td><a href="regexp.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Regular Expressions</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">10 </td><td><a href="control.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Exceptions and Control</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">11 </td><td><a href="for.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Iterations and Comprehensions</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">12 </td><td><a href="match.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Pattern Matching</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">13 </td><td><a href="classes.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Classes and Objects</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">14 </td><td><a href="units.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Units</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">15 </td><td><a href="reflection.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Reflection and Dynamic Evaluation</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">16 </td><td><a href="macros.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Macros</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">17 </td><td><a href="languages.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Creating Languages</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">18 </td><td><a href="concurrency.html" class
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<a name="(tech._thread)"></a><span style="font-style: italic">threads</span>, and it provides a general <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=sync.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._sync%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">sync</a></span> function
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that can be used to synchronize both threads and other implicit forms of
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concurrency, such as <a href="i_o.html#%28tech._port%29" class="techoutside" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="techinside">ports</span></a>.</p><p>Threads run concurrently in the sense that one thread can preempt
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another without its cooperation, but threads do not run in parallel in
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the sense of using multiple hardware processors. See
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<a href="parallelism.html" data-pltdoc="x">Parallelism</a> for information on parallelism in Racket.</p><h4 x-source-module="(lib "scribblings/guide/guide.scrbl")" x-source-pkg="racket-doc" x-part-tag=""Threads"">18.1<tt> </tt><a name="(part._.Threads)"></a>Threads</h4><p>To execute a procedure concurrently, use <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=threads.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._thread%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">thread</a></span>. The
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following example creates two new threads from the main thread:</p><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=Writing.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fmisc..rkt%2529._displayln%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">displayln</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">"This is the original thread"</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=threads.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._thread%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">thread</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=lambda.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._lambda%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">lambda</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=Writing.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fmisc..rkt%2529._displayln%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">displayln</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">"This is a new thread."</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=threads.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._thread%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">thread</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=lambda.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._lambda%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">lambda</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=Writing.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fmisc..rkt%2529._displayln%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">displayln</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">"This is another new thread."</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr></table></blockquote><p>The next example creates a new thread that would otherwise loop forever, but
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the main thread uses <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=threads.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._sleep%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">sleep</a></span> to pause itself for 2.5 seconds, then
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uses <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=threads.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._kill-thread%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">kill-thread</a></span> to terminate the worker thread:</p><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=define.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._define%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">worker</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=threads.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._thread%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">thread</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=lambda.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._lambda%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">lambda</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=let.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fletstx-scheme..rkt%2529._let%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">let</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">loop</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=Writing.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fmisc..rkt%2529._displayln%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">displayln</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">"Working..."</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=threads.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._sleep%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">sleep</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">0.2</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym">loop</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?d
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clicked, so in DrRacket the <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=threads.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._thread-wait%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">thread-wait</a></span> is not necessary.</p></blockquote></blockquote></blockquote><p>If the main thread finishes or is killed, the application exits, even if
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other threads are still running. A thread can use <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=threads.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._thread-wait%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">thread-wait</a></span> to
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wait for another thread to finish. Here, the main thread uses
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<span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=threads.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._thread-wait%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">thread-wait</a></span> to make sure the worker thread finishes before the main
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thread exits:</p><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=define.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._define%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">worker</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=threads.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._thread%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">thread</a></span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=lambda.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._lambda%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">lambda</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=for.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._for%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">for</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktPn">[</span><span class="RktSym">i</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">100</span><span class="RktPn">]</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=Writing.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._printf%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">printf</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">"Working hard... ~a~n"</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">i</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=threads.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._thread-wait%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">thread-wait</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">worker</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=Writing.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fmisc..rkt%2529._displayln%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">displayln</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">"Worker finished"</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr></table></blockquote><h4 x-source-module="(lib "scribblings/guide/guide.scrbl")" x-source-pkg="racket-doc" x-part-tag=""Thread_Mailboxes"">18.2<tt> </tt><a name="(part._.Thread_.Mailboxes)"></a>Thread Mailboxes</h4><p>Each thread has a mailbox for receiving messages. The <span c
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asynchronously sends a message to another thread’s mailbox, while
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<span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=threads.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._thread-receive%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">thread-receive</a></span> returns the oldest message from the current
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thread’s mailbox, blocking to wait for a message if necessary. In the
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following example, the main thread sends data to the worker thread to be
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processed, then sends a <span class="RktVal">'</span><span class="RktVal">done</span> message when there is no more data and
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waits for the worker thread to finish.</p><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=define.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._define%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">worker-thread</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=threads.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._thread%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">thread</a></span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=lambda.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._lambda%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">lambda</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=let.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fletstx-scheme..rkt%2529._let%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">let</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">loop</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=match.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fmatch..rkt%2529._match%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">match</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=threads.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._thread-receive%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">thread-receive</a></span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">[</span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym">?</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=number-types.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._number%7E3f%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">number?</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">num</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.
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threads, then waits to receive the results. The arithmetic threads process work
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items then send the results to the main thread.</p><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=define.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._define%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym">make-arithmetic-thread</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">operation</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=threads.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._thread%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">thread</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=lambda.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._lambda%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">lambda</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=let.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fletstx-scheme..rkt%2529._let%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">let</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">loop</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=match.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fmatch..rkt%2529._match%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">match</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=threads.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._thread-receive%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">thread-receive</a></span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">[</span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=pairs.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._list%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">list</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">oper1</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">oper2</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">result-thread</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=threads.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._thread-send%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">thread-send</a></s
|
||
|
|
Use semaphores when multiple threads must perform non-atomic operations on a
|
||
|
|
single resource.</p><p>In the following example, multiple threads print to standard output
|
||
|
|
concurrently. Without synchronization, a line printed by one thread might
|
||
|
|
appear in the middle of a line printed by another thread. By using a semaphore
|
||
|
|
initialized with a count of <span class="RktVal">1</span>, only one thread will print at a time.
|
||
|
|
The <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=semaphore.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._semaphore-wait%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">semaphore-wait</a></span> function blocks until the semaphore’s internal counter is
|
||
|
|
non-zero, then decrements the counter and returns. The <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=semaphore.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._semaphore-post%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">semaphore-post</a></span> function
|
||
|
|
increments the counter so that another thread can unblock and then print.</p><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=define.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._define%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">output-semaphore</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=semaphore.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._make-semaphore%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">make-semaphore</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">1</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=define.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._define%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym">make-thread</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">name</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=threads.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._thread%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">thread</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=lambda.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._lambda%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">lambda</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=for.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._for%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">for</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">[</span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym">i</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">10</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">]</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=semaphore.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._semaphore-wait%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">semaphore-wait</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">output-semaphore</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=Writing.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._printf%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">printf</a></span><span class="h
|
||
|
|
semaphore can also be expressed using
|
||
|
|
<span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=semaphore.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._call-with-semaphore%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">call-with-semaphore</a></span>,which has the advantage of posting to the
|
||
|
|
semaphore if control escapes (e.g., due to an exception):</p><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=define.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._define%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">output-semaphore</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=semaphore.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._make-semaphore%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">make-semaphore</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">1</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=define.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._define%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym">make-thread</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">name</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=threads.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._thread%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">thread</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=lambda.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._lambda%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">lambda</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=for.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._for%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">for</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">[</span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym">i</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">10</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">]</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=semaphore.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._call-with-semaphore%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">call-with-semaphore</a></span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">output-semaphore</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=lambda.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._lambda%2529%252
|
||
|
|
resource access to a single thread. For example, synchronizing access to
|
||
|
|
standard output might be better accomplished by having a dedicated thread for
|
||
|
|
printing output.</p><h4 x-source-module="(lib "scribblings/guide/guide.scrbl")" x-source-pkg="racket-doc" x-part-tag=""Channels"">18.4<tt> </tt><a name="(part._.Channels)"></a>Channels</h4><p>Channels synchronize two threads while a value is passed from one thread to the
|
||
|
|
other. Unlike a thread mailbox, multiple threads can get items from a single
|
||
|
|
channel, so channels should be used when multiple threads need to consume items
|
||
|
|
from a single work queue.</p><p>In the following example, the main thread adds items to a channel using
|
||
|
|
<span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=channel.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fmisc..rkt%2529._channel-put%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">channel-put</a></span>, while multiple worker threads consume those items using
|
||
|
|
<span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=channel.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fmisc..rkt%2529._channel-get%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">channel-get</a></span>. Each call to either procedure blocks until another
|
||
|
|
thread calls the other procedure with the same channel. The workers process
|
||
|
|
the items and then pass their results to the result thread via the <span class="RktSym">result-channel</span>.</p><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=define.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._define%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">result-channel</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=channel.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._make-channel%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">make-channel</a></span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=define.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._define%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">result-thread</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=threads.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._thread%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">thread</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=lambda.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._lambda%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">lambda</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=let.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fletstx-scheme..rkt%2529._let%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">let</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">loop</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=Writing.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._display%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">display</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=channel.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fmisc..rkt%2529._channel-get%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">channel-get</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">result-channel</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><s
|
||
|
|
the “put” operation of asynchronous channels does not block—<wbr></wbr>unless the given
|
||
|
|
channel was created with a buffer limit and the limit has been reached. The
|
||
|
|
asynchronous-put operation is therefore somewhat similar to
|
||
|
|
<span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=threads.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._thread-send%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">thread-send</a></span>, but unlike thread mailboxes, asynchronous channels allow
|
||
|
|
multiple threads to consume items from a single channel.</p><p>In the following
|
||
|
|
example, the main thread adds items to the work channel, which holds a maximum
|
||
|
|
of three items at a time. The worker threads process items from this channel and
|
||
|
|
then send results to the print thread.</p><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._require%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">require</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">racket/async-channel</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=define.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._define%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">print-thread</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=threads.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._thread%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">thread</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=lambda.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._lambda%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">lambda</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=let.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fletstx-scheme..rkt%2529._let%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">let</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">loop</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=Writing.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fmisc..rkt%2529._displayln%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">displayln</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=threads.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._thread-receive%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">thread-receive</a></span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym">loop</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=define.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._define%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym">safer-print
|
||
|
|
processed. If the main thread were to exit without such synchronization, it is
|
||
|
|
possible that the worker threads will not finish processing some items or the
|
||
|
|
print thread will not print all items.</p><h4 x-source-module="(lib "scribblings/guide/guide.scrbl")" x-source-pkg="racket-doc" x-part-tag=""Synchronizable_Events_and_sync"">18.6<tt> </tt><a name="(part._.Synchronizable_.Events_and_sync)"></a>Synchronizable Events and <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=sync.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._sync%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">sync</a></span></h4><p>There are other ways to synchronize threads. The <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=sync.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._sync%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">sync</a></span> function allows
|
||
|
|
threads to coordinate via <a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=sync.html%23%2528tech._synchronizable._event%2529&version=8.6" class="techoutside Sq" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="techinside">synchronizable events</span></a>.
|
||
|
|
Many values double as events, allowing a uniform way to synchronize threads
|
||
|
|
using different types. Examples of events include channels, ports, threads,
|
||
|
|
and alarms. This section builds up a number of examples that show how
|
||
|
|
the combination of events, threads, and <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=sync.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._sync%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">sync</a></span> (along with recursive functions)
|
||
|
|
allow you to implement arbitrarily sophisticated communication protocols
|
||
|
|
to coordinate concurrent parts of a program.</p><p>In the next example, a channel and an alarm are used as synchronizable events.
|
||
|
|
The workers <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=sync.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._sync%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">sync</a></span> on both so that they can process channel items until the
|
||
|
|
alarm is activated. The channel items are processed, and then results are sent back
|
||
|
|
to the main thread.</p><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=define.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._define%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">main-thread</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=threads.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._current-thread%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">current-thread</a></span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=define.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._define%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">alarm</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=sync.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._alarm-evt%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">alarm-evt</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=generic-numbers.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._%252B%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">+</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">3000</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=time.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._current-inexact-milliseconds%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">current-inexact-milliseconds</a></span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=define.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._define%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">channel</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=channel.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._make-channel%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">make-channel</a></span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=define.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._define%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym">make-worker-thread</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">thread-id</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://downlo
|
||
|
|
function uses <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=sync.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._sync%252Ftimeout%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">sync/timeout</a></span> to synchronize on input from the given port
|
||
|
|
or a message in the thread’s mailbox. The first argument to <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=sync.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._sync%252Ftimeout%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">sync/timeout</a></span>
|
||
|
|
specifies the maximum number of seconds it should wait on the given events. The
|
||
|
|
<span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=port-lib.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fport..rkt%2529._read-line-evt%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">read-line-evt</a></span> function returns an event that is ready when a line of input is
|
||
|
|
available in the given input port. The result of <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=threads.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._thread-receive-evt%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">thread-receive-evt</a></span> is ready when
|
||
|
|
<span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=threads.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._thread-receive%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">thread-receive</a></span> would not block. In a real application, the messages
|
||
|
|
received in the thread mailbox could be used for control messages, etc.</p><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=define.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._define%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym">serve</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=sequences.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._in-port%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">in-port</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">out-port</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=let.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fletstx-scheme..rkt%2529._let%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">let</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">loop</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">[</span><span class="RktPn">]</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=define.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._define%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">evt</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=sync.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._sync%252Ftimeout%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">sync/timeout</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">2</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=port-lib.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fport..rkt%2529._read-line-evt%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">read-line-evt</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=sequences.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._in-port%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">in-port</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">'</span><span class="RktVal">any</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=threads.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._thread-receive-evt%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">thread-receive-evt</a></span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></
|
||
|
|
starts a server thread and a client thread that communicate over TCP. The
|
||
|
|
client prints three lines to the server, which echoes them back. The client’s
|
||
|
|
<span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=port-lib.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fport..rkt%2529._copy-port%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">copy-port</a></span> call blocks until EOF is received. The server times out after
|
||
|
|
two seconds, closing the ports, which allows <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=port-lib.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fport..rkt%2529._copy-port%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">copy-port</a></span> to finish and the
|
||
|
|
client to exit. The main thread uses <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=threads.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._thread-wait%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">thread-wait</a></span> to wait for the
|
||
|
|
client thread to exit (since, without <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=threads.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._thread-wait%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">thread-wait</a></span>, the main thread might
|
||
|
|
exit before the other threads are finished).</p><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=define.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._define%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">port-num</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">4321</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=define.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._define%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym">start-server</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=define.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._define%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">listener</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=tcp.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Ftcp..rkt%2529._tcp-listen%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">tcp-listen</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">port-num</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=threads.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._thread%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">thread</a></span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=lambda.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._lambda%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">lambda</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=define.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._define-values%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define-values</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">[</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=sequences.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._in-port%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">in-port</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">out-port</span><span class="RktPn">]</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=tcp.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Ftcp..rkt%2529._tcp-accept%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">tcp-accept</a></span><
|
||
|
|
<span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=sync.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._sync%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">sync</a></span>. In the following example, the worker thread synchronizes on three
|
||
|
|
channels, but each channel must be handled differently. Using
|
||
|
|
<span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=sync.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._handle-evt%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">handle-evt</a></span> associates a callback with the given event. When
|
||
|
|
<span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=sync.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._sync%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">sync</a></span> selects the given event, it calls the callback to generate the
|
||
|
|
synchronization result, rather than using the event’s normal synchronization
|
||
|
|
result. Since the event is handled in the callback, there is no need to
|
||
|
|
dispatch on the return value of <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=sync.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._sync%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">sync</a></span>.</p><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=define.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._define%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">add-channel</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=channel.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._make-channel%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">make-channel</a></span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=define.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._define%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">multiply-channel</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=channel.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._make-channel%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">make-channel</a></span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=define.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._define%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">append-channel</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=channel.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._make-channel%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">make-channel</a></span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=define.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._define%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym">work</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=let.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fletstx-scheme..rkt%2529._let%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">let</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">loop</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/relea
|
||
|
|
with respect to <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=sync.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._sync%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">sync</a></span>, so it is safe to
|
||
|
|
use recursion as in the following example.</p><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=define.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._define%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">control-channel</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=channel.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._make-channel%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">make-channel</a></span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=define.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._define%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">add-channel</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=channel.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._make-channel%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">make-channel</a></span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=define.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._define%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">subtract-channel</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=channel.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._make-channel%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">make-channel</a></span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=define.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._define%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym">work</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">state</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=Writing.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._printf%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">printf</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">"Current state: ~a~n"</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">state</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=sync.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._sync%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">sync</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="
|
||
|
|
that its handler is not called in tail position with respect to
|
||
|
|
<span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=sync.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._sync%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">sync</a></span>. At the same time, <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=sync.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._wrap-evt%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">wrap-evt</a></span> disables break
|
||
|
|
exceptions during its handler’s invocation.</p><h4 x-source-module="(lib "scribblings/guide/guide.scrbl")" x-source-pkg="racket-doc" x-part-tag=""Building_Your_Own_Synchronization_Patterns"">18.7<tt> </tt><a name="(part._.Building_.Your_.Own_.Synchronization_.Patterns)"></a>Building Your Own Synchronization Patterns</h4><p>Events also allow you to encode many different communication
|
||
|
|
patterns between multiple concurrent parts of a program. One
|
||
|
|
common such pattern is producer-consumer. Here is a way to
|
||
|
|
implement a variation on it using the above ideas. Generally
|
||
|
|
speaking, these communication patterns are implemented via
|
||
|
|
a server loop that uses <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=sync.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._sync%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">sync</a></span> to wait for any
|
||
|
|
number of different possibilities to occur and then
|
||
|
|
reacts to them, updating some local state.</p><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=attaching-contracts-to-values.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fregion..rkt%2529._define%252Fcontract%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define/contract</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym">produce</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">x</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=function-contracts.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fbase..rkt%2529._-%7E3e%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="nobreak">-></span></a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=data-structure-contracts.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fprivate%252Fmisc..rkt%2529._any%252Fc%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">any/c</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=void.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._void%7E3f%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">void?</a></span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=channel.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fmisc..rkt%2529._channel-put%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">channel-put</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">producer-chan</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">x</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr></table></td></tr><tr><td><p> </p></td></tr><tr><td><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=attaching-contracts-to-values.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fregion..rkt%2529._define%252Fcontract%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define/contract</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym">consume</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=function-contracts.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fbase..rkt%2529._-%7E3e%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="nobreak">-></span></a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=data-structure-contracts.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fprivate%252Fmisc..rkt%2529._any%252Fc%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">any/c</a></span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/i
|
||
|
|
a silly example where we extend the producer consumer with an operation
|
||
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to wait until at least a certain number of items have been produced.</p><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=attaching-contracts-to-values.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fregion..rkt%2529._define%252Fcontract%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define/contract</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym">produce</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">x</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=function-contracts.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fbase..rkt%2529._-%7E3e%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="nobreak">-></span></a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=data-structure-contracts.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fprivate%252Fmisc..rkt%2529._any%252Fc%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">any/c</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=void.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._void%7E3f%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">void?</a></span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=channel.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fmisc..rkt%2529._channel-put%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">channel-put</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">producer-chan</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">x</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=attaching-contracts-to-values.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fregion..rkt%2529._define%252Fcontract%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define/contract</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym">consume</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=function-contracts.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fbase..rkt%2529._-%7E3e%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="nobreak">-></span></a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=data-structure-contracts.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fprivate%252Fmisc..rkt%2529._any%252Fc%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">any/c</a></span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=c
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