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<html><head><meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=0.8"/><title>7.7 Additional Examples</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../scribble.css" title="default"/><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../racket.css" title="default"/><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../manual-style.css" title="default"/><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../manual-racket.css" title="default"/><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../manual-racket.css" title="default"/><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../doc-site.css" title="default"/><script type="text/javascript" src="../scribble-common.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../manual-racket.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../manual-racket.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../doc-site.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../local-redirect/local-redirect.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../local-redirect/local-user-redirect.js"></script><!--[if IE 6]><style type="text/css">.SIEHidden { overflow: hidden; }</style><![endif]--></head><body id="doc-racket-lang-org"><div class="tocset"><div class="tocview"><div class="tocviewlist tocviewlisttopspace"><div class="tocviewtitle"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td style="width: 1em;"><a href="javascript:void(0);" title="Expand/Collapse" class="tocviewtoggle" onclick="TocviewToggle(this,"tocview_0");">►</a></td><td></td><td><a href="index.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">The Racket Guide</a></td></tr></table></div><div class="tocviewsublisttop" style="display: none;" id="tocview_0"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td align="right">1 </td><td><a href="intro.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Welcome to Racket</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">2 </td><td><a href="to-scheme.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Racket Essentials</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">3 </td><td><a href="datatypes.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Built-<wbr></wbr>In Datatypes</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">4 </td><td><a href="scheme-forms.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Expressions and Definitions</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">5 </td><td><a href="define-struct.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Programmer-<wbr></wbr>Defined Datatypes</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">6 </td><td><a href="modules.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Modules</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">7 </td><td><a href="contracts.html" class="tocviewselflink" data-pltdoc="x">Contracts</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">8 </td><td><a href="i_o.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Input and Output</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">9 </td><td><a href="regexp.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Regular Expressions</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">10 </td><td><a href="control.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Exceptions and Control</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">11 </td><td><a href="for.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Iterations and Comprehensions</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">12 </td><td><a href="match.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Pattern Matching</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">13 </td><td><a href="classes.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Classes and Objects</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">14 </td><td><a href="units.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Units</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">15 </td><td><a href="reflection.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Reflection and Dynamic Evaluation</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">16 </td><td><a href="macros.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Macros</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">17 </td><td><a href="languages.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Creating Languages</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">18 </td><td><a href="concurrency.html" class="tocvie
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implementation with a series of examples from <span style="font-style: italic">Design by
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Contract, by Example</span> [<a href="doc-bibliography.html#%28cite._.Mitchell02%29" data-pltdoc="x">Mitchell02</a>].</p><p>Mitchell and McKim’s principles for design by contract DbC are derived
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from the 1970s style algebraic specifications. The overall goal of DbC is
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to specify the constructors of an algebra in terms of its
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observers. While we reformulate Mitchell and McKim’s terminology and
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we use a mostly applicative approach, we
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retain their terminology of “classes” and “objects”:</p><ul><li><p><span style="font-weight: bold">Separate queries from commands.</span></p><p>A <span style="font-style: italic">query</span> returns a result but does not change the observable
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properties of an object. A <span style="font-style: italic">command</span> changes the visible
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properties of an object, but does not return a result. In applicative
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implementation a command typically returns an new object of the same
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class.</p></li><li><p><span style="font-weight: bold">Separate basic queries from derived queries.</span></p><p>A <span style="font-style: italic">derived query</span> returns a result that is computable in
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terms of basic queries.</p></li><li><p><span style="font-weight: bold">For each derived query, write a post-condition contract that
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specifies the result in terms of the basic queries.</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-weight: bold">For each command, write a post-condition contract that specifies the
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changes to the observable properties in terms of the basic queries.</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-weight: bold">For each query and command, decide on a suitable
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pre-condition contract.</span></p></li></ul><p>Each of the following sections corresponds to a chapter in
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Mitchell and McKim’s book (but not all chapters show up
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here). We recommend that you read the contracts first (near
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the end of the first modules), then the implementation (in
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the first modules), and then the test module (at the end of
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each section).</p><p>Mitchell and McKim use Eiffel as the underlying programming language and
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employ a conventional imperative programming style. Our long-term goal is
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to transliterate their examples into applicative Racket,
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structure-oriented imperative Racket, and Racket’s class system.</p><p>Note: To mimic Mitchell and McKim’s informal notion of parametericity
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(parametric polymorphism), we use first-class contracts. At several
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places, this use of first-class contracts improves on Mitchell and McKim’s
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design (see comments in interfaces).</p><h5 x-source-module="(lib "scribblings/guide/guide.scrbl")" x-source-pkg="racket-doc" x-part-tag=""A_Customer-Manager_Component"">7.7.1<tt> </tt><a name="(part._.A_.Customer-.Manager_.Component)"></a>A Customer-Manager Component</h5><p>This first module contains some struct definitions in a
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separate module in order to better track bugs.</p><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><a href="Module_Syntax.html#%28part._hash-lang%29" class="RktModLink" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="RktMod">#lang</span></a><span class="hspace"> </span><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=index.html&version=8.6" class="RktModLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="RktSym">racket</span></a></td></tr><tr><td><span class="RktCmt">;</span><span class="RktCmt"> </span><span class="RktCmt">data definitions </span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=define.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._define%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">id?</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=symbols.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._symbol%7E3f%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">symbol?</a></span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=define.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._define%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">id-equal?</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=Equality.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._eq%7E3f%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">eq?</a></span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=define-struct.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._define-struct%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define-struct</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">basic-customer</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym">id</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">name</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">address</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">#:mutable</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="RktCmt">;</span><span class="RktCmt"> </span><span class="RktCmt">interface </span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._provide%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">provide</a></span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=attaching-contracts-to-values.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fbase..rkt%2529._contract-out%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">contract-out</a></span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">[</span><span class="RktSym">id?</span><span class="hspace">
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