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<meta name="description" content="This guide is intended to help you the Clojure Contrib JDBC wrapper: clojure.java.jdbcA modern JDBC wrapper has since been written (by the same author/maintainer) -- read about next.jdbc on cljdoc.org">
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<h2>java.jdbc - Getting Started</h2>
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<p>This guide is intended to help you the Clojure Contrib JDBC wrapper: <code>clojure.java.jdbc</code></p><p><strong>A modern JDBC wrapper has since been written (by the same author/maintainer) -- read about <a href="https://clojure-doc.org/articles/ecosystem/java_jdbc/home/cljdoc.org/d/com.github.seancorfield/next.jdbc/"><code>next.jdbc</code> on cljdoc.org</a></strong></p><h2 id="contents">Contents</h2><ul><li><a href="home.html">Overview</a></li><li><a href="using_sql.html">Using SQL</a></li><li><a href="using_ddl.html">Using DDL</a></li><li><a href="reusing_connections.html">Reusing Connections</a></li></ul><h2 id="overview">Overview</h2><p><code>java.jdbc</code> is intended to be a low-level Clojure wrapper around various Java
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JDBC drivers and supports a wide range of databases. The <a href="https://github.com/clojure/java.jdbc/"><code>java.jdbc</code> source is
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on GitHub</a> and there is a dedicated <a href="https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/clojure-java-jdbc">java.jdbc mailing
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list</a>. The detailed <a href="http://clojure.github.io/java.jdbc/"><code>java.jdbc</code> reference</a> is
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automatically generated from the <code>java.jdbc</code> source.</p><p>Generally, when using <code>java.jdbc</code>, you will set up a data source as a "database
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spec" and pass that to the various CRUD (create, read, update, delete)
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functions that <code>java.jdbc</code> provides. These operations are detailed within the
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<a href="using_sql.html">Using SQL</a> page, but a quick overview is provided by the
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walkthrough below.</p><p>By default, each operation opens a connection and executes the SQL inside a
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transaction. You can also run multiple operations against the same connection,
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either within a transaction or via connection pooling, or just with a shared
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connection. You can read more about reusing connections on the <a href="reusing_connections.html">Reusing
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Connections</a> page.</p><h2 id="higher-level-dsl-and-migration-libraries">Higher-level DSL and migration libraries</h2><p>If you need more abstraction than the <code>java.jdbc</code> wrapper provides, you may want
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to consider using a library that provides a DSL. All of the following libraries
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are built on top of <code>java.jdbc</code> and provide such abstraction:</p><ul><li><a href="https://github.com/jkk/honeysql">HoneySQL</a></li><li><a href="https://github.com/r0man/sqlingvo">SQLingvo</a></li><li><a href="http://sqlkorma.com">Korma</a></li><li><a href="https://github.com/walkable-server/walkable">Walkable</a></li></ul><p>In particular, <a href="http://sqlkorma.com">Korma</a> goes beyond a SQL DSL to provide "entities" and
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"relationships" (in the style of classical Object-Relational Mappers, but
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without the pain).</p><p>Another common need with SQL is for database migration libraries. Some of the
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more popular options are:</p><ul><li><a href="https://github.com/macourtney/drift">Drift</a></li><li><a href="https://github.com/pjstadig/migratus">Migratus</a></li><li><a href="https://github.com/weavejester/ragtime">Ragtime</a></li></ul><h2 id="a-brief-javajdbc-walkthrough">A brief <code>java.jdbc</code> walkthrough</h2><h3 id="setting-up-a-data-source">Setting up a data source</h3><p>A "database spec" is a Clojure map that specifies how to access the data
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source. Most commonly, you specify the database type, the database name,
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and the username and password. For example,</p><pre><code class="clojure">(def db-spec
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{:dbtype "mysql"
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:dbname "mydb"
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:user "myaccount"
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:password "secret"})
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</code></pre><p>See <a href="home.html#database-support"><strong>Database Support</strong></a> below for a complete list of
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databases and drivers supported by <code>java.jdbc</code> out of the box.</p><h3 id="a-hello-world-query">A "Hello World" Query</h3><p>Querying the database can be as simple as:</p><pre><code class="clojure">(ns dbexample
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(:require [clojure.java.jdbc :as jdbc]))
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(def db-spec ... ) ;; see above
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(jdbc/query db-spec ["SELECT 3*5 AS result"])
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=> {:result 15}
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</code></pre><p>Of course, we will want to do more with our database than have it perform
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simple calculations. Once we can successfully connect to it, we will likely
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want to create tables and manipulate data.</p><h3 id="creating-tables">Creating tables</h3><p><code>java.jdbc</code> provides <code>create-table-ddl</code> and <code>drop-table-ddl</code> to generate basic
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<code>CREATE TABLE</code> and <code>DROP TABLE</code> DDL strings. Anything beyond that can be
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constructed manually as a string.</p><pre><code class="clojure">(ns dbexample
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(:require [clojure.java.jdbc :as jdbc]))
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(def db-spec ... ) ;; see above
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(def fruit-table-ddl
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(jdbc/create-table-ddl :fruit
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[[:name "varchar(32)"]
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[:appearance "varchar(32)"]
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[:cost :int]
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[:grade :real]]))
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</code></pre><p>We can use the function <code>db-do-commands</code> to create our table and indexes in a
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single transaction:</p><pre><code class="clojure">(jdbc/db-do-commands db-spec
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[fruit-table-ddl
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"CREATE INDEX name_ix ON fruit ( name );"])
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</code></pre><p>For more details on DDL functionality within <code>java.jdbc</code>, see the <a href="using_ddl.html">Using DDL and
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Metadata Guide</a>.</p><h3 id="querying-the-database">Querying the database</h3><p>The four basic CRUD operations <code>java.jdbc</code> provides are:</p><pre><code class="clojure">(jdbc/insert! db-spec :table {:col1 42 :col2 "123"}) ;; Create
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(jdbc/query db-spec ["SELECT * FROM table WHERE id = ?" 13]) ;; Read
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(jdbc/update! db-spec :table {:col1 77 :col2 "456"} ["id = ?" 13]) ;; Update
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(jdbc/delete! db-spec :table ["id = ?" 13]) ;; Delete
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</code></pre><p>The table name can be specified as a string or a keyword.</p><p><code>insert!</code> takes a single record in hash map form to insert. <code>insert!</code> can also
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take a vector of column names (as strings or keywords), followed by a vector of
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column values to insert into those respective columns, much like an <code>INSERT</code>
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statement in SQL. Entries in the map that have the value <code>nil</code> will cause
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<code>NULL</code> values to be inserted into the corresponding columns.</p><p>If you wish to insert multiple rows (in hash map form) at once, you can use
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<code>insert-multi!</code>; however, <code>insert-multi!</code> will write a separate insertion
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statement for each row, so it is suggested you use the column-based form of
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<code>insert-multi!</code> over the row-based form. Passing multiple column values to
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<code>insert-multi!</code> will generate a single batched insertion statement and yield
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better performance.</p><p><code>query</code> allows us to run selection queries on the database. Since you provide
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the query string directly, you have as much flexibility as you like to perform
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complex queries.</p><p><code>update!</code> takes a map of columns to update, with their new values, and a SQL
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clause used to select which rows to update (prepended by <code>WHERE</code> in the
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generated SQL). As with <code>insert!</code>, <code>nil</code> values in the map cause the
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corresponding columns to be set to <code>NULL</code>.</p><p><code>delete!</code> takes a SQL clause used to select which rows to delete, similar to
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<code>update!</code>.</p><p>By default, the table name and column names are converted to strings
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corresponding to the keyword names in the underlying SQL. We can control how we
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transform keywords into SQL names using an optional <code>:entities</code> argument which
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is described in more detail in the <a href="using_sql.html">Using SQL</a> section.</p><h3 id="dropping-our-tables">Dropping our tables</h3><p>To clean out the database from our example, we can generate a the command to
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drop the fruit table:</p><pre><code class="clojure">(def drop-fruit-table-ddl (jdbc/drop-table-ddl :fruit))
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</code></pre><p>Ensure you tear down your tables and indexes in the opposite order of creation:</p><pre><code class="clojure">(jdbc/db-do-commands db-spec
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["DROP INDEX name_ix;"
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drop-fruit-table-ddl])
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</code></pre><p>These are all the commands we need to write a simple migration for our database!</p><h2 id="database-support">Database Support</h2><p>Out of the box, <code>java.jdbc</code> understands the following <code>:dbtype</code> values (with
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their default class names):</p><ul><li><code>"derby"</code> - <code>org.apache.derby.jdbc.EmbeddedDriver</code></li><li><code>"h2"</code> - <code>org.h2.Driver</code></li><li><code>"h2:mem"</code> - <code>org.h2.Driver</code></li><li><code>"hsqldb"</code> or <code>"hsql"</code> - <code>org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver</code></li><li><code>"jtds:sqlserver"</code> or <code>"jtds"</code> - <code>net.sourceforge.jtds.jdbc.Driver</code></li><li><code>"mysql"</code> - <code>com.mysql.jdbc.Driver</code></li><li><code>"oracle:oci"</code> - <code>oracle.jdbc.OracleDriver</code></li><li><code>"oracle:thin"</code> or <code>"oracle"</code> - <code>oracle.jdbc.OracleDriver</code></li><li><code>"postgresql"</code> or <code>"postgres"</code> - <code>org.postgresql.Driver</code></li><li><code>"pgsql"</code> - <code>com.impossibl.postgres.jdbc.PGDriver</code></li><li><code>"redshift"</code> - <code>com.amazon.redshift.jdbc.Driver</code></li><li><code>"sqlite"</code> - <code>org.sqlite.JDBC</code></li><li><code>"sqlserver"</code> - <code>"mssql"</code> - <code>com.microsoft.sqlserver.jdbc.SQLServerDriver</code></li></ul><p>You must specify the appropriate JDBC driver dependency in your project -- these
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drivers are not included with <code>java.jdbc</code>.</p><p>You can overide the default class name by specifying <code>:classname</code> as well as
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<code>:dbtype</code>.</p><p>For databases that require a hostname or IP address, <code>java.jdbc</code> assumes
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<code>"127.0.0.1"</code> but that can be overidden with the <code>:host</code> option.</p><p>For databases that require a port, <code>java.jdbc</code> has the following defaults,
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which can be overridden with the <code>:port</code> option:</p><ul><li>Microsoft SQL Server - 1433</li><li>MySQL - 3306</li><li>Oracle - 1521</li><li>PostgreSQL - 5432</li></ul><p>Some databases require a different format for the "database spec". Here is an example
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that was required for an in-memory <a href="http://www.h2database.com">H2 database</a> prior
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to <code>java.jdbc</code> release 0.7.6:</p><pre><code class="clojure">(def db-spec
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{:classname "org.h2.Driver"
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:subprotocol "h2:mem" ; the prefix `jdbc:` is added automatically
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:subname "demo;DB_CLOSE_DELAY=-1" ; `;DB_CLOSE_DELAY=-1` very important!!!
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; http://www.h2database.com/html/features.html#in_memory_databases
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:user "sa" ; default "system admin" user
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:password "" ; default password => empty string
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})
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</code></pre><p>This is the most general form of database spec, that allows you to control each
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piece of the JDBC connection URL that would be created.</p><p>Note: as of <code>java.jdbc</code> 0.7.6, in-memory H2 databases are supported directly
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via the simple spec form:</p><pre><code class="clojure">(def db-spec
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{:dbtype "h2:mem"
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:dbname "mydb"})
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</code></pre><p>For file-based databases, such as H2, Derby, SQLite etc, the <code>:dbname</code> will
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specify the filename:</p><pre><code class="clojure">(def db-spec
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{:dbtype "h2"
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:dbname "/path/to/my/database"})
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</code></pre><h2 id="more-detailed-javajdbc-documentation">More detailed <code>java.jdbc</code> documentation</h2><ul><li><a href="using_sql.html">Using SQL:</a> a more detailed guide on using SQL with <code>java.jdbc</code></li><li><a href="using_ddl.html">Using DDL:</a> how to create your tables using the <code>java.jdbc</code> DDL</li><li><a href="reusing_connections.html">Reusing Connections:</a> how to reuse your database
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connections</li></ul>
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<a href="../../cookbooks/middleware/index.html">« Middleware in Clojure</a>
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<a href="using_sql.html">java.jdbc - Manipulating data with SQL »</a>
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