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<html><head><meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=0.8"/><title>16.3 Module Instantiations and Visits</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../scribble.css" title="default"/><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../racket.css" title="default"/><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../manual-style.css" title="default"/><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../manual-racket.css" title="default"/><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../manual-racket.css" title="default"/><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../doc-site.css" title="default"/><script type="text/javascript" src="../scribble-common.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../manual-racket.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../manual-racket.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../doc-site.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../local-redirect/local-redirect.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../local-redirect/local-user-redirect.js"></script><!--[if IE 6]><style type="text/css">.SIEHidden { overflow: hidden; }</style><![endif]--></head><body id="doc-racket-lang-org"><div class="tocset"><div class="tocview"><div class="tocviewlist tocviewlisttopspace"><div class="tocviewtitle"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td style="width: 1em;"><a href="javascript:void(0);" title="Expand/Collapse" class="tocviewtoggle" onclick="TocviewToggle(this,"tocview_0");">►</a></td><td></td><td><a href="index.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">The Racket Guide</a></td></tr></table></div><div class="tocviewsublisttop" style="display: none;" id="tocview_0"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td align="right">1 </td><td><a href="intro.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Welcome to Racket</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">2 </td><td><a href="to-scheme.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Racket Essentials</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">3 </td><td><a href="datatypes.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Built-<wbr></wbr>In Datatypes</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">4 </td><td><a href="scheme-forms.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Expressions and Definitions</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">5 </td><td><a href="define-struct.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Programmer-<wbr></wbr>Defined Datatypes</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">6 </td><td><a href="modules.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Modules</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">7 </td><td><a href="contracts.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Contracts</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">8 </td><td><a href="i_o.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Input and Output</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">9 </td><td><a href="regexp.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Regular Expressions</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">10 </td><td><a href="control.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Exceptions and Control</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">11 </td><td><a href="for.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Iterations and Comprehensions</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">12 </td><td><a href="match.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Pattern Matching</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">13 </td><td><a href="classes.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Classes and Objects</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">14 </td><td><a href="units.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Units</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">15 </td><td><a href="reflection.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Reflection and Dynamic Evaluation</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">16 </td><td><a href="macros.html" class="tocviewselflink" data-pltdoc="x">Macros</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">17 </td><td><a href="languages.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Creating Languages</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">18 </td><td><a href="concurrency.html"
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which case the module itself behaves in a purely functional way, and
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the time when the functions are created is not observable. If a
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module’s top-level expressions include side effects, however, then the
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timing of the effects can matter. The distinction between module
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declaration and <a href="macro-module.html#%28tech._instantiation%29" class="techoutside" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="techinside">instantiation</span></a> provides some control over that
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timing. The concept of module <a href="macro-module.html#%28tech._visit%29" class="techoutside" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="techinside">visits</span></a> further explains the
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interaction of effects with macro implementations.</p><h5 x-source-module="(lib "scribblings/guide/guide.scrbl")" x-source-pkg="racket-doc" x-part-tag=""Declaration_versus_Instantiation"">16.3.1<tt> </tt><a name="(part._.Declaration_versus_.Instantiation)"></a>Declaration versus Instantiation</h5><p>Declaring a module does not immediately evaluate expressions in the
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module’s body. For example, evaluating</p><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=module.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._module%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">module</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">number-n</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">racket/base</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._provide%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">provide</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">n</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=define.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._define%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">n</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=generic-numbers.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._random%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">random</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">10</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=Writing.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._printf%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">printf</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">"picked ~a\n"</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">n</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr></table></td></tr></table></blockquote><p>declares the module <span class="RktSym">number-n</span>, but it doesn’t immediately pick a
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random number for <span class="RktSym">n</span> or display the number. A <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._require%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">require</a></span>
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of <span class="RktSym">number-n</span> causes the module to be <a name="(tech._instantiated)"></a><span style="font-style: italic">instantiated</span>
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(i.e., it triggers an <a name="(tech._instantiation)"></a><span style="font-style: italic">instantiation</span>), which implies that the
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expressions in the body of the module are evaluated:</p><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._require%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">require</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">'</span><span class="RktVal">number-n</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktOut">picked 5</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktSym">n</span></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktRes">5</span></p></td></tr></table></blockquote><p>After a module is instantiated in a particular <a href="eval.html#%28tech._namespace%29" class="techoutside" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="techinside">namespace</span></a>,
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further <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._require%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">require</a></span>s of the module use the same instance, as
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opposed to instantiating the module again:</p><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._require%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">require</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">'</span><span class="RktVal">number-n</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktSym">n</span></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktRes">5</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=module.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._module%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">module</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">use-n</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">racket/base</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._require%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">require</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">'</span><span class="RktVal">number-n</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=Writing.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._printf%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">printf</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">"still ~a\n"</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">n</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr></table></td></tr><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._require%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">require</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">'</span><span class="RktVal">use-n</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktOut">still 5</span></p></td></tr></table></blockquote><p>The <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=Module_Names_and_Loading.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._dynamic-require%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">dynamic-require</a></span> function, like <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._require%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">require</a></span>, triggers
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instantiation of a module if it is not already instantiated, so
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<span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=Module_Names_and_Loading.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._dynamic-require%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">dynamic-require</a></span> with <span class="RktVal">#f</span> as a second argument is
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useful to just trigger the instantiation effects of a module:</p><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=module.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._module%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">module</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">use-n-again</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">racket/base</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._require%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">require</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">'</span><span class="RktVal">number-n</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=Writing.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._printf%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">printf</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">"also still ~a\n"</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">n</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr></table></td></tr><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=Module_Names_and_Loading.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._dynamic-require%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">dynamic-require</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">'</span><span class="RktVal">'</span><span class="RktVal">use-n-again</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">#f</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktOut">also still 5</span></p></td></tr></table></blockquote><p>Instantiation of modules by <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._require%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">require</a></span> is transitive. That is,
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if <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._require%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">require</a></span> of a module instantiates it, then any module
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<span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._require%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">require</a></span>d by that one is also instantiated (if it’s not
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instantiated already):</p><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=module.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._module%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">module</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">number-m</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">racket/base</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._provide%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">provide</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">m</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=define.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._define%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">m</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=generic-numbers.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._random%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">random</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">10</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=Writing.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._printf%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">printf</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">"picked ~a\n"</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">m</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr></table></td></tr><tr><td><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=module.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._module%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">module</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">use-m</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">racket/base</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._require%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">require</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">'</span><span class="RktVal">number-m</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-r
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a module, declaring a module that <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._require%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">require</a></span>s another module
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does not by itself instantiate the <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._require%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">require</a></span>d module, as
|
||
|
|
illustrated in the preceding example. However, declaring a module
|
||
|
|
<span class="emph">does</span> expand and compile the module. If a module imports another
|
||
|
|
with <span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._require%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">require</a></span><span class="stt"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._for-syntax%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">for-syntax</a></span><span class="stt"> </span><span class="RktSym">....</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span>, then module that is
|
||
|
|
imported <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._for-syntax%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">for-syntax</a></span> must be instantiated during expansion:</p><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=module.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._module%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">module</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">number-p</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">racket/base</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._provide%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">provide</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">p</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=define.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._define%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">p</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=generic-numbers.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._random%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">random</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">10</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=Writing.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._printf%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">printf</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">"picked ~a\n"</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">p</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr></table></td></tr><tr><td><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=module.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._module%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">module</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">use-p-at-compile-time</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">racket/base</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._require%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">require</a>
|
||
|
|
<span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._for-syntax%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">for-syntax</a></span> for another module expansion in the same
|
||
|
|
namespace, the <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._for-syntax%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">for-syntax</a></span>ed module is instantiated separately
|
||
|
|
for each expansion. Continuing the previous example, if
|
||
|
|
<span class="RktSym">number-p</span> is used a second time <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._for-syntax%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">for-syntax</a></span>, then a
|
||
|
|
second random number is selected for a new <span class="RktSym">p</span>:</p><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=module.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._module%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">module</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">use-p-again-at-compile-time</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">racket/base</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._require%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">require</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._for-syntax%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">for-syntax</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">racket/base</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">'</span><span class="RktVal">number-p</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=define.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._define-syntax%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define-syntax</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym">pm</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">stx</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktRdr">#`</span><span class="RktRdr">#,</span><span class="RktSym">p</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=Writing.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._printf%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">printf</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">"was ~a at second compile time\n"</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym">pm</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr></table></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktOut">picked 3</span></p></td></tr></table></blockquote><p>Separate compile-time instantiations of <span class="RktSym">number-p</span> helps
|
||
|
|
prevent accidental propagation of effects from one module’s
|
||
|
|
compilation to another module’s compilation. Preventing those effects
|
||
|
|
make compilation reliably separate and more deterministic.</p><p>The expanded forms of <span class="RktSym">use-p-at-compile-time</span> and
|
||
|
|
<span class="RktSym">use-p-again-at-compile-time</span> record the number that was
|
||
|
|
selected each time, so those two different numbers are printed when the
|
||
|
|
modules are instantiated:</p><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=Module_Names_and_Loading.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._dynamic-require%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">dynamic-require</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">'</span><span class="RktVal">'</span><span class="RktVal">use-p-at-compile-time</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">#f</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktOut">was 1 at compile time</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=Module_Names_and_Loading.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._dynamic-require%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">dynamic-require</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">'</span><span class="RktVal">'</span><span class="RktVal">use-p-again-at-compile-time</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">#f</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktOut">was 3 at second compile time</span></p></td></tr></table></blockquote><p>A namespace’s top level behaves like a separate module, where multiple
|
||
|
|
interactions in the top level conceptually extend a single expansion
|
||
|
|
of the module. So, when using <span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._require%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">require</a></span><span class="stt"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._for-syntax%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">for-syntax</a></span><span class="stt"> </span><span class="RktSym">....</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span>
|
||
|
|
twice in the top level, the second use does not trigger a new
|
||
|
|
compile-time instance:</p><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=begin.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._begin%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">begin</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._require%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">require</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._for-syntax%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">for-syntax</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">'</span><span class="RktVal">number-p</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">'</span><span class="RktVal">done</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktOut">picked 4</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktRes">'done</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=begin.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._begin%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">begin</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._require%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">require</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._for-syntax%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">for-syntax</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">'</span><span class="RktVal">number-p</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">'</span><span class="RktVal">done-again</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktRes">'done-again</span></p></td></tr></table></blockquote><p>However, a run-time instance of a module is kept separate from all
|
||
|
|
compile-time instances, including at the top level, so a
|
||
|
|
non-<span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._for-syntax%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">for-syntax</a></span> use of <span class="RktSym">number-p</span> will pick another
|
||
|
|
random number:</p><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._require%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">require</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">'</span><span class="RktVal">number-p</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktOut">picked 5</span></p></td></tr></table></blockquote><h5 x-source-module="(lib "scribblings/guide/guide.scrbl")" x-source-pkg="racket-doc" x-part-tag=""Visiting_Modules"">16.3.3<tt> </tt><a name="(part._.Visiting_.Modules)"></a>Visiting Modules</h5><p>When a module <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._provide%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">provide</a></span>s a macro for use by other modules, the
|
||
|
|
other modules use the macro by directly <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._require%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">require</a></span>ing the macro
|
||
|
|
provider—<wbr></wbr>i.e., without <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._for-syntax%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">for-syntax</a></span>. That’s because the macro
|
||
|
|
is being imported for use in a run-time position (even though the
|
||
|
|
macro’s implementation lives at compile time), while
|
||
|
|
<span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._for-syntax%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">for-syntax</a></span> would import a binding for use in compile-time
|
||
|
|
position.</p><p>The module implementing a macro, meanwhile, might <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._require%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">require</a></span>
|
||
|
|
another module <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._for-syntax%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">for-syntax</a></span> to implement the macro. The
|
||
|
|
<span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._for-syntax%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">for-syntax</a></span> module needs a compile-time instantiation during
|
||
|
|
any module expansion that might use the macro. That requirement sets
|
||
|
|
up a kind of transitivity through <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._require%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">require</a></span> that is similar to
|
||
|
|
instantiation transitivity, but “off by one” at the point where the
|
||
|
|
<span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._for-syntax%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">for-syntax</a></span> shift occurs in the chain.</p><p>Here’s an example to make that scenario concrete:</p><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=module.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._module%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">module</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">number-q</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">racket/base</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._provide%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">provide</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">q</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=define.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._define%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">q</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=generic-numbers.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._random%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">random</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">10</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=Writing.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._printf%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">printf</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">"picked ~a\n"</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">q</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr></table></td></tr><tr><td><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=module.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._module%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">module</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">use-q-at-compile-time</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">racket/base</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._require%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="R
|
||
|
|
compiled, <span class="RktSym">number-q</span> is instantiated once. In this case, that
|
||
|
|
instantiation is needed to expand the <span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym">qm</span><span class="RktPn">)</span> macro, but the module
|
||
|
|
system would proactively create a compile-time instantiation of
|
||
|
|
<span class="RktSym">number-q</span> even if the <span class="RktSym">qm</span> macro turned out not to be
|
||
|
|
used.</p><p>Then, as <span class="RktSym">use-qm</span> is expanded and compiled, a second
|
||
|
|
compile-time instantiation of <span class="RktSym">number-q</span> is created. That
|
||
|
|
compile-time instantiation is needed to expand the <span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym">qm</span><span class="RktPn">)</span> form
|
||
|
|
within <span class="RktSym">use-qm</span>.</p><p>Instantiating <span class="RktSym">use-qm</span> correctly reports the number that was
|
||
|
|
picked during that second module’s compilation. First, though, the
|
||
|
|
<span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._require%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">require</a></span> of <span class="RktSym">use-q-at-compile-time</span> in <span class="RktSym">use-qm</span>
|
||
|
|
triggers a transitive instantiation of <span class="RktSym">use-q-at-compile-time</span>,
|
||
|
|
which correctly reports the number that was picked in its compilation.</p><p>Overall, the example illustrates a transitive effect of
|
||
|
|
<span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._require%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">require</a></span> that we had already seen:</p><ul><li><p>When a module is <a href="macro-module.html#%28tech._instantiated%29" class="techoutside" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="techinside">instantiated</span></a>, the run-time expressions
|
||
|
|
in its body are evaluated.</p></li><li><p>When a module is <a href="macro-module.html#%28tech._instantiated%29" class="techoutside" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="techinside">instantiated</span></a>, then any module that it <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._require%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">require</a></span>s
|
||
|
|
(without <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._for-syntax%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">for-syntax</a></span>) is also <a href="macro-module.html#%28tech._instantiated%29" class="techoutside" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="techinside">instantiated</span></a>.</p></li></ul><p>This rule does not explain the compile-time instantiations of
|
||
|
|
<span class="RktSym">number-q</span>, however. To explain that, we need a new word,
|
||
|
|
<a name="(tech._visit)"></a><span style="font-style: italic">visit</span>, for the concept that we saw in
|
||
|
|
<a href="macro-module.html#%28part._compile-time-instantiation%29" data-pltdoc="x">Compile-Time Instantiation</a>:</p><ul><li><p>When a module is <a href="macro-module.html#%28tech._visit%29" class="techoutside" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="techinside">visit</span></a>ed, the compile-time expressions
|
||
|
|
(such as macro definition) in its body are evaluated.</p></li><li><p>As a module is expanded, it is <a href="macro-module.html#%28tech._visit%29" class="techoutside" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="techinside">visit</span></a>ed.</p></li><li><p>When a module is <a href="macro-module.html#%28tech._visit%29" class="techoutside" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="techinside">visit</span></a>ed, then any module that it <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._require%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">require</a></span>s
|
||
|
|
(without <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._for-syntax%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">for-syntax</a></span>) is also <a href="macro-module.html#%28tech._visit%29" class="techoutside" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="techinside">visit</span></a>ed.</p></li><li><p>When a module is <a href="macro-module.html#%28tech._visit%29" class="techoutside" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="techinside">visit</span></a>ed, then any module that it <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._require%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">require</a></span>s
|
||
|
|
<span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._for-syntax%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">for-syntax</a></span> is <a href="macro-module.html#%28tech._instantiated%29" class="techoutside" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="techinside">instantiated</span></a> at compile time.</p></li></ul><p>Note that when visiting one module causes a compile-time instantiation of
|
||
|
|
another module, the transitiveness of <a href="macro-module.html#%28tech._instantiation%29" class="techoutside" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="techinside">instantiation</span></a> through
|
||
|
|
regular <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._require%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">require</a></span>s can trigger more compile-time instantiations.
|
||
|
|
Instantiation itself won’t trigger further visits, however, because
|
||
|
|
any instantiated module has already been expanded and compiled.</p><p>The compile-time expressions of a module that are evaluated by
|
||
|
|
<a href="macro-module.html#%28tech._visit%29" class="techoutside" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="techinside">visit</span></a>ing include both the right-hand sides of
|
||
|
|
<span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=define.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._define-syntax%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define-syntax</a></span> forms and the body of <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=begin.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._begin-for-syntax%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">begin-for-syntax</a></span>
|
||
|
|
forms. That’s why a randomly selected number is printed immediately in
|
||
|
|
the following example:</p><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=module.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._module%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">module</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">compile-time-number</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">racket/base</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._require%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">require</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._for-syntax%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">for-syntax</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">racket/base</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=begin.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._begin-for-syntax%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">begin-for-syntax</a></span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=Writing.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._printf%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">printf</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">"picked ~a\n"</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=generic-numbers.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._random%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">random</a></span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=Writing.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._printf%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">printf</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">"running\n"</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr></table></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktOut">picked 0.25549265186825576</span></p></td></tr></table></blockquote><p>Instantiating the module evaluates only the run-time expressions,
|
||
|
|
which prints “running” but not a new random number:</p><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=Module_Names_and_Loading.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._dynamic-require%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">dynamic-require</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">'</span><span class="RktVal">'</span><span class="RktVal">compile-time-number</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">#f</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktOut">running</span></p></td></tr></table></blockquote><p>The description of <a href="module-require.html#%28tech._instantiate%29" class="techoutside" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="techinside">instantiates</span></a> and <a href="macro-module.html#%28tech._visit%29" class="techoutside" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="techinside">visit</span></a> above is
|
||
|
|
phrased in terms of normal <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._require%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">require</a></span>s and <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._for-syntax%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">for-syntax</a></span>
|
||
|
|
<span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._require%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">require</a></span>s, but a more precise specification is in terms of
|
||
|
|
module phases. For example, if module <span class="RktVar">A</span> has <span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._require%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">require</a></span><span class="stt"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._for-syntax%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">for-syntax</a></span><span class="stt"> </span><span class="RktVar">B</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span> and module <span class="RktVar">B</span> has <span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._require%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">require</a></span><span class="stt"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._for-template%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">for-template</a></span><span class="stt"> </span><span class="RktVar">C</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span>, then module <span class="RktVar">C</span> is <a href="macro-module.html#%28tech._instantiated%29" class="techoutside" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="techinside">instantiated</span></a>
|
||
|
|
when module <span class="RktVar">A</span> is instantiated, because the
|
||
|
|
<span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._for-syntax%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">for-syntax</a></span> and <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._for-template%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">for-template</a></span> shifts cancel. We have
|
||
|
|
not yet specified what happens with <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._for-meta%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">for-meta</a></span><span class="stt"> </span><span class="RktVal">2</span> for when
|
||
|
|
<span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._for-syntax%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">for-syntax</a></span>es combine; we leave that to the next section,
|
||
|
|
<a href="macro-module.html#%28part._stx-available-module%29" data-pltdoc="x">Lazy Visits via Available Modules</a>.</p><p>If you think of the top-level as a kind of module that is continuously
|
||
|
|
expanded, the above rules imply that <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._require%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">require</a></span> of another
|
||
|
|
module at the top level both instantiates and visits the other module
|
||
|
|
(if it is not already instantiated and visited). That’s roughly true,
|
||
|
|
but the visit is made lazy in a way that is also explained in the next
|
||
|
|
section, <a href="macro-module.html#%28part._stx-available-module%29" data-pltdoc="x">Lazy Visits via Available Modules</a>.</p><p>Meanwhile, <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=Module_Names_and_Loading.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._dynamic-require%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">dynamic-require</a></span> only instantiates a module; it
|
||
|
|
does not visit the module. That simplification is why some of the
|
||
|
|
preceding examples use <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=Module_Names_and_Loading.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._dynamic-require%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">dynamic-require</a></span> instead of
|
||
|
|
<span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._require%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">require</a></span>. The extra visits of a top-level <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._require%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">require</a></span>
|
||
|
|
would make the earlier examples less clear.</p><h5 x-source-module="(lib "scribblings/guide/guide.scrbl")" x-source-pkg="racket-doc" x-part-tag=""stx-available-module"">16.3.4<tt> </tt><a name="(part._stx-available-module)"></a>Lazy Visits via Available Modules</h5><p>A top-level <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._require%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">require</a></span> of a module does not actually
|
||
|
|
<a href="macro-module.html#%28tech._visit%29" class="techoutside" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="techinside">visit</span></a> the module. Instead, it makes the module
|
||
|
|
<a name="(tech._available)"></a><span style="font-style: italic">available</span>. An <a href="macro-module.html#%28tech._available%29" class="techoutside" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="techinside">available</span></a> module will be <a href="macro-module.html#%28tech._visit%29" class="techoutside" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="techinside">visit</span></a>ed
|
||
|
|
when a future expression needs to be expanded in the same context. The
|
||
|
|
next expression may or may not involve some imported macro that needs
|
||
|
|
its compile-time helpers evaluated by <a href="macro-module.html#%28tech._visit%29" class="techoutside" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="techinside">visit</span></a>ing, but the module
|
||
|
|
system proactively <a href="macro-module.html#%28tech._visit%29" class="techoutside" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="techinside">visit</span></a>s the module, just in case.</p><p>In the following example, a random number is picked as a result of
|
||
|
|
visiting a module’s own body while that module is being expanded. A
|
||
|
|
<span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._require%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">require</a></span> of the module instantiates it, printing “running”,
|
||
|
|
and also makes the module <a href="macro-module.html#%28tech._available%29" class="techoutside" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="techinside">available</span></a>. Evaluating any other
|
||
|
|
expression implies expanding the expression, and that expansion
|
||
|
|
triggers a <a href="macro-module.html#%28tech._visit%29" class="techoutside" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="techinside">visit</span></a> of the <a href="macro-module.html#%28tech._available%29" class="techoutside" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="techinside">available</span></a> module—<wbr></wbr>which picks
|
||
|
|
another random number:</p><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=module.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._module%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">module</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">another-compile-time-number</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">racket/base</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._require%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">require</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._for-syntax%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">for-syntax</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">racket/base</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=begin.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._begin-for-syntax%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">begin-for-syntax</a></span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=Writing.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._printf%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">printf</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">"picked ~a\n"</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=generic-numbers.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._random%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">random</a></span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=Writing.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._printf%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">printf</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">"running\n"</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr></table></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktOut">picked 0.3634379786893492</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._require%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">require</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">'</span><span class="RktVal">another-compile-time-number<
|
||
|
|
top-level <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=begin.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._begin%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">begin</a></span> into the top level as soon as the
|
||
|
|
<span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=begin.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._begin%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">begin</a></span> is discovered. So, <span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=begin.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._begin%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">begin</a></span><span class="stt"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._require%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">require</a></span><span class="stt"> </span><span class="RktVal">'</span><span class="RktVal">another-compile-time-number</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="stt"> </span><span class="RktVal">'</span><span class="RktVal">next</span><span class="RktPn">)</span> would still have printed
|
||
|
|
“picked” before “next“.</p></blockquote></blockquote></blockquote><p>The final evaluation of <span class="RktVal">'</span><span class="RktVal">another</span> also visits any available
|
||
|
|
modules, but no modules were made newly available by simply evaluating
|
||
|
|
<span class="RktVal">'</span><span class="RktVal">next</span>.</p><p>When a module <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._require%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">require</a></span>s another module using <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._for-meta%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">for-meta</a></span><span class="stt"> </span><span class="RktVar">n</span> for some <span class="RktVar">n</span> greater than 1, the <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._require%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">require</a></span>d module
|
||
|
|
is made <a href="macro-module.html#%28tech._available%29" class="techoutside" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="techinside">available</span></a> at phase <span class="RktVar">n</span>. A module that is
|
||
|
|
<a href="macro-module.html#%28tech._available%29" class="techoutside" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="techinside">available</span></a> at phase <span class="RktVar">n</span> is <a href="macro-module.html#%28tech._visit%29" class="techoutside" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="techinside">visit</span></a>ed when some
|
||
|
|
expression at phase <span class="RktVar">n</span><span style="font-style: italic">-</span>1<span style="font-style: italic"></span> is expanded.</p><p>To help illustrate, the following examples use
|
||
|
|
<span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=Namespaces.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._variable-reference-%7E3emodule-base-phase%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">variable-reference->module-base-phase</a></span><span class="stt"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=Locations____variable-reference.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._%7E23%7E25variable-reference%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">#%variable-reference</a></span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span>, which returns a number for the phase at
|
||
|
|
which the enclosing module is instantiated:</p><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=module.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._module%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">module</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">show-phase</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">racket/base</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=Writing.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._printf%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">printf</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">"running at ~a\n"</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=Namespaces.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._variable-reference-%7E3emodule-base-phase%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">variable-reference->module-base-phase</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=Locations____variable-reference.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._%7E23%7E25variable-reference%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">#%variable-reference</a></span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr></table></td></tr><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._require%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">require</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">'</span><span class="RktVal">show-phase</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktOut">running at 0</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=module.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._module%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">module</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">use-at-phase-1</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">racket/base</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._require%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">require</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._for-syntax%2529%2529&v
|
||
|
|
<a href="macro-module.html#%28tech._available%29" class="techoutside" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="techinside">available</span></a> at phase 2, but no expressions within the module are
|
||
|
|
ever expanded at phase 1, so there’s no phase-2 printout. The
|
||
|
|
following module includes a phase-1 expression after the phase-2
|
||
|
|
<span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._require%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">require</a></span>, so there’s a printout:</p><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=module.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._module%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">module</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">use-at-phase-2</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">racket/base</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._require%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">require</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._for-meta%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">for-meta</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">2</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">'</span><span class="RktVal">show-phase</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._for-syntax%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">for-syntax</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">racket/base</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=define.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._define-syntax%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define-syntax</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">x</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">'</span><span class="RktVal">ok</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr></table></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktOut">running at 2</span></p></td></tr></table></blockquote><p>If we <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._require%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">require</a></span> the module <span class="RktSym">use-at-phase-1</span> at the top
|
||
|
|
level, then <span class="RktSym">show-phase</span> is made <a href="macro-module.html#%28tech._available%29" class="techoutside" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="techinside">available</span></a> at phase 1.
|
||
|
|
Evaluating another expression causes <span class="RktSym">use-at-phase-1</span> to be
|
||
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<a href="macro-module.html#%28tech._visit%29" class="techoutside" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="techinside">visit</span></a>ed, which in turn instantiates <span class="RktSym">show-phase</span>:</p><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._require%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">require</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">'</span><span class="RktVal">use-at-phase-1</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktVal">'</span><span class="RktVal">next</span></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktOut">running at 1</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktRes">'next</span></p></td></tr></table></blockquote><p>A <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._require%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">require</a></span> of <span class="RktSym">use-at-phase-2</span> is similar, except that
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<span class="RktSym">show-phase</span> is made <a href="macro-module.html#%28tech._available%29" class="techoutside" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="techinside">available</span></a> at phase 2, so it is not
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instantiated until some expression is expanded at phase 1:</p><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._require%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">require</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">'</span><span class="RktVal">use-at-phase-2</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktVal">'</span><span class="RktVal">next</span></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktRes">'next</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._require%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">require</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._for-syntax%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">for-syntax</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">racket/base</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=begin.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._begin-for-syntax%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">begin-for-syntax</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">'</span><span class="RktVal">compile-time-next</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktOut">running at 2</span></p></td></tr></table></blockquote><div class="navsetbottom"><span class="navleft"><form class="searchform"><input class="searchbox" id="searchbox" type="text" tabindex="1" placeholder="...search manuals..." title="Enter a search string to search the manuals" onkeypress="return DoSearchKey(event, this, "8.6", "../");"/></form> <a href="https://docs.racket-lang.org/index.html" title="up to the documentation top" data-pltdoc="x" onclick="return GotoPLTRoot("8.6");">top</a><span class="tocsettoggle"> <a href="javascript:void(0);" title="show/hide table of contents" onclick="TocsetToggle();">contents</a></span></span><span class="navright"> <a href="stx-certs.html" title="backward to "16.2.7 Tainted Syntax"" data-pltdoc="x">← prev</a> <a href="macros.html" title="up to "16 Macros"" data-pltdoc="x">up</a> <a href="languages.html" title="forward to "17 Creating Languages"" data-pltdoc="x">next →</a></span> </div></div></div><div id="contextindicator"> </div></body></html>
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