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<html><head><meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=0.8"/><title>16.2.5&nbsp;Compile and Run-Time Phases</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../scribble.css" title="default"/><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../racket.css" title="default"/><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../manual-style.css" title="default"/><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../manual-racket.css" title="default"/><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../manual-racket.css" title="default"/><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../doc-site.css" title="default"/><script type="text/javascript" src="../scribble-common.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../manual-racket.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../manual-racket.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../doc-site.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../local-redirect/local-redirect.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../local-redirect/local-user-redirect.js"></script><!--[if IE 6]><style type="text/css">.SIEHidden { overflow: hidden; }</style><![endif]--></head><body id="doc-racket-lang-org"><div class="tocset"><div class="tocview"><div class="tocviewlist tocviewlisttopspace"><div class="tocviewtitle"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td style="width: 1em;"><a href="javascript:void(0);" title="Expand/Collapse" class="tocviewtoggle" onclick="TocviewToggle(this,&quot;tocview_0&quot;);">&#9658;</a></td><td></td><td><a href="index.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">The Racket Guide</a></td></tr></table></div><div class="tocviewsublisttop" style="display: none;" id="tocview_0"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td align="right">1&nbsp;</td><td><a href="intro.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Welcome to Racket</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">2&nbsp;</td><td><a href="to-scheme.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Racket Essentials</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">3&nbsp;</td><td><a href="datatypes.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Built-<wbr></wbr>In Datatypes</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">4&nbsp;</td><td><a href="scheme-forms.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Expressions and Definitions</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">5&nbsp;</td><td><a href="define-struct.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Programmer-<wbr></wbr>Defined Datatypes</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">6&nbsp;</td><td><a href="modules.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Modules</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">7&nbsp;</td><td><a href="contracts.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Contracts</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">8&nbsp;</td><td><a href="i_o.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Input and Output</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">9&nbsp;</td><td><a href="regexp.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Regular Expressions</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">10&nbsp;</td><td><a href="control.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Exceptions and Control</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">11&nbsp;</td><td><a href="for.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Iterations and Comprehensions</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">12&nbsp;</td><td><a href="match.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Pattern Matching</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">13&nbsp;</td><td><a href="classes.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Classes and Objects</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">14&nbsp;</td><td><a href="units.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Units</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">15&nbsp;</td><td><a href="reflection.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Reflection and Dynamic Evaluation</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">16&nbsp;</td><td><a href="macros.html" class="tocviewselflink" data-pltdoc="x">Macros</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">17&nbsp;</td><td><a href="languages.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Creating Languages</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">18&nbsp;</td><td><a href="concurrency.html" cl
your own helper functions, like
<span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=stxops.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fstxcase-scheme..rkt%2529._generate-temporaries%2529%2529&amp;version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">generate-temporaries</a></span>. For example, to provide good
syntax error messages, <span class="RktSym">swap</span>, <span class="RktSym">rotate</span>, and
<span class="RktSym">define-cbr</span> all should check that certain sub-forms in
the source form are identifiers. We could use a
<span class="RktSym">check-ids</span> function to perform this checking everywhere:</p><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=define.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._define-syntax%2529%2529&amp;version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define-syntax</a></span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym">swap</span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktSym">stx</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=stx-patterns.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fstxcase-scheme..rkt%2529._syntax-case%2529%2529&amp;version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">syntax-case</a></span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktSym">stx</span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="RktPn">[</span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym">swap</span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktSym">x</span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktSym">y</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=begin.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._begin%2529%2529&amp;version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">begin</a></span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym">check-ids</span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktSym">stx</span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktRdr">#'</span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym">x</span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktSym">y</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="RktRdr">#'</span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=let.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fletstx-scheme..rkt%2529._let%2529%2529&amp;version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">let</a></span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktPn">[</span><span class="RktSym">tmp</span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktSym">x</span><span class="RktPn">]</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=set_.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._set%2521%2529%2529&amp;version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">set!</a></span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktSym">x</span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktSym">y</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lan
function to convert a syntax-object wrapping a list into a list
of syntax objects:</p><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=define.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._define%2529%2529&amp;version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define</a></span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym">check-ids</span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktSym">stx</span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktSym">forms</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=pairs.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fmap..rkt%2529._for-each%2529%2529&amp;version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">for-each</a></span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=lambda.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._lambda%2529%2529&amp;version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">lambda</a></span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym">form</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=when_unless.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fletstx-scheme..rkt%2529._unless%2529%2529&amp;version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">unless</a></span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=stxops.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fstx..rkt%2529._identifier%7E3f%2529%2529&amp;version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">identifier?</a></span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktSym">form</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=exns.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._raise-syntax-error%2529%2529&amp;version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">raise-syntax-error</a></span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktVal">#f</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="RktVal">"not an identifier"</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="RktSym">stx</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="RktSym">form</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=stxops.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._syntax-%7E3elist%2529%2529&a
however, it doesn&rsquo;t work:</p><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><span class="stt">&gt; </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=let.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fletstx-scheme..rkt%2529._let%2529%2529&amp;version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">let</a></span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktPn">[</span><span class="RktSym">a</span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktVal">1</span><span class="RktPn">]</span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktPn">[</span><span class="RktSym">b</span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktVal">2</span><span class="RktPn">]</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym">swap</span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktSym">a</span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktSym">b</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktErr">check-ids: undefined;</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktErr"></span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktErr">cannot reference an identifier before its definition</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktErr"></span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="RktErr">in module: top-level</span></p></td></tr></table></blockquote><p>The problem is that <span class="RktSym">check-ids</span> is defined as a run-time
expression, but <span class="RktSym">swap</span> is trying to use it at compile time. In
interactive mode, compile time and run time are interleaved, but they
are not interleaved within the body of a module, and they are not
interleaved across modules that are compiled ahead-of-time. To help
make all of these modes treat code consistently, Racket separates the
binding spaces for different phases.</p><p>To define a <span class="RktSym">check-ids</span> function that can be referenced at
compile time, use <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=begin.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._begin-for-syntax%2529%2529&amp;version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">begin-for-syntax</a></span>:</p><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=begin.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._begin-for-syntax%2529%2529&amp;version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">begin-for-syntax</a></span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=define.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._define%2529%2529&amp;version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define</a></span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym">check-ids</span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktSym">stx</span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktSym">forms</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=pairs.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fmap..rkt%2529._for-each%2529%2529&amp;version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">for-each</a></span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=lambda.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._lambda%2529%2529&amp;version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">lambda</a></span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym">form</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=when_unless.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fletstx-scheme..rkt%2529._unless%2529%2529&amp;version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">unless</a></span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=stxops.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fstx..rkt%2529._identifier%7E3f%2529%2529&amp;version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">identifier?</a></span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktSym">form</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=exns.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._raise-syntax-error%2529%2529&amp;version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">raise-syntax-error</a></span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktVal">#f</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="RktVal">"not an identifier"</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nb
functions in one module to be used by macros that reside on other
modules. In that case, you can write the helper function using
<span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=define.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._define%2529%2529&amp;version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define</a></span>:</p><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><blockquote class="Rfilebox"><p class="Rfiletitle"><span class="Rfilename"><span class="stt">"utils.rkt"</span></span></p><blockquote class="Rfilecontent"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><a href="Module_Syntax.html#%28part._hash-lang%29" class="RktModLink" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="RktMod">#lang</span></a><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=index.html&amp;version=8.6" class="RktModLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="RktSym">racket</span></a></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._provide%2529%2529&amp;version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">provide</a></span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktSym">check-ids</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=define.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._define%2529%2529&amp;version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define</a></span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym">check-ids</span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktSym">stx</span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktSym">forms</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=pairs.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fmap..rkt%2529._for-each%2529%2529&amp;version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">for-each</a></span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=lambda.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._lambda%2529%2529&amp;version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">lambda</a></span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym">form</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=when_unless.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fletstx-scheme..rkt%2529._unless%2529%2529&amp;version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">unless</a></span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=stxops.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fstx..rkt%2529._identifier%7E3f%2529%2529&amp;version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">identifier?</a></span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktSym">form</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=exns.html%23%25
using <span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._require%2529%2529&amp;version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">require</a></span><span class="stt"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._for-syntax%2529%2529&amp;version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">for-syntax</a></span><span class="stt"> </span><span class="RktVal">"utils.rkt"</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span> instead of
<span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._require%2529%2529&amp;version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">require</a></span><span class="stt"> </span><span class="RktVal">"utils.rkt"</span><span class="RktPn">)</span>:</p><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><a href="Module_Syntax.html#%28part._hash-lang%29" class="RktModLink" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="RktMod">#lang</span></a><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=index.html&amp;version=8.6" class="RktModLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="RktSym">racket</span></a></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._require%2529%2529&amp;version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">require</a></span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._for-syntax%2529%2529&amp;version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">for-syntax</a></span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktVal">"utils.rkt"</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=define.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._define-syntax%2529%2529&amp;version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define-syntax</a></span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym">swap</span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktSym">stx</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=stx-patterns.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fstxcase-scheme..rkt%2529._syntax-case%2529%2529&amp;version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">syntax-case</a></span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktSym">stx</span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="RktPn">[</span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym">swap</span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktSym">x</span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktSym">y</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=begin.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._begin%2529%2529&amp;version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">begin</a></span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym">check-ids</span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktSym">stx</span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktRdr">#'</span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym">x</span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktSym">y</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span clas
dependencies, the <span class="stt">"utils.rkt"</span> module&rsquo;s run-time body can be
compiled before compiling the module that implements
<span class="RktSym">swap</span>. Thus, the run-time definitions in
<span class="stt">"utils.rkt"</span> can be used to implement <span class="RktSym">swap</span>, as long
as they are explicitly shifted into compile time by <span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._require%2529%2529&amp;version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">require</a></span><span class="stt"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._for-syntax%2529%2529&amp;version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">for-syntax</a></span><span class="stt"> </span><span class="RktSym">....</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span>.</p><p>The <a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=index.html&amp;version=8.6" class="RktModLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="RktSym">racket</span></a> module provides <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=stx-patterns.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fstxcase-scheme..rkt%2529._syntax-case%2529%2529&amp;version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">syntax-case</a></span>,
<span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=stxops.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fstxcase-scheme..rkt%2529._generate-temporaries%2529%2529&amp;version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">generate-temporaries</a></span>, <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=lambda.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._lambda%2529%2529&amp;version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">lambda</a></span>, <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=if.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._if%2529%2529&amp;version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">if</a></span>, and more
for use in both the run-time and compile-time phases. That is why we
can use <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=stx-patterns.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fstxcase-scheme..rkt%2529._syntax-case%2529%2529&amp;version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">syntax-case</a></span> in the <span class="stt">racket</span> <a href="intro.html#%28tech._repl%29" class="techoutside" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="techinside">REPL</span></a> both
directly and in the right-hand side of a <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=define.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._define-syntax%2529%2529&amp;version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define-syntax</a></span>
form.</p><p>The <a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=index.html&amp;version=8.6" class="RktModLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="RktSym">racket/base</span></a> module, in contrast, exports those
bindings only in the run-time phase. If you change the module above
that defines <span class="RktSym">swap</span> so that it uses the
<a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=index.html&amp;version=8.6" class="RktModLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="RktSym">racket/base</span></a> language instead of
<a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=index.html&amp;version=8.6" class="RktModLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="RktSym">racket</span></a>, then it no longer works. Adding
<span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._require%2529%2529&amp;version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">require</a></span><span class="stt"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._for-syntax%2529%2529&amp;version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">for-syntax</a></span><span class="stt"> </span><span class="RktSym">racket/base</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span> imports
<span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=stx-patterns.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fstxcase-scheme..rkt%2529._syntax-case%2529%2529&amp;version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">syntax-case</a></span> and more into the compile-time phase, so that the
module works again.</p><p>Suppose that <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=define.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._define-syntax%2529%2529&amp;version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define-syntax</a></span> is used to define a local macro in
the right-hand side of a <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=define.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._define-syntax%2529%2529&amp;version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define-syntax</a></span> form. In that case,
the right-hand side of the inner <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=define.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._define-syntax%2529%2529&amp;version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define-syntax</a></span> is in the
<a name="(tech._meta._compile._phase._level)"></a><span style="font-style: italic">meta-compile phase level</span>, also known as <a name="(tech._phase._level._2)"></a><span style="font-style: italic">phase level
2</span>. To import <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=stx-patterns.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fstxcase-scheme..rkt%2529._syntax-case%2529%2529&amp;version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">syntax-case</a></span> into that phase level, you would
have to use <span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._require%2529%2529&amp;version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">require</a></span><span class="stt"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._for-syntax%2529%2529&amp;version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">for-syntax</a></span><span class="stt"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._for-syntax%2529%2529&amp;version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">for-syntax</a></span><span class="stt"> </span><span class="RktSym">racket/base</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span>
or, equivalently, <span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._require%2529%2529&amp;version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">require</a></span><span class="stt"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._for-meta%2529%2529&amp;version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">for-meta</a></span><span class="stt"> </span><span class="RktVal">2</span><span class="stt"> </span><span class="RktSym">racket/base</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span>. For example,</p><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><a href="Module_Syntax.html#%28part._hash-lang%29" class="RktModLink" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="RktMod">#lang</span></a><span class="RktMeta"></span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktMeta"></span><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=index.html&amp;version=8.6" class="RktModLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="RktSym">racket/base</span></a><span class="RktMeta"></span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="RktMeta"></span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._require%2529%2529&amp;version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">require</a></span><span class="RktMeta"></span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="RktMeta"></span><span class="RktCmt">;;</span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktCmt">This</span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktCmt">provides</span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktCmt">the</span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktCmt">bindings</span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktCmt">for</span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktCmt">the</span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktCmt">definition</span><span class="RktMeta"></span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="RktMeta"></span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="RktMeta"></span><span class="RktCmt">;;</span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktCmt">of</span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktCmt">shell-game.</span><span class="RktMeta"></span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="RktMeta"></span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="RktMeta"></span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._for-syntax%2529%2529&amp;version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">for-syntax</a></span><span class="RktMeta"></span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktMeta"></span><span class="RktSym">racket/base</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktMeta"></span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="RktMeta">&#160;</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="RktMeta"></span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="RktMeta"></span><span class="RktCmt">;;</span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktCmt">And</span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktCmt">this</span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktCmt">for</span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktCmt">the</span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktCmt">definition</span><span class="hspace
that is imported <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._for-syntax%2529%2529&amp;version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">for-syntax</a></span>, and if the helper function
returns syntax-object constants generated by <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=stx-patterns.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fstxcase-scheme..rkt%2529._syntax%2529%2529&amp;version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">syntax</a></span>, then
identifiers in the syntax will need bindings at <a name="(tech._phase._level._1)"></a><span style="font-style: italic">phase level
-1</span>, also known as the <a name="(tech._template._phase._level)"></a><span style="font-style: italic">template phase level</span>, to have any
binding at the run-time phase level relative to the module that
defines the macro.</p><p>For instance, the <span class="RktSym">swap-stx</span> helper function in the example below
is not a syntax transformer&#8212;<wbr></wbr>it&rsquo;s just an ordinary function&#8212;<wbr></wbr>but it
produces syntax objects that get spliced into the result of
<span class="RktSym">shell-game</span>. Therefore, its containing <span class="RktSym">helper</span> submodule
needs to be imported at <span class="RktSym">shell-game</span>&rsquo;s phase 1 with
<span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._require%2529%2529&amp;version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">require</a></span><span class="stt"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._for-syntax%2529%2529&amp;version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">for-syntax</a></span><span class="stt"> </span><span class="RktVal">'</span><span class="RktVal">helper</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span>.</p><p>But from the perspective of <span class="RktSym">swap-stx</span>, its results will ultimately
be evaluated at phase level -1, when the syntax
returned by <span class="RktSym">shell-game</span> is evaluated. In other words, a negative phase
level is a positive phase level from the opposite direction:
<span class="RktSym">shell-game</span>&rsquo;s phase 1 is <span class="RktSym">swap-stx</span>&rsquo;s phase 0, so
<span class="RktSym">shell-game</span>&rsquo;s phase 0 is <span class="RktSym">swap-stx</span>&rsquo;s phase -1.
And that&rsquo;s why this example won&rsquo;t work&#8212;<wbr></wbr>the <span class="RktVal">'</span><span class="RktVal">helper</span> submodule
has no bindings at phase -1.</p><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><a href="Module_Syntax.html#%28part._hash-lang%29" class="RktModLink" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="RktMod">#lang</span></a><span class="RktMeta"></span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktMeta"></span><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=index.html&amp;version=8.6" class="RktModLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="RktSym">racket/base</span></a><span class="RktMeta"></span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="RktMeta"></span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._require%2529%2529&amp;version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">require</a></span><span class="RktMeta"></span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktMeta"></span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._for-syntax%2529%2529&amp;version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">for-syntax</a></span><span class="RktMeta"></span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktMeta"></span><span class="RktSym">racket/base</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktMeta"></span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="RktMeta">&#160;</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="RktMeta"></span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=module.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._module%2529%2529&amp;version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">module</a></span><span class="RktMeta"></span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktMeta"></span><span class="RktSym">helper</span><span class="RktMeta"></span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktMeta"></span><span class="RktSym">racket/base</span><span class="RktMeta"></span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="RktMeta"></span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="RktMeta"></span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._provide%2529%2529&amp;version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">provide</a></span><span class="RktMeta"></span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktMeta"></span><span class="RktSym">swap-stx</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktMeta"></span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="RktMeta"></span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="RktMeta"></span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=define.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._define%2529%2529&amp;version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define</a></span><span class="RktMeta"></span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktMeta"></span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym">swap-stx</span><span class="RktMeta"></span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktMeta"></span><span class="RktSym">a-stx</span><span class="RktMeta"></span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktMeta"></span><span class="RktSym">b-stx</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktMeta"></span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="RktMeta"></span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="RktMeta"></span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=stx-patterns.
to the <span class="RktVal">'</span><span class="RktVal">helper</span> submodule.</p><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><a href="Module_Syntax.html#%28part._hash-lang%29" class="RktModLink" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="RktMod">#lang</span></a><span class="RktMeta"></span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktMeta"></span><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=index.html&amp;version=8.6" class="RktModLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="RktSym">racket/base</span></a><span class="RktMeta"></span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="RktMeta"></span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._require%2529%2529&amp;version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">require</a></span><span class="RktMeta"></span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktMeta"></span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._for-syntax%2529%2529&amp;version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">for-syntax</a></span><span class="RktMeta"></span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktMeta"></span><span class="RktSym">racket/base</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktMeta"></span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="RktMeta">&#160;</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="RktMeta"></span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=module.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._module%2529%2529&amp;version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">module</a></span><span class="RktMeta"></span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktMeta"></span><span class="RktSym">helper</span><span class="RktMeta"></span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktMeta"></span><span class="RktSym">racket/base</span><span class="RktMeta"></span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="RktMeta"></span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="RktMeta"></span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._require%2529%2529&amp;version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">require</a></span><span class="RktMeta"></span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktMeta"></span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._for-template%2529%2529&amp;version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">for-template</a></span><span class="RktMeta"></span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktMeta"></span><span class="RktSym">racket/base</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktMeta"></span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktMeta"></span><span class="RktCmt">;</span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktCmt">binds</span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktCmt">`let`</span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktCmt">and</span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktCmt">`set!`</span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktCmt">at</span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktCmt">phase</span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktCmt">-1</span><span class="RktMeta"></span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="RktMeta"></span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;&n