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47 KiB
HTML
1901 lines
47 KiB
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<!DOCTYPE HTML>
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<title>Variables, Parameters, and Constants · Learn Lisp The Hard Way</title>
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<meta name="generator" content="GitBook 3.2.3">
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<meta name="author" content=""the Phoeron" Colin J.E. Lupton">
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<link rel="next" href="1-09-0-closures.html" />
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<body>
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<li class="header">LEARN LISP THE HARD WAY</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.1" data-path="./">
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CHANGELOG
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</a>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3" data-path="TODO.html">
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<a href="TODO.html">
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TODO
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="header">PREFACE</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1" data-path="preface.html">
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<a href="preface.html">
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TANSTAAFL
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="2.2" data-path="preface-part-two.html">
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<a href="preface-part-two.html">
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The Hard Way is Easier
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="2.3" data-path="preface-part-three.html">
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<a href="preface-part-three.html">
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Who Is This Book For?
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="2.4" data-path="introduction.html">
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<a href="introduction.html">
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Lisp: A Future History
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="2.5" data-path="acknowledgements.html">
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<a href="acknowledgements.html">
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Acknowledgements
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="header">PART ONE</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1" data-path="1-0-0-overview.html">
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<a href="1-0-0-overview.html">
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Grokking Lisp
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</a>
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<ul class="articles">
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<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.1" data-path="1-01-00-lisp-bootcamp.html">
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<a href="1-01-00-lisp-bootcamp.html">
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Common Lisp Bootcamp
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</a>
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<ul class="articles">
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<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.1.1" data-path="1-01-01-syntax-overview.html">
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<a href="1-01-01-syntax-overview.html">
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Syntax Overview in 5 Minutes
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.1.2" data-path="1-01-02-repl.html">
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<a href="1-01-02-repl.html">
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The REPL
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.1.3" data-path="1-01-03-expressions.html">
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<a href="1-01-03-expressions.html">
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Expressions, Parentheses, and Return Values
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.1.4" data-path="1-01-04-lists-cons-cells.html">
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<a href="1-01-04-lists-cons-cells.html">
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Lists, Cons-Cells, and Memory
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.1.5" data-path="1-01-05-symbols.html">
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<a href="1-01-05-symbols.html">
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Symbols and Namespaces
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.1.6" data-path="1-01-06-prefix-notation.html">
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<a href="1-01-06-prefix-notation.html">
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Prefix Notation
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.1.7" data-path="1-01-07-style-guide.html">
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<a href="1-01-07-style-guide.html">
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Common Lisp Style Guide
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.1.8" data-path="1-01-08-configuration.html">
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<a href="1-01-08-configuration.html">
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Configuring Your Development Environment
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.2" data-path="1-02-00-input-output.html">
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<a href="1-02-00-input-output.html">
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Printing, Streams, and Strings
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</a>
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<ul class="articles">
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<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.2.1" data-path="1-02-01-strings.html">
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<a href="1-02-01-strings.html">
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Strings
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.2.2" data-path="1-02-02-more-strings.html">
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<a href="1-02-02-more-strings.html">
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More Strings
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.2.3" data-path="1-02-03-unicode.html">
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<a href="1-02-03-unicode.html">
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Unicode and Strings
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.2.4" data-path="1-02-04-chars.html">
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<a href="1-02-04-chars.html">
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Characters
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.2.5" data-path="1-02-05-more-chars.html">
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<a href="1-02-05-more-chars.html">
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More Characters
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.2.6" data-path="1-02-06-char-codes.html">
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<a href="1-02-06-char-codes.html">
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Character Codes
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.2.7" data-path="1-02-07-strings-from-chars.html">
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<a href="1-02-07-strings-from-chars.html">
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Strings from Chars
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.2.8" data-path="1-02-08-printing.html">
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<a href="1-02-08-printing.html">
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Printing
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.2.9" data-path="1-02-09-more-printing.html">
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<a href="1-02-09-more-printing.html">
|
||
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More Printing
|
||
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</a>
|
||
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</li>
|
||
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<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.2.10" data-path="1-02-10-prin1.html">
|
||
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||
|
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<a href="1-02-10-prin1.html">
|
||
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Printing With prin1
|
||
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</a>
|
||
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</li>
|
||
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<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.2.11" data-path="1-02-11-princ.html">
|
||
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||
|
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<a href="1-02-11-princ.html">
|
||
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|
||
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|
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Printing With princ
|
||
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</a>
|
||
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||
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|
||
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|
||
|
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</li>
|
||
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|
||
|
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<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.2.12" data-path="1-02-12-format.html">
|
||
|
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|
||
|
|
<a href="1-02-12-format.html">
|
||
|
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|
||
|
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|
||
|
|
A Brief Introduction to Format
|
||
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|
||
|
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</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
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|
||
|
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||
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</li>
|
||
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<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.2.13" data-path="1-02-13-more-format.html">
|
||
|
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|
||
|
|
<a href="1-02-13-more-format.html">
|
||
|
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|
||
|
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|
||
|
|
A Little Bit More on Format
|
||
|
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|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
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|
||
|
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|
||
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</li>
|
||
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|
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<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.2.14" data-path="1-02-14-pathnames.html">
|
||
|
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|
||
|
|
<a href="1-02-14-pathnames.html">
|
||
|
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|
||
|
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|
||
|
|
Pathnames
|
||
|
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|
||
|
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</a>
|
||
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|
|
||
|
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|
||
|
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|
||
|
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</li>
|
||
|
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|
||
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.2.15" data-path="1-02-15-streams.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="1-02-15-streams.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Streams
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
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</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
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|
||
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.2.16" data-path="1-02-16-file-streams.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="1-02-16-file-streams.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
File Streams
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.2.17" data-path="1-02-17-binary-streams.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="1-02-17-binary-streams.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Binary Streams
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.2.18" data-path="1-02-18-prompting-users.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="1-02-18-prompting-users.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Prompting Users
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.2.19" data-path="1-02-19-pretty-printing.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="1-02-19-pretty-printing.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Pretty-Printing
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</ul>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.3" data-path="1-03-0-getting-input-from-users.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="1-03-0-getting-input-from-users.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Extra Credit: Getting Input from Users
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.4" data-path="1-04-0-lists.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="1-04-0-lists.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Lists and List-Operations
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.5" data-path="1-05-0-lookups-trees.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="1-05-0-lookups-trees.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Extra Credit: Look-up Lists and Trees
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.6" data-path="1-06-0-math.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="1-06-0-math.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Numbers and Math
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<ul class="articles">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.6.1" data-path="1-06-01-integers.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="1-06-01-integers.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Integers
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.6.2" data-path="1-06-02-more-integers.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="1-06-02-more-integers.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
More Integers
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.6.3" data-path="1-06-03-hexadecimal-notation.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="1-06-03-hexadecimal-notation.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Hexadecimal Integer Notation
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.6.4" data-path="1-06-04-octal-notation.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="1-06-04-octal-notation.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Octal Integer Notation
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.6.5" data-path="1-06-05-binary-notation.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="1-06-05-binary-notation.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Binary Integer Notation
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.6.6" data-path="1-06-06-ratios.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="1-06-06-ratios.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Ratios and Rational Numbers
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.6.7" data-path="1-06-07-floating-point.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="1-06-07-floating-point.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Floating-point Numbers
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.6.8" data-path="1-06-08-constants.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="1-06-08-constants.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Numeric Constants
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.6.9" data-path="1-06-09-complex-numbers.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="1-06-09-complex-numbers.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Complex Numbers
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.6.10" data-path="1-06-10-arithmetic.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="1-06-10-arithmetic.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Arithmetic
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.6.11" data-path="1-06-11-more-arithmetic.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="1-06-11-more-arithmetic.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
More Arithmetic
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.6.12" data-path="1-06-12-even-more-arithmetic.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="1-06-12-even-more-arithmetic.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Even More Arithmetic
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.6.13" data-path="1-06-13-exponents.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="1-06-13-exponents.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Exponents
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.6.14" data-path="1-06-14-logarithms.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="1-06-14-logarithms.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Logarithms
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.6.15" data-path="1-06-15-trigonometry.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="1-06-15-trigonometry.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Trigonometry
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.6.16" data-path="1-06-16-psuedorandom-numbers.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="1-06-16-psuedorandom-numbers.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Pseudo-Random Numbers
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</ul>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.7" data-path="1-07-0-arrays.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="1-07-0-arrays.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Extra Credit: Arrays and Vectors
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="chapter active" data-level="3.1.8" data-path="1-08-0-variables.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="1-08-0-variables.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Variables, Parameters, and Constants
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.9" data-path="1-09-0-closures.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="1-09-0-closures.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Extra Credit: Closures
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.10" data-path="1-10-0-functions.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="1-10-0-functions.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Functions and Macros
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.11" data-path="1-11-0-text-adventure.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="1-11-0-text-adventure.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Extra Credit: A Simple Text Adventure
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.12" data-path="1-12-0-namespaces.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="1-12-0-namespaces.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Namespaces, Symbols, Packages, and Systems
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.13" data-path="1-13-0-simple-web-app.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="1-13-0-simple-web-app.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Extra Credit: A Simple Web Application
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.14" data-path="1-14-0-conditionals.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="1-14-0-conditionals.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Conditionals
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.15" data-path="1-15-0-command-line-utility.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="1-15-0-command-line-utility.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Extra Credit: Command-Line Utilities
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.16" data-path="1-16-0-map-loop.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="1-16-0-map-loop.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Mapping and Looping
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.17" data-path="1-17-0-iterate.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="1-17-0-iterate.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Extra Credit: Revisiting Loops with Iterate
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.18" data-path="1-18-0-format.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="1-18-0-format.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Format Strings
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.19" data-path="1-19-0-dsl.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="1-19-0-dsl.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Extra Credit: Domain Specific Languages
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.20" data-path="1-20-0-review.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="1-20-0-review.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Part One in Review
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</ul>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="header">PART TWO</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.1" data-path="2-0-0-overview.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="2-0-0-overview.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
The Suffusion of Blue
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<ul class="articles">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.1.1" data-path="2-01-0-programming-paradigms.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="2-01-0-programming-paradigms.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Programming Paradigms
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.1.2" data-path="2-02-0-regex.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="2-02-0-regex.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Extra Credit: Regular Expressions
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.1.3" data-path="2-03-0-objects-control.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="2-03-0-objects-control.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Objects and Control Structures
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.1.4" data-path="2-04-0-data-persistence.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="2-04-0-data-persistence.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Extra Credit: Persistence and Databases
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.1.5" data-path="2-05-0-extended-types.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="2-05-0-extended-types.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Extended Types
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.1.6" data-path="2-06-0-threads-memos-parallel.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="2-06-0-threads-memos-parallel.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Extra Credit: Concurrency and Memoization
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.1.7" data-path="2-07-0-logic-and-more-math.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="2-07-0-logic-and-more-math.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Logic and Advanced Math
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.1.8" data-path="2-08-0-number-theory.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="2-08-0-number-theory.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Extra Credit: Number Theory
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.1.9" data-path="2-09-0-binary-octets-bits.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="2-09-0-binary-octets-bits.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Binary Streams, Octet-Vectors, and Bit-Vectors
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.1.10" data-path="2-10-0-improved-text-adventure-engine.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="2-10-0-improved-text-adventure-engine.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Extra Credit: An Improved Text Adventure Engine
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.1.11" data-path="2-11-0-conditions.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="2-11-0-conditions.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Conditions and Error Handling
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.1.12" data-path="2-12-0-2d-game.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="2-12-0-2d-game.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Extra Credit: Write a 2D Game
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.1.13" data-path="2-13-0-compiler.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="2-13-0-compiler.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
The Compiler
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.1.14" data-path="2-14-0-tree-shaker.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="2-14-0-tree-shaker.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Extra Credit: Write a Tree-Shaker
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.1.15" data-path="2-15-0-docs-and-inspection.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="2-15-0-docs-and-inspection.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Documentation and Inspection
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.1.16" data-path="2-16-0-foreign-libs.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="2-16-0-foreign-libs.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Extra Credit: Foreign Libraries in Lisp
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.1.17" data-path="2-17-0-debugging-testing.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="2-17-0-debugging-testing.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Debugging and Unit Testing
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.1.18" data-path="2-18-0-ffi.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="2-18-0-ffi.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Extra Credit: Write a Foreign Function Interface
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.1.19" data-path="2-19-0-essential-libs.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="2-19-0-essential-libs.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Essential Lisp Libraries
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.1.20" data-path="2-20-0-packaging-libs.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="2-20-0-packaging-libs.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Extra Credit: Packaging Lisp Libraries
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.1.21" data-path="2-21-0-review.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="2-21-0-review.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Detailed Syntax Review
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</ul>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="header">PART THREE</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.1" data-path="3-00-00-overview.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="3-00-00-overview.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Lisp So(u)rcery
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<ul class="articles">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.1.1" data-path="3-01-00-web-apps.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="3-01-00-web-apps.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Real-world Web Apps
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.1.2" data-path="3-02-00-typesetting.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="3-02-00-typesetting.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Typesetting
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.1.3" data-path="3-03-00-mobile.html">
|
||
|
|
|
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<a href="3-03-00-mobile.html">
|
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|
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Native Mobile Applications
|
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</a>
|
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</li>
|
||
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<li class="chapter " data-level="5.1.4" data-path="3-04-00-gui.html">
|
||
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|
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<a href="3-04-00-gui.html">
|
||
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|
||
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||
|
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Cross-platform Desktop Applications
|
||
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||
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</a>
|
||
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|
||
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||
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</li>
|
||
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<li class="chapter " data-level="5.1.5" data-path="3-05-00-system-utils.html">
|
||
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||
|
|
<a href="3-05-00-system-utils.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Drivers, Daemons, and System-Utilities
|
||
|
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|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
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||
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</li>
|
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<li class="chapter " data-level="5.1.6" data-path="3-06-00-reverse-engineering.html">
|
||
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||
|
|
<a href="3-06-00-reverse-engineering.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
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|
||
|
|
Reverse Engineering
|
||
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||
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</a>
|
||
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|
||
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||
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="5.1.7" data-path="3-07-00-graphics.html">
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||
|
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<a href="3-07-00-graphics.html">
|
||
|
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||
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||
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Graphics Rendering
|
||
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||
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</a>
|
||
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||
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|
||
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</li>
|
||
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<li class="chapter " data-level="5.1.8" data-path="3-08-00-gaming.html">
|
||
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||
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<a href="3-08-00-gaming.html">
|
||
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|
||
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|
||
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OpenGL, SDL, and 3D Game Development
|
||
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||
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</a>
|
||
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||
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</li>
|
||
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<li class="chapter " data-level="5.1.9" data-path="3-09-00-audio.html">
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||
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||
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<a href="3-09-00-audio.html">
|
||
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|
||
|
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||
|
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Audio Generation and Manipulation
|
||
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||
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</a>
|
||
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||
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|
||
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</li>
|
||
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<li class="chapter " data-level="5.1.10" data-path="3-10-00-data.html">
|
||
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<a href="3-10-00-data.html">
|
||
|
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|
||
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||
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Data Aggregation and Analysis
|
||
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</a>
|
||
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||
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|
||
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</li>
|
||
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<li class="chapter " data-level="5.1.11" data-path="3-11-00-cryptosec.html">
|
||
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||
|
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<a href="3-11-00-cryptosec.html">
|
||
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||
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||
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Cryptography and Security
|
||
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||
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</a>
|
||
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|
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<li class="chapter " data-level="5.1.12" data-path="3-12-00-fintech.html">
|
||
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<a href="3-12-00-fintech.html">
|
||
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||
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Financial Software and Crypto-Currencies
|
||
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</a>
|
||
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|
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<li class="chapter " data-level="5.1.13" data-path="3-13-00-scientific-computing.html">
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<a href="3-13-00-scientific-computing.html">
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Scientific Computing
|
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</a>
|
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<li class="chapter " data-level="5.1.14" data-path="3-14-00-computational-physics.html">
|
||
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<a href="3-14-00-computational-physics.html">
|
||
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Computational Physics
|
||
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</a>
|
||
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|
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<li class="chapter " data-level="5.1.15" data-path="3-15-00-quantum-computing.html">
|
||
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||
|
|
<a href="3-15-00-quantum-computing.html">
|
||
|
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|
||
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|
||
|
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Quantum Computing
|
||
|
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|
||
|
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</a>
|
||
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|
||
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|
||
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|
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<li class="chapter " data-level="5.1.16" data-path="3-16-00-nlp.html">
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|
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<a href="3-16-00-nlp.html">
|
||
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|
||
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||
|
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Natural Language Processing
|
||
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|
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</a>
|
||
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|
||
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<li class="chapter " data-level="5.1.17" data-path="3-17-00-ai.html">
|
||
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|
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|
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<a href="3-17-00-ai.html">
|
||
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||
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Artificial Intelligence
|
||
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|
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</a>
|
||
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|
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<li class="chapter " data-level="5.1.18" data-path="3-18-00-robotics.html">
|
||
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|
||
|
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<a href="3-18-00-robotics.html">
|
||
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|
||
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||
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Robotics
|
||
|
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|
||
|
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</a>
|
||
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|
||
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|
||
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</li>
|
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<li class="chapter " data-level="5.1.19" data-path="3-19-00-space-tech.html">
|
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<a href="3-19-00-space-tech.html">
|
||
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|
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|
||
|
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Space Tech
|
||
|
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|
||
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</a>
|
||
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|
||
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|
||
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||
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</li>
|
||
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||
|
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<li class="chapter " data-level="5.1.20" data-path="3-20-00-neurotech.html">
|
||
|
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|
||
|
|
<a href="3-20-00-neurotech.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
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|
||
|
|
Neuroscience and Thought-Controlled Computing
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
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|
||
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</li>
|
||
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|
||
|
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<li class="chapter " data-level="5.1.21" data-path="3-21-00-lispos.html">
|
||
|
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|
||
|
|
<a href="3-21-00-lispos.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
A Simple LispOS
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
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|
||
|
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</li>
|
||
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|
||
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.1.22" data-path="3-22-00-lisp-machine.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="3-22-00-lisp-machine.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Build Your Own Lisp Machine
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
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|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
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|
||
|
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<li class="chapter " data-level="5.1.23" data-path="3-23-00-gov-mil.html">
|
||
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|
||
|
|
<a href="3-23-00-gov-mil.html">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Government and Military Grade Systems
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
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|
||
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|
||
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|
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|
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<li>
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<a href="https://www.gitbook.com" target="blank" class="gitbook-link">
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Published with GitBook
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</a>
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<!-- Title -->
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<h1>
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<i class="fa fa-circle-o-notch fa-spin"></i>
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<a href="index.html" >Variables, Parameters, and Constants</a>
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</h1>
|
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</div>
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|
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<h1 id="chapter-18">Chapter 1.8</h1>
|
||
|
|
<h2 id="variables-parameters-and-constants">Variables, Parameters, and Constants</h2>
|
||
|
|
<blockquote>
|
||
|
|
<p>"In a dilemma, it is helpful to change any variable, then reexamine the problem."</p>
|
||
|
|
<footer>Robert A. Heinlein, <em>Have Space Suit---Will Travel</em></footer>
|
||
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|
||
|
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</blockquote>
|
||
|
|
<p>By this point, you may be pretty tired of having to manually re-type all your data every time you want to use them---but don't worry, you won't have to do that anymore. Whenever you want to use or re-use data---say, a string, number, list, or whatever else your program might need to pass around---you can <em>bind</em> a symbol and <em>assign</em> a value to it.</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>In keeping with the idea that "Lisp is different," variables are very different in Lisp from other programming languages. Some Lisp Hackers like to compare them to pointers in C and C++, but I have found that such a comparison overcomplicates a much simpler system. Once you know that the variable's <em>symbol</em> is not the variable itself, it is easy to see that the variable's <em>assignment</em> is a literal pointer to a memory address, without worrying about the extra complications that come with pointers in C or C++.</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>You may have also heard that Common Lisp is a "Lisp-2"; while all Lisp-family languages have lexical scope---a neat feature that we will cover in this chapter's exercises as well as extend upon in the following chapter---other Lisps such as Clojure, Scheme, Racket, and Emacs Lisp don't have separate namespaces for variables and functions within the same lexical scope. So, for example, in Common Lisp you can have both a function and a variable with the same name in the same scope; context tells the Lisp reader which definition to use.</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>This chapter will contain exercises on:</p>
|
||
|
|
<ul>
|
||
|
|
<li>Symbols</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>Binding and Assignment</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>(Global) Dynamic Variables</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>(Local) Lexical Variables</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>Re-assigning Values to Variables</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>Parameters</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>Constants</li>
|
||
|
|
</ul>
|
||
|
|
<h3 id="exercise-181">Exercise 1.8.1</h3>
|
||
|
|
<p><strong>Symbols</strong></p>
|
||
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-lisp">
|
||
|
|
(<span class="hljs-name">intern</span> <span class="hljs-string">"FOO"</span>)
|
||
|
|
FOO
|
||
|
|
NIL
|
||
|
|
</code></pre>
|
||
|
|
<h3 id="exercise-182">Exercise 1.8.2</h3>
|
||
|
|
<p><strong>Symbol Tables and Inspecting Objects</strong></p>
|
||
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-lisp">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</code></pre>
|
||
|
|
<h3 id="exercise-183">Exercise 1.8.3</h3>
|
||
|
|
<p><strong>More Symbols: Binding and Assignment</strong></p>
|
||
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-lisp">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</code></pre>
|
||
|
|
<h3 id="exercise-184">Exercise 1.8.4</h3>
|
||
|
|
<p><strong>Even More Symbols: Namespaces</strong></p>
|
||
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-lisp">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</code></pre>
|
||
|
|
<h3 id="exercise-185">Exercise 1.8.5</h3>
|
||
|
|
<p><strong>DEFVAR: Dynamic Binding of Variables</strong></p>
|
||
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-lisp">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</code></pre>
|
||
|
|
<h3 id="exercise-186">Exercise 1.8.6</h3>
|
||
|
|
<p><strong>LET: Lexical Binding of Variables</strong></p>
|
||
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-lisp">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</code></pre>
|
||
|
|
<h3 id="exercise-187">Exercise 1.8.7</h3>
|
||
|
|
<p><strong>SETQ vs SETF</strong></p>
|
||
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-lisp">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</code></pre>
|
||
|
|
<h3 id="exercise-188">Exercise 1.8.8</h3>
|
||
|
|
<p><strong>DEFPARAMETER: Dynamic Binding Revisited</strong></p>
|
||
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-lisp">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</code></pre>
|
||
|
|
<h3 id="exercise-189">Exercise 1.8.9</h3>
|
||
|
|
<p><strong>DEFCONSTANT</strong></p>
|
||
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-lisp">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</code></pre>
|
||
|
|
<h3 id="exercise-1810">Exercise 1.8.10</h3>
|
||
|
|
<p><strong>Function Parameters</strong></p>
|
||
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-lisp">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</code></pre>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</section>
|
||
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|
||
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</div>
|
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<div class="search-results">
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<h1 class="search-results-title"><span class='search-results-count'></span> results matching "<span class='search-query'></span>"</h1>
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</div>
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<a href="1-07-0-arrays.html" class="navigation navigation-prev " aria-label="Previous page: Extra Credit: Arrays and Vectors">
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