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For legal purposes, this document duplicates in plain text
important legal information available in the hypertext.
Please read this information carefully BEFORE copying or
installing the Common Lisp HyperSpec (TM).
------------------------------------------------------------------------
AUTHORSHIP INFORMATION
------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Common Lisp HyperSpec is not the ANSI Common Lisp standard, but is
based on that standard (with permission from ANSI and X3).
As an official reference to the Common Lisp language, hardcopy
documentation of ANSI Common Lisp, (American National Standard X3.226)
from ANSI is always definitive.
The hypertext markup for this document was created by Kent Pitman, with
the aid of a custom program written in ANSI Common Lisp and created
specifically for this task. Funding for the markup task was provided by
and copyright of the result is owned by LispWorks Ltd.
Some additional design documents have been included in marked up form
and cross-referenced which are not part of the standard but may be
useful in understanding it. Plaintext versions of these documents,
which offer a useful historical perspective, are available to anyone
by anonymous public FTP from ftp://parcftp.xerox.com/pub/cl/cleanup/.
The Java applet used in the Symbol Index (visible only in some
browsers) was written by Evan Williams. Its copyright is owned by
LispWorks Ltd.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
IMPORTANT LEGAL NOTICES
------------------------------------------------------------------------
COPYRIGHT AND CONDITIONS OF USE
Copyright 1996-2005, LispWorks Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
The HTML hypertext markup that implements the hypertext features of
these World Wide Web pages of the Common Lisp specification,
collectively the Common Lisp HyperSpec, is the property of LispWorks
Ltd.
Distribution of the Common Lisp HyperSpec as a hypertext document on
the Internet does not constitute consent to any use of the underlying
hypertext markup for redistribution of any kind, commercial or
otherwise, either via the Internet or using some other form of
distribution, in hypertext or otherwise.
Permission to copy, distribute, display, and transmit the Common Lisp
HyperSpec is granted provided that copies are not made or distributed
or displayed or transmitted for direct commercial advantage, that
notice is given that copying, distribution, display, and/or
transmission is by permission of LispWorks Ltd., and that any
copy made is COMPLETE and UNMODIFIED. IN PARTICULAR, the material that
MUST appear in the copy includes:
1. this copyright notice and its date;
2. the main index page, HyperSpec/Front/index.htm;
3. all HTML pages to which the main index page links using relative links;
4. all graphical (GIF) images to which it links using relative links,
such as the LispWorks logo that appears on each page; and
5. all hypertext links, relative or absolute, such as the link
to http://www.lispworks.com/ that appears on each page.
Permissions related to performance and to creation of derivative works
are expressly NOT granted.
Permission to make partial copies is expressly NOT granted, EXCEPT
that limited permission is granted to transmit and display a partial
copy the Common Lisp HyperSpec for the ordinary purpose of direct
viewing by a human being in the usual manner that hypertext browsers
permit the viewing of such a complete document, provided that no
recopying, redistribution, redisplay, or retransmission is made of any
such partial copy.
Permission to make modified copies is expressly NOT granted.
Permission to add or replace any links or any graphical images to any
of these pages is expressly NOT granted.
Permission to use any of the included graphical (GIF) images in any
document other than the Common Lisp HyperSpec is expressly NOT granted.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Parts of this work incorporate material taken from American National
Standard X3.226, copyright 1994, and is used with permission of the X3
Secretariat, ITI, 1250 Eye St., NW., Suite 200, Washington, DC 20005
and of the copyright holder, American National Standards Institute.
ANSI/X3.226 was developed by Technical Committee X3J13, Common Lisp.
Copies of the ANSI/X3.226 standard may be purchased from the American
National Standards Institute, 11 West 42nd Street, New York, NY 10036.
RESTRICTED RIGHTS LEGEND
The Common Lisp HyperSpec is subject to the following Restricted
Rights Legend:
``Use, duplication, or disclosure by the United States Government is
subject to the restrictions set forth in (i) FAR 52.227-14 Alt III,
(ii) FAR 52.227-19, (iii) DFARS 252.7013(c)(1)(ii), or
(iv) the accompanying license Agreement, as applicable.
For purposes of the FAR, the Software shall be deemed to be
``unpublished'' and licensed with disclosure prohibitions,
rights reserved under the copyright laws of the United States.
LispWorks Ltd., St John's Innovation Centre, Cowley Road,
Cambridge, CB4 0WS, England.''
WARRANTY DISCLAIMER
THIS DOCUMENT IS PROVIDED "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, AND
NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT WILL LISPWORKS BE LIABLE FOR DIRECT,
INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES RESULTING FROM
ANY INACCURACY OR ERROR IN THIS DOCUMENT, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
ADDITIONAL DISCLAIMERS
Not all notations in that TeX-based document were possible to
represent exactly in HTML, although an attempt has been made to be as
accurate as possible. Nevertheless, the process of translation was
heuristic, and discrepancies might have resulted. Formally, the
official ANSI printed document is always the definitive reference.
The X3J13 issue documents are not part of the standard and are
provided purely for historical perspective. It is possible that some
of the documents, as included, are not the final form that X3J13
voted, or that some which were voted were omitted, or that references
from these documents into the source text are not complete, or that
some edits prescribed by these documents were incorrectly implemented,
or that other discrepancies exist between these documents and the
specification. These documents have no formal weight, and in all
cases, the hardcopy specification is definitive.
TRADEMARKS
LispWorks and Liquid Common Lisp are registered trademarks of
LispWorks Ltd.
The LispWorks logo and Common Lisp HyperSpec are trademarks of
LispWorks Ltd.
All other brand and product names mentioned herein are trademarks or
registered trademarks of their respective owners.

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The following files are of special interest:
HyperSpec-Legalese.text
This file contains IMPORTANT LEGAL NOTICES such as
Copyright and Conditions of Use, Acknowledgements,
Restricted Rights Legend, Warranty Disclaimers, and
Trademark notices.
HyperSpec/Front/Help.htm
This file contains the same IMPORTANT LEGAL NOTICES,
but in HTML format rather than plain ASCII.
HyperSpec/Front/index.htm
This is the cover page of the HTML document,
the Common Lisp HyperSpec (TM).
HyperSpec/Data/md5.txt
In order to provide a degree of confidence about
copies of this document, we have computed the MD5
message-digest signature for each of the files in
the distribution. Independent computation of the
signature of each transferred file and verification
against these signatures may be used to claim a
substantially higher confidence level that the
transfer has been done correctly, but it is not an
absolute guarantee of correctness.
The use of this signature information is primarily
of use to assure that a data transfer has been
complete and correct in cases where there may be
some doubt about that fact, or to re-verify a data
storage area after a suspected disk corruption of
some kind.
For further information on the MD5 message-digest
signature and the algorithm for computing it,
consult RFC 1321.

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<!-- Common Lisp HyperSpec (TM), version 7.0 generated by Kent M. Pitman on Mon, 11-Apr-2005 2:31am EDT -->
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>CLHS: Credits</TITLE>
<LINK HREF="../Data/clhs.css" REL="stylesheet" TYPE="text/css" />
<META HTTP-EQUIV="Author" CONTENT="Kent M. Pitman">
<META HTTP-EQUIV="Organization" CONTENT="LispWorks Ltd.">
<LINK REL=TOP HREF="../Front/index.htm">
<LINK REL=COPYRIGHT HREF="../Front/Help.htm#Legal">
<LINK REL=DISCLAIMER HREF="../Front/Help.htm#Disclaimer">
<LINK REL=PREV HREF="../Front/Contents.htm">
<LINK REL=UP HREF="../Front/Contents.htm">
<LINK REL=NEXT HREF="01_.htm">
</HEAD>
<BODY>
<H1><A REV=MADE HREF="http://www.lispworks.com/"><IMG WIDTH=80 HEIGHT=65 ALT="[LISPWORKS]" SRC="../Graphics/LWSmall.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=TOP HREF="../Front/index.htm"><IMG WIDTH=237 HEIGHT=65 ALT="[Common Lisp HyperSpec (TM)]" SRC="../Graphics/CLHS_Sm.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A> <A REL=PREV HREF="../Front/Contents.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Previous]" SRC="../Graphics/Prev.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=UP HREF="../Front/Contents.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Up]" SRC="../Graphics/Up.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=NEXT HREF="01_.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Next]" SRC="../Graphics/Next.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A></H1>
<HR>
<P>
<A NAME="credits"><P>
<I><H2>
Credits</H2></I></A><P>
<P>
<P>
<P> <PRE>
Principal Technical Editors:
<P>
<A HREF="mailto:kmp@lispworks.com">Kent M. Pitman</A> <A HREF="http://www.lispworks.com/">Harlequin, Inc.</A> 1993-present
<A HREF="http://www.brightware.com/~rwk/symbolics/">Symbolics, Inc.</A> 1990-1992
Kathy Chapman <A HREF="http://www.dec.com/">Digital Equipment Corporation</A> 1987-1989
<P>
Occasional Guest Editors:
<P>
<A HREF="mailto:rpg@steam.stanford.edu">Richard P. Gabriel</A> <A HREF="http://www.lispworks.com/news/news12.html">Lucid, Inc.</A>
<A HREF="http://www.cs.yale.edu/homes/sjl/sandra.html">Sandra Loosemore</A> self
</PRE>
<P> <P>
<P>
<P> <PRE>
Financial Contributors to the Editing Process:
<P>
<A HREF="http://www.dec.com/">Digital Equipment Corporation</A>
<A HREF="http://www.lispworks.com/">Harlequin, Ltd.</A> and <A HREF="http://www.lispworks.com/">Harlequin, Inc.</A>
<A HREF="http://www.brightware.com/~rwk/symbolics/">Symbolics, Inc.</A>
<A HREF="http://www.apple.com/">Apple, Inc.</A>
<A HREF="http://www.franz.com/">Franz, Inc.</A>
<A HREF="http://www.lispworks.com/news/news12.html">Lucid, Inc.</A>
</PRE>
<P> <P>
<P>
Special thanks to <A HREF="mailto:Guy.Steele@East.Sun.COM">Guy L. Steele Jr.</A> and Digital Press for producing <I>Common Lisp: The Language</I>, and for relaxing copyright restrictions enough to make it possible for that document's text to provide an early basis of this work. <P>
<P><P><P>
<P> <PRE>
Edit and Review History:
<P>
01-Jan-89 Chapman Draft of Chapters 1.1 (scope).
01-Jan-89 <A HREF="mailto:kmp@lispworks.com">Pitman</A> Draft of Chapters 5.1 (conditions).
01-May-89 Chapman Draft of 1.2--1.6.
01-May-89 <A HREF="mailto:rpg@steam.stanford.edu">Gabriel</A> Rewrite of Chapters 1.1 and 5.1.
01-Jun-89 <A HREF="http://www.cs.yale.edu/homes/sjl/sandra.html">Loosemore</A> Review of Chapter 4.2.
01-Jun-89 <A HREF="mailto:kmp@lispworks.com">Pitman</A> Review of Glossary
15-Jun-89 <A HREF="mailto:rpg@steam.stanford.edu">Gabriel</A> Rewrite of Glossary
16-Jun-89 <A HREF="mailto:barmar@bbnplanet.com">Margolin</A> Comments on Chapters 2.1--2.4 (types, objects).
23-Jun-89 <A HREF="mailto:rpg@steam.stanford.edu">Gabriel</A> Rewrite of 4.2.
07-Jul-89 <A HREF="mailto:moon@mc.lcs.mit.edu">Moon</A> Review of Chapters 4.1, 4.3
12-Jul-89 <A HREF="mailto:rpg@steam.stanford.edu">Gabriel</A> Revision of 4.2.
15-Jul-89 <A HREF="mailto:kmp@lispworks.com">Pitman</A> Review of Glossary
18-Jul-89 Gray Comments on 5.1
25-Jul-89 <A HREF="mailto:rpg@steam.stanford.edu">Gabriel</A> Revision of Chapters 1.2--1.6, 2.2
26-Jul-89 <A HREF="mailto:rpg@steam.stanford.edu">Gabriel</A> Rewrite of 5.1
26-Jul-89 <A HREF="mailto:rpg@steam.stanford.edu">Gabriel</A> Rewrite of 4.1.
27-Jul-89 <A HREF="mailto:kmp@lispworks.com">Pitman</A> Revision of 5.1
27-Jul-89 <A HREF="mailto:rpg@steam.stanford.edu">Gabriel</A> Revision of 5.1
28-Jul-89 Chapman Draft of 2.2, 3.2, 3.3, 5.4
28-Jul-89 <A HREF="mailto:rpg@steam.stanford.edu">Gabriel</A> Revision of Glossary.
01-Oct-89 <A HREF="mailto:barmar@bbnplanet.com">Margolin</A> Review of Dictionary from Jun-89 draft.
20-Jan-91 <A HREF="mailto:kmp@lispworks.com">Pitman</A> Draft 8.81 (for X3J13 review). Document X3J13/91-101.
29-Jan-91 <A HREF="http://www.merl.com/people/waters/Welcome.html">Waters</A> Review of 8.81/Chapter 23 (Printer).
01-Mar-91 <A HREF="mailto:moon@mc.lcs.mit.edu">Moon</A> Review of 8.81/Chapter 4 (Evaluation and Compilation).
01-Mar-91 <A HREF="mailto:kab@camellia.org">Barrett</A> Review of 8.81/Chapter 4 (Evaluation and Compilation).
01-Mar-91 <A HREF="mailto:moon@mc.lcs.mit.edu">Moon</A> Review of 8.81/Glossary.
13-Mar-90 <A HREF="mailto:awechsle@bbn.com">Wechsler</A> Review of 8.81/Glossary.
21-Mar-91 <A HREF="http://www.brightware.com/~rwk/">Kerns</A> Review of 8.81/Chapter 1.
26-Apr-91 <A HREF="mailto:barmar@bbnplanet.com">Margolin</A> Review of 8.81/Chapters 1--12.
15-May-91 <A HREF="mailto:kab@camellia.org">Barrett</A> Review of 8.81/Chapters 5 (Misc), 11 (Conditions).
04-Jun-91 Laddaga Review of 9.60/Chapter 20 (Pathnames).
10-Jun-91 <A HREF="mailto:kmp@lispworks.com">Pitman</A> Draft 9.126 (for X3J13 review). Document X3J13/91-102.
02-Sep-91 <A HREF="mailto:kab@camellia.org">Barrett</A> Review of 9.28/Chapter 4 (Evaluation and Compilation).
02-Sep-91 <A HREF="mailto:kab@camellia.org">Barrett</A> Review of 9.52/Chapter 4 (Evaluation and Compilation).
15-Sep-91 <A HREF="mailto:kab@camellia.org">Barrett</A> Review of 9.126/Chapter 4 (Evaluation and Compilation)
and Chapter 7 (Evaluation/Compilation).
(some comments not yet merged)
18-Sep-91 <A HREF="mailto:awechsle@bbn.com">Wechsler</A> Review of 9.126.
21-Sep-91 <A HREF="mailto:kab@camellia.org">Barrett</A> Review of 10.16/Chapter 7 (Evaluation/Compilation).
(some comments not yet merged)
28-Sep-91 <A HREF="mailto:kab@camellia.org">Barrett</A> Review of 10.95/Chapter 25 (Printer).
(some comments not yet merged)
13-Oct-91 <A HREF="mailto:kab@camellia.org">Barrett</A> Review (and help editing) of 10.104/Chapter 4
(Evaluation and Compilation)
15-Oct-91 <A HREF="http://www.merl.com/people/waters/Welcome.html">Waters</A> Review of 10.95/Chapter 25 (Printer).
24-Oct-91 <A HREF="mailto:kmp@lispworks.com">Pitman</A> Draft 10.156 (for X3J13 review). Document X3J13/91-103.
04-Nov-91 <A HREF="mailto:moon@mc.lcs.mit.edu">Moon</A> Review of 10.156/Chapter 5 (Data and Control Flow)
and Chapter 26 (Glossary).
11-Nov-91 <A HREF="http://www.cs.yale.edu/homes/sjl/sandra.html">Loosemore</A> Review of 10.156/Chapter 2 (Syntax),
Chapter 3 (Evaluation and Compilation),
Chapter 5 (Data and Control Flow), and Chapter 8 (Structures).
02-Dec-91 <A HREF="mailto:kab@camellia.org">Barrett</A> Review of 10.156/Chapter 4 (Types and Classes),
and Chapter 10 (Symbols).
02-Dec-91 <A HREF="mailto:kab@camellia.org">Barrett</A> Review of 10.156/Chapter 3 (Evaluation and Compilation),
Chapter 6 (Iteration), Chapter 9 (Conditions),
and Chapter 14 (Conses).
(some comments not yet merged)
09-Dec-91 <A HREF="mailto:rpg@steam.stanford.edu">Gabriel</A> Review of 10.156/Chapter 1 (Introduction),
Chapter 2 (Syntax), and Chapter 3 (Evaluation and Compilation).
09-Dec-91 <A HREF="mailto:ida@csrl.aoyama.ac.jp">Ida</A> Light review of 10.156/Chapters 1-5.
09-Dec-91 <A HREF="mailto:moon@mc.lcs.mit.edu">Moon</A> Review of 10.156/Chapter 3 (Evaluation and Compilation).
(some comments not yet merged)
10-Dec-91 <A HREF="http://www.cs.yale.edu/homes/sjl/sandra.html">Loosemore</A> Review of 10.156/Chapter 10 (Symbols),
Chapter 20 (Files), and Chapter 13 (Characters).
10-Dec-91 <A HREF="http://www.cs.yale.edu/homes/sjl/sandra.html">Loosemore</A> Review of 10.156/Chapter 14 (Conses).
(some comments not yet merged)
10-Dec-91 <A HREF="mailto:laubsch@cup.hp.com">Laubsch</A> Review of 10.156/Chapters 1 (Introduction),
Chapter 2 (Syntax), Chapter 3 (Evaluation and Compilation),
Chapter 4 (Types and Classes), Chapter 5 (Data and Control Flow),
Chapter 7 (Objects), Chapter 11 (Packages),
Chapter 19 (Filenames), and Chapter 21 (Streams).
18-Dec-91 <A HREF="mailto:barmar@bbnplanet.com">Margolin</A> Review of 10.156/Chapter 18 (Hash Tables).
04-Jan-92 White Review of 10.156/Chapter 6 (Iteration),
Chapter 11 (Packages), Chapter 18 (Hash Tables),
and Chapter 23 (Reader).
04-Jan-92 White Review of 10.156/Chapter 26 (Glossary).
(some comments not yet merged)
04-Jan-92 <A HREF="mailto:kab@camellia.org">Barrett</A> Review of 10.156/Chapter 18 (Hash Tables) and Chapter 16 (Strings).
04-Jan-92 <A HREF="mailto:kab@camellia.org">Barrett</A> Review of 10.156/Chapter 15 (Arrays) and Chapter 21 (Streams).
(some comments not yet merged)
06-Jan-92 <A HREF="http://www.cs.yale.edu/homes/sjl/sandra.html">Loosemore</A> Review of 10.156/Chapter 16 (Strings),
Chapter 17 (Sequences), and Chapter 25 (Environment).
06-Jan-92 <A HREF="http://www.cs.yale.edu/homes/sjl/sandra.html">Loosemore</A> Review of 10.156/Chapter 21 (Streams) and Chapter 23 (Reader).
(some comments not yet merged)
06-Jan-92 <A HREF="mailto:barmar@bbnplanet.com">Margolin</A> Review of 10.156/Chapter 2 (Syntax).
07-Jan-92 <A HREF="mailto:barmar@bbnplanet.com">Margolin</A> Review of 10.156/Chapter 4 (Types and Classes).
03-Feb-92 Aspinall Review of 10.156/Chapter 12 (Numbers).
16-Feb-92 <A HREF="mailto:kmp@lispworks.com">Pitman</A> Draft 11.82 (for X3J13 letter ballot). Document X3J13/92-101.
16-Mar-92 <A HREF="http://www.cs.yale.edu/homes/sjl/sandra.html">Loosemore</A> Review of 11.82/Chapter 1, 3-5, 7-12, 18, and 22-26.
16-Feb-92 <A HREF="mailto:kmp@lispworks.com">Pitman</A> Draft 12.24 (for X3 consideration). Document X3J13/92-102.
09-Sep-92 Samson Public Review Comments (#1). Documents X3J13/92-1001 to 92-1003.
22-Oct-92 Rose, Yen Public Review Comments (#2). Documents X3J13/92-1101 to 92-1103.
23-Oct-92 Staley Public Review Comments (#3). Documents X3J13/92-1201 to 92-1204.
09-Nov-92 <A HREF="mailto:kab@camellia.org">Barrett</A> Public Review Comments (#4). Documents X3J13/92-3101 to 92-3110.
11-Nov-92 <A HREF="mailto:moon@mc.lcs.mit.edu">Moon</A> Public Review Comments (#5). Documents X3J13/92-3201 to 92-3248.
17-Nov-92 <A HREF="http://www.cs.yale.edu/homes/sjl/sandra.html">Loosemore</A> Public Review Comments (#6). Documents X3J13/92-1301 to 92-1335.
23-Nov-92 <A HREF="mailto:barmar@bbnplanet.com">Margolin</A> Public Review Comments (#7). Documents X3J13/92-1401 to 92-1419.
23-Nov-92 Withington Public Review Comments (#8a). Documents X3J13/92-1501 to 92-1512.
23-Nov-92 Feinberg Public Review Comments (#8b). Documents X3J13/92-1601 to 92-1603.
23-Nov-92 <A HREF="mailto:awechsle@bbn.com">Wechsler</A> Public Review Comments (#8c). Documents X3J13/92-1701 to 92-1703.
23-Nov-92 Moore Public Review Comments (#9). Documents X3J13/92-1801 to 92-1802.
23-Nov-92 Flanagan Public Review Comments (#10). Documents X3J13/92-1901 to 92-1910.
23-Nov-92 <A HREF="http://www.aiai.ed.ac.uk/~jeff/">Dalton</A> Public Review Comments (#11). Documents X3J13/92-2001 to 92-2012.
23-Nov-92 Gallagher Public Review Comments (#12). Documents X3J13/92-2101 to 92-2103.
23-Nov-92 Norvig Public Review Comments (#13). Documents X3J13/92-2201 to 92-2208.
24-Nov-92 Robertson Public Review Comments (#14). Document X3J13/92-2301.
23-Nov-92 Kawabe Public Review Comments (#15). Documents X3J13/92-2401 to 92-2403.
23-Nov-92 <A HREF="mailto:kab@camellia.org">Barrett</A> Public Review Comments (#16). Documents X3J13/92-2511 to X3J13/92-2531.
23-Nov-92 Wertheimer Public Review Comments (#17). Document X3J13/92-2601.
24-Nov-92 <A HREF="mailto:kmp@lispworks.com">Pitman</A> Public Review Comments (#18). Documents X3J13/92-2701 to 92-2742.
24-Nov-92 <A HREF="http://ligwww.epfl.ch/matomira.html">Mato Mira</A> Public Review Comments (#19). Documents X3J13/92-2801 to 92-2805.
24-Nov-92 Philpot Public Review Comments (#20). Document X3J13/92-2901.
23-Nov-92 Cerys Public Review Comments (#21). Document X3J13/92-3001.
30-Aug-93 <A HREF="mailto:kmp@lispworks.com">Pitman</A> Draft 13.65 (for X3J13 consideration). Document X3J13/93-101.
04-Oct-93 X3J13 Minor fixes to Draft 13.65 before sending to X3.
05-Oct-93 <A HREF="mailto:kmp@lispworks.com">Pitman</A> Draft 14.10 (for X3 consideration). Document X3J13/93-102.
08-Nov-93 <A HREF="http://www.aiai.ed.ac.uk/~jeff/">Dalton</A> ``reply to reply to pr comments''. Document X3J13/94-311.
04-Apr-94 <A HREF="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/boyer">Boyer</A>, <A HREF="mailto:matt_kaufmann@email.mot.com">Kaufmann</A>, Moore
Public Review Comments (#1). Document X3J13/94-305.
05-Apr-94 <A HREF="mailto:kmp@lispworks.com">Pitman</A> Public Review Comments (#2). Document X3J13/94-306.
14-Mar-94 Schulenburg Public Review Comments (#3). Document X3J13/94-307.
04-Apr-94 Shepard Late commentary. Document X3J13/94-309.
05-May-94 X3J13 Editorial-only changes to Draft 14.10 in response to comments.
10-May-94 <A HREF="mailto:kmp@lispworks.com">Pitman</A> Draft 15.17 (for X3 consideration). Document X3J13/94-101.
12-Aug-94 X3J13 Letter ballot to make specific corrections to Credits.
Drafts 15.17 and 15.17R are identical except for:
Changes to document date and version number.
Disclaimer added to back of cover page.
Changes to this Edit and Review History, page Credits iv.
Changes to names and headings, pages Credits v-vii.
12-Aug-94 <A HREF="mailto:kmp@lispworks.com">Pitman</A> Draft 15.17R (for X3 consideration). Document ANSI X3.266-1994.
01-Feb-94 <A HREF="mailto:kmp@lispworks.com">Pitman</A> Pre-publication changes per ANSI. This is ANSI X3.226-1994!
</PRE>
<P> <P>
<P><P><P>
<P>
The following lists of information are almost certainly incomplete, but it was felt that it was better to risk publishing incomplete information than to fail to acknowledge important contributions by the many people and organizations who have contributed to this effort. <P>
Mention here of any individual or organization does not imply endorsement of this document by that individual or organization. <P>
<P> <PRE>
Ad Hoc Group Chairs:
<P>
Characters Linden, Thom
Charter Ennis, Susan P.
Compiler Specification <A HREF="mailto:smh@franz.com">Haflich, Steven M.</A>
<A HREF="http://www.cs.yale.edu/homes/sjl/sandra.html">Loosemore, Sandra</A>
Editorial Chapman, Kathy
van Roggen, Walter
Error and Condition System <A HREF="mailto:kmp@lispworks.com">Pitman, Kent M.</A>
Graphics &amp;Windows Douglas Rand
Schoen, Eric
Iteration Facility White, JonL
Language Cleanup <A HREF="mailto:masinter@parc.xerox.com">Masinter, Larry</A>
<A HREF="mailto:sef+@cs.cmu.edu">Fahlman, Scott</A>
Lisp1/Lisp2 <A HREF="mailto:rpg@steam.stanford.edu">Gabriel, Richard P.</A>
Macros <A HREF="mailto:smh@franz.com">Haflich, Steven M.</A>
<A HREF="mailto:kmp@lispworks.com">Pitman, Kent M.</A>
<A HREF="mailto:wegman@watson.ibm.com">Wegman, Mark</A>
Object System Bobrow, Daniel G.
Presentation of Standard <A HREF="mailto:brown@hannah.enet.dec.com">Brown, Gary L.</A>
Pretty Printer <A HREF="http://www.merl.com/people/waters/Welcome.html">Waters, Richard C.</A>
Public Review <A HREF="mailto:ida@csrl.aoyama.ac.jp">Ida, Masayuki</A>
Types &amp;Declarations Scherlis, William L.
Validation Berman, Richard
</PRE>
<P> <P>
<P>
<P> <PRE>
Major Administrative Contributions:
<P>
<A HREF="mailto:kab@camellia.org">Barrett, Kim</A> <A HREF="mailto:73313.2671@compuserve.com">Mathis, Robert</A>
<A HREF="mailto:brown@hannah.enet.dec.com">Brown, Gary L.</A> <A HREF="mailto:kmp@lispworks.com">Pitman, Kent M.</A>
<A HREF="mailto:hanoch@fc.hp.com">Eiron, Hanoch</A> <A HREF="mailto:Guy.Steele@East.Sun.COM">Steele, Guy L., Jr.</A>
<A HREF="mailto:rpg@steam.stanford.edu">Gabriel, Richard P.</A> <A HREF="mailto:tyson@ai.sri.com">Tyson, Mabry</A>
<A HREF="mailto:smh@franz.com">Haflich, Steven M.</A> Van Deusen, Mary
<A HREF="mailto:ida@csrl.aoyama.ac.jp">Ida, Masayuki</A> White, JonL
Loeffler, David D. Whittemore, Susan
<A HREF="http://www.cs.yale.edu/homes/sjl/sandra.html">Loosemore, Sandra</A> Woodyatt, Anne
<A HREF="mailto:masinter@parc.xerox.com">Masinter, Larry</A> <A HREF="http://www.puffin.com/puffin/">Zubkoff, Jan L.</A>
</PRE>
<P> <P>
<P>
<P> <PRE>
Major Technical Contributions:
<P>
<A HREF="mailto:kab@camellia.org">Barrett, Kim A.</A> Keene, Sonya <A HREF="mailto:moon@mc.lcs.mit.edu">Moon, David A.</A>
Bobrow, Daniel G. Kempf, James <A HREF="mailto:crispin.perdue@sun.com">Perdue, Crispin</A>
<A HREF="mailto:swami@netcom.com">Daniels, Andy</A> <A HREF="http://www.brightware.com/~rwk/">Kerns, Robert W.</A> <A HREF="mailto:kmp@lispworks.com">Pitman, Kent M.</A>
DeMichiel, Linda G. <A HREF="http://www.parc.xerox.com/gregor">Kiczales, Gregor</A> <A HREF="mailto:Guy.Steele@East.Sun.COM">Steele, Guy L., Jr.</A>
<A HREF="mailto:pdussud@microsoft.com">Dussud, Patrick H.</A> <A HREF="http://www.cs.yale.edu/homes/sjl/sandra.html">Loosemore, Sandra</A> <A HREF="http://www.merl.com/people/waters/Welcome.html">Waters, Richard C.</A>
<A HREF="mailto:sef+@cs.cmu.edu">Fahlman, Scott</A> <A HREF="mailto:barmar@bbnplanet.com">Margolin, Barry</A> <A HREF="mailto:dlw@odi.com">Weinreb, Daniel</A>
<A HREF="mailto:rpg@steam.stanford.edu">Gabriel, Richard P.</A> <A HREF="mailto:masinter@parc.xerox.com">Masinter, Larry</A> White, JonL
<A HREF="mailto:ida@csrl.aoyama.ac.jp">Ida, Masayuki</A> <A HREF="mailto:Mly@LCS.MIT.EDU">Mlynarik, Richard</A>
</PRE>
<P> <P>
<P> <PRE>
Participating Companies and Organizations:
<P>
AI Architects, Inc. <A HREF="http://www.lispworks.com/news/news12.html">Lucid, Inc.</A>
<A HREF="http://www.amoco.com/">Amoco Production Co.</A> <A HREF="http://www.mcc.com/">MCC</A>
<A HREF="http://www.csrl.aoyama.ac.jp/">Aoyama Gakuin University</A> <A HREF="http://web.mit.edu/">MIT</A>
<A HREF="http://www.apple.com/">Apple Computer</A> <A HREF="http://www.mitre.org/">MITRE Corporation</A>
<A HREF="http://www.boeing.com/">Boeing Advanced Technology Center</A> MSC
<A HREF="http://www.cmu.edu/">Carnegie-Mellon University</A> NASA Ames Research Center
Chestnut Software <A HREF="http://www.nist.gov/">National Bureau of Standards</A>
Computer Sciences Nihon Symbolics
<A HREF="http://www.x3.org/">Computer &amp; Business Equipment Manufacturing Association (X3 Secretariat)</A>
<A HREF="http://www.contel.com/">CONTEL</A> <A HREF="http://www.parcplace.com/">ParcPlace Systems, Inc.</A>
CSC Prime Computer
<A HREF="http://www.arpa.gov/">DARPA</A> <A HREF="http://www.siemens.de/">Siemens</A>
<A HREF="http://www.dec.com/">Digital Equipment Corporation</A> <A HREF="http://www.siu.edu/">Southern Illinois University</A>
<A HREF="http://www.encore.com/">Encore</A> Sperry
<A HREF="http://www.es.com/">Evans &amp; Sutherland</A> <A HREF="http://www.sri.com/">SRI International</A>
<A HREF="http://www.franz.com/">Franz, Inc.</A> <A HREF="http://www.sun.com/">Sun Microsystems</A>
Gigamos <A HREF="http://www.brightware.com/~rwk/symbolics/">Symbolics</A>
<A HREF="http://www.gmd.de/">GMD</A> <A HREF="http://www.tektronix.com/">Tektronix</A>
<A HREF="http://www.goldhill-inc.com/">Gold Hill</A> <A HREF="http://www.ti.com/">Texas Instruments</A>
Grumman Data Systems Corporation The Aerospace Corporation
<A HREF="http://www.lispworks.com/">Harlequin, Ltd.</A> <A HREF="http://www.think.com/">Thinking Machines Corporation</A>
<A HREF="http://www.hp.com/">Hewlett-Packard</A> <A HREF="http://www.unisys.com/">Unisys</A>
<A HREF="http://www.honeywell.com/">Honeywell</A> <A HREF="http://www.bath.ac.uk/">University of Bath</A>
<A HREF="http://www.ibm.com/">IBM</A> <A HREF="http://www.edinburgh.ac.uk/">University of Edinburgh</A>
Ibuki <A HREF="http://www.umd.edu/">University of Maryland</A>
Integrated Inference Machines <A HREF="http://www.cs.mit.edu/">University of Utah</A>
International LISP Associates <A HREF="http://www.army.mil/">US Army</A>
<A HREF="http://www.jci.com/">Johnson Controls, Inc.</A> <A HREF="http://www.isi.edu/">USC/ISI</A>
LMI <A HREF="http://www.xerox.com/">Xerox</A>
</PRE>
<P> <P>
<P><P><P>
<P> <PRE>
Individual Participants:
<P>
Adler, Annette <A HREF="mailto:smh@franz.com">Haflich, Steven M.</A> Peck, Jeff
Allen, Stanley <A HREF="mailto:rharris@world.std.com">Harris, Richard M.</A> Pellegrino, Bob
Antonisse, Jim Hendler, Jim <A HREF="mailto:crispin.perdue@sun.com">Perdue, Crispin</A>
Arbaugh, Bill Hewitt, Carl Philipp, Christopher
<A HREF="http://www.isi.edu/software-sciences/balzer-home.html">Balzer, Bob</A> <A HREF="mailto:hornig@world.std.com">Hornig, Charles</A> Pierson, Dan
<A HREF="mailto:kab@camellia.org">Barrett, Kim</A> <A HREF="mailto:ida@csrl.aoyama.ac.jp">Ida, Masayuki</A> <A HREF="mailto:kmp@lispworks.com">Pitman, Kent M.</A>
<A HREF="mailto:bartley@hc.ti.com">Bartley, David H.</A> Kachurik, Catherine A. Posner, Dave
<A HREF="mailto:abp.lcs.mit.edu">Beckerle, Michael</A> <A HREF="http://www.toontalk.com/kenkahn.htm">Kahn, Ken</A> Raghavan, B.
Beiser, Paul Keene, Sonya Rand, Douglas
Benson, Eric Keller, Shaun Rininger, Jeff
Berman, Richard Kempf, James Rosenking, Jeffrey P.
Bobrow, Daniel G. <A HREF="http://www.brightware.com/~rwk/">Kerns, Robert W.</A> Scherlis, William L.
<A HREF="mailto:mary.boelk@jci.com">Boelk, Mary P.</A> <A HREF="http://www.parc.xerox.com/gregor">Kiczales, Gregor</A> Shiota, Eiji
Brittain, Skona Kolb, Dieter Sizer, Andy
<A HREF="mailto:brown@hannah.enet.dec.com">Brown, Gary L.</A> Koschmann, Timothy Slater, David
<A HREF="mailto:Jerome.Chailloux@inria.fr">Chailloux, Jerome</A> Kosinski, Paul Sodan, Angela
Chapman, Kathy Larson, Aaron <A HREF="http://www.omg.org/~soley/">Soley, Richard M.</A>
Clinger, Will Latto, Andy <A HREF="mailto:squires@arpa.gov">Squires, Stephen L.</A>
<A HREF="mailto:0003571756@mcimail.com">Coffee, Peter C.</A> <A HREF="mailto:laubsch@up.hp.com">Laubsch, Joachim</A> <A HREF="mailto:bill@digitool.com">St. Clair, Bill</A>
<A HREF="http://speckle.ncsl.nist.gov/~cugini/cugini.htm">Cugini, John</A> <A HREF="mailto:layer@franz.com">Layer, Kevin</A> Stanhope, Philip
<A HREF="mailto:Pavel@PlaceWare.Com">Curtis, Pavel</A> Linden, Thom <A HREF="mailto:Guy.Steele@East.Sun.COM">Steele, Guy L., Jr.</A>
Dabrowski, Christopher Loeffler, David D. Tucker, Paul
<A HREF="mailto:dae@ztivax.zfe.siemens.de">Daessler, Klaus</A> <A HREF="http://www.cs.yale.edu/homes/sjl/sandra.html">Loosemore, Sandra</A> Turba, Thomas
<A HREF="http://www.aiai.ed.ac.uk/~jeff/">Dalton, Jeff</A> Magataca, Mituhiro Unietis, Dave
<A HREF="mailto:swami@netcom.com">Daniels, Andy</A> <A HREF="mailto:barmar@bbnplanet.com">Margolin, Barry</A> Van Deusen, Mary
DeMichiel, Linda G. <A HREF="mailto:masinter@parc.xerox.com">Masinter, Larry</A> van Roggen, Walter
Doi, Takumi <A HREF="mailto:73313.2671@compuserve.com">Mathis, Robert</A> Waldrum, Ellen
Drescher, Gary Matthews, David C. <A HREF="http://www.merl.com/people/waters/Welcome.html">Waters, Richard C.</A>
Duggan, Jerry <A HREF="http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/">McCarthy, John</A> <A HREF="mailto:awechsle@bbn.com">Wechsler, Allan</A>
<A HREF="mailto:pdussud@microsoft.com">Dussud, Patrick H.</A> <A HREF="mailto:mm@franz.com">Mikelsons, Martin</A> <A HREF="mailto:wegman@watson.ibm.com">Wegman, Mark</A>
Ennis, Susan P. <A HREF="mailto:Mly@LCS.MIT.EDU">Mlynarik, Richard</A> <A HREF="mailto:dlw@odi.com">Weinreb, Daniel</A>
<A HREF="mailto:sef+@cs.cmu.edu">Fahlman, Scott</A> <A HREF="mailto:moon@mc.lcs.mit.edu">Moon, David A.</A> Weyhrauch, Richard
<A HREF="mailto:frayman@hpl.hp.com">Frayman, Felix</A> <A HREF="mailto:moore@wolfenet.com">Moore, Timothy</A> White, JonL
<A HREF="mailto:rpg@steam.stanford.edu">Gabriel, Richard P.</A> Nicoud, Stephen Wieland, Alexis
Giansiracusa, Bob Nilsson, Jarl Withington, P. Tucker
Goldstein, Brad O'Dell, Jim Wright, Whitman
Gray, David Ohlander, Ron York, Bill
<A HREF="mailto:rg@life.ai.mit.edu">Greenblatt, Richard</A> <A HREF="http://www.maths.bath.ac.uk/~jap/">Padget, Julian</A> Zacharias, Gail
<A HREF="mailto:hadden@src.honeywell.com">Hadden, George D.</A> Palter, Gary <A HREF="http://www.puffin.com/puffin/">Zubkoff, Jan L.</A>
</PRE>
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<TITLE>CLHS: Chapter 1</TITLE>
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<META HTTP-EQUIV="Organization" CONTENT="LispWorks Ltd.">
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<H1><A REV=MADE HREF="http://www.lispworks.com/"><IMG WIDTH=80 HEIGHT=65 ALT="[LISPWORKS]" SRC="../Graphics/LWSmall.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=TOP HREF="../Front/index.htm"><IMG WIDTH=237 HEIGHT=65 ALT="[Common Lisp HyperSpec (TM)]" SRC="../Graphics/CLHS_Sm.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A> <A REL=PREV HREF="00_.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Previous]" SRC="../Graphics/Prev.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=UP HREF="../Front/Contents.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Up]" SRC="../Graphics/Up.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=NEXT HREF="01_a.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Next]" SRC="../Graphics/Next.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A></H1>
<HR>
<P>
<A NAME="chapone"><A NAME="introduction"><P>
<H2>
1. Introduction</H2></A></A><P>
<P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="01_a.htm"><H2>
1.1 Scope, Purpose, and History</H2></A><P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="01_b.htm"><H2>
1.2 Organization of the Document</H2></A><P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="01_c.htm"><H2>
1.3 Referenced Publications</H2></A><P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="01_d.htm"><H2>
1.4 Definitions</H2></A><P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="01_e.htm"><H2>
1.5 Conformance</H2></A><P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="01_f.htm"><H2>
1.6 Language Extensions</H2></A><P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="01_g.htm"><H2>
1.7 Language Subsets</H2></A><P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="01_h.htm"><H2>
1.8 Deprecated Language Features</H2></A><P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="01_i.htm"><H2>
1.9 Symbols in the COMMON-LISP Package</H2></A><P><P>
<P><HR>
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<H1><A REV=MADE HREF="http://www.lispworks.com/"><IMG WIDTH=80 HEIGHT=65 ALT="[LISPWORKS]" SRC="../Graphics/LWSmall.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=TOP HREF="../Front/index.htm"><IMG WIDTH=237 HEIGHT=65 ALT="[Common Lisp HyperSpec (TM)]" SRC="../Graphics/CLHS_Sm.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A> <A REL=PREV HREF="01_.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Previous]" SRC="../Graphics/Prev.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=UP HREF="01_.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Up]" SRC="../Graphics/Up.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=NEXT HREF="01_aa.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Next]" SRC="../Graphics/Next.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A></H1>
<HR>
<H2>
1.1 Scope, Purpose, and History</H2>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="01_aa.htm"><H2>
1.1.1 Scope and Purpose</H2></A><P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="01_ab.htm"><H2>
1.1.2 History</H2></A><P><HR>
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<H1><A REV=MADE HREF="http://www.lispworks.com/"><IMG WIDTH=80 HEIGHT=65 ALT="[LISPWORKS]" SRC="../Graphics/LWSmall.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=TOP HREF="../Front/index.htm"><IMG WIDTH=237 HEIGHT=65 ALT="[Common Lisp HyperSpec (TM)]" SRC="../Graphics/CLHS_Sm.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A> <A REL=PREV HREF="01_a.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Previous]" SRC="../Graphics/Prev.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=UP HREF="01_a.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Up]" SRC="../Graphics/Up.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=NEXT HREF="01_ab.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Next]" SRC="../Graphics/Next.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A></H1>
<HR>
<H2>
1.1.1 Scope and Purpose</H2> The specification set forth in this document is designed to promote the portability of Common Lisp programs among a variety of data processing systems. It is a language specification aimed at an audience of implementors and knowledgeable programmers. It is neither a tutorial nor an implementation guide. <HR>
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<H1><A REV=MADE HREF="http://www.lispworks.com/"><IMG WIDTH=80 HEIGHT=65 ALT="[LISPWORKS]" SRC="../Graphics/LWSmall.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=TOP HREF="../Front/index.htm"><IMG WIDTH=237 HEIGHT=65 ALT="[Common Lisp HyperSpec (TM)]" SRC="../Graphics/CLHS_Sm.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A> <A REL=PREV HREF="01_aa.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Previous]" SRC="../Graphics/Prev.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=UP HREF="01_a.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Up]" SRC="../Graphics/Up.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=NEXT HREF="01_b.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Next]" SRC="../Graphics/Next.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A></H1>
<HR>
<H2>
1.1.2 History</H2> <P>
Lisp is a family of languages with a long history. Early key ideas in Lisp were developed by <A HREF="http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/">John McCarthy</A> during the 1956 Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence. McCarthy's motivation was to develop an algebraic list processing language for artificial intelligence work. Implementation efforts for early dialects of Lisp were undertaken on the IBM 704, the IBM 7090, the <A HREF="http://www.dec.com/">Digital Equipment Corporation</A> (DEC) PDP-1, the DEC PDP-6, and the PDP-10. The primary dialect of Lisp between 1960 and 1965 was Lisp 1.5. By the early 1970's there were two predominant dialects of Lisp, both arising from these early efforts: MacLisp and Interlisp. For further information about very early Lisp dialects, see <I>The Anatomy of Lisp</I> or <I>Lisp 1.5 Programmer's Manual</I>. <P>
MacLisp improved on the Lisp 1.5 notion of special variables and error handling. MacLisp also introduced the concept of functions that could take a variable number of arguments, macros, arrays, non-local dynamic exits, fast arithmetic, the first good Lisp compiler, and an emphasis on execution speed. By the end of the 1970's, MacLisp was in use at over 50 sites. For further information about Maclisp, see <A REL=CITATION HREF="http://reading-room-www.lcs.mit.edu/rr/catalog/catalog.html?collection=tr&amp;sort=not&amp;search=Maclisp+1978"><I>Maclisp Reference Manual, Revision 0</I></A> or <A REL=CITATION HREF="http://reading-room-www.lcs.mit.edu/rr/catalog/catalog.html?collection=tr&amp;sort=not&amp;search=The+Revised+Maclisp+Manual"><I>The Revised Maclisp Manual</I></A>. <P>
Interlisp introduced many ideas into Lisp programming environments and methodology. One of the Interlisp ideas that influenced Common Lisp was an iteration construct implemented by Warren Teitelman that inspired the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_loop.htm#loop"><B>loop</B></A> macro used both on the Lisp Machines and in MacLisp, and now in Common Lisp. For further information about Interlisp, see <I>Interlisp Reference Manual</I>. <P>
Although the first implementations of Lisp were on the IBM 704 and the IBM 7090, later work focussed on the <A HREF="http://www.dec.com/">DEC</A> PDP-6 and, later, PDP-10 computers, the latter being the mainstay of Lisp and artificial intelligence work at such places as <A HREF="http://web.mit.edu/">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</A> (MIT), <A HREF="http://www.stanford.edu/">Stanford University</A>, and Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) from the mid-1960's through much of the 1970's. The PDP-10 computer and its predecessor the PDP-6 computer were, by design, especially well-suited to Lisp because they had 36-bit words and 18-bit addresses. This architecture allowed a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#cons"><I>cons</I></A> cell to be stored in one word; single instructions could extract the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#car"><I>car</I></A> and <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#cdr"><I>cdr</I></A> parts. The PDP-6 and PDP-10 had fast, powerful stack instructions that enabled fast function calling. But the limitations of the PDP-10 were evident by 1973: it supported a small number of researchers using Lisp, and the small, 18-bit address space (2^18 = 262,144 words) limited the size of a single program. One response to the address space problem was the Lisp Machine, a special-purpose computer designed to run Lisp programs. The other response was to use general-purpose computers with address spaces larger than 18 bits, such as the DEC VAX and the S-1 Mark IIA. For further information about S-1 Common Lisp, see ``S-1 Common Lisp Implementation.'' <P>
The Lisp machine concept was developed in the late 1960's. In the early 1970's, Peter Deutsch, working with Daniel Bobrow, implemented a Lisp on the Alto, a single-user minicomputer, using microcode to interpret a byte-code implementation language. Shortly thereafter, <A HREF="mailto:rg@life.ai.mit.edu">Richard Greenblatt</A> began work on a different hardware and instruction set design at <A HREF="http://web.mit.edu/">MIT</A>. Although the Alto was not a total success as a Lisp machine, a dialect of Interlisp known as Interlisp-D became available on the D-series machines manufactured by <A HREF="http://www.xerox.com/">Xerox</A>---the Dorado, Dandelion, Dandetiger, and Dove (or Daybreak). An upward-compatible extension of MacLisp called Lisp Machine Lisp became available on the early MIT Lisp Machines. Commercial Lisp machines from <A HREF="http://www.xerox.com/">Xerox</A>, Lisp Machines (LMI), and <A HREF="http://www.brightware.com/~rwk/symbolics/">Symbolics</A> were on the market by 1981. For further information about Lisp Machine Lisp, see <I>Lisp Machine Manual</I>. <P>
During the late 1970's, Lisp Machine Lisp began to expand towards a much fuller language. Sophisticated lambda lists, <TT>setf</TT>, multiple values, and structures like those in Common Lisp are the results of early experimentation with programming styles by the Lisp Machine group. Jonl White and others migrated these features to MacLisp. Around 1980, <A HREF="mailto:sef+@cs.cmu.edu">Scott Fahlman</A> and others at <A HREF="http://www.cmu.edu/">CMU</A> began work on a Lisp to run on the Scientific Personal Integrated Computing Environment (SPICE) workstation. One of the goals of the project was to design a simpler dialect than Lisp Machine Lisp. <P>
The Macsyma group at <A HREF="http://web.mit.edu/">MIT</A> began a project during the late 1970's called the New Implementation of Lisp (NIL) for the VAX, which was headed by White. One of the stated goals of the NIL project was to fix many of the historic, but annoying, problems with Lisp while retaining significant compatibility with MacLisp. At about the same time, a research group at <A HREF="http://www.stanford.edu/">Stanford University</A> and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory headed by <A HREF="mailto:rpg@steam.stanford.edu">Richard P. Gabriel</A> began the design of a Lisp to run on the S-1 Mark IIA supercomputer. S-1 Lisp, never completely functional, was the test bed for adapting advanced compiler techniques to Lisp implementation. Eventually the S-1 and NIL groups collaborated. For further information about the NIL project, see ``NIL---A Perspective.'' <P>
The first effort towards Lisp standardization was made in 1969, when <A HREF="http://www.rand.org/personal/hearn/">Anthony Hearn</A> and Martin Griss at the <A HREF="http://www.cs.mit.edu/">University of Utah</A> defined Standard Lisp---a subset of Lisp 1.5 and other dialects---to transport REDUCE, a symbolic algebra system. During the 1970's, the Utah group implemented first a retargetable optimizing compiler for Standard Lisp, and then an extended implementation known as Portable Standard Lisp (PSL). By the mid 1980's, PSL ran on about a dozen kinds of computers. For further information about Standard Lisp, see ``Standard LISP Report.'' <P>
PSL and Franz Lisp---a MacLisp-like dialect for Unix machines---were the first examples of widely available Lisp dialects on multiple hardware platforms. <P>
One of the most important developments in Lisp occurred during the second half of the 1970's: <I><A HREF="http://www.cs.indiana.edu/scheme-repository/doc.standards.html">Scheme</A></I>. Scheme, designed by Gerald J. Sussman and <A HREF="mailto:Guy.Steele@East.Sun.COM">Guy L. Steele Jr.</A>, is a simple dialect of Lisp whose design brought to Lisp some of the ideas from programming language semantics developed in the 1960's. Sussman was one of the prime innovators behind many other advances in Lisp technology from the late 1960's through the 1970's. The major contributions of Scheme were lexical scoping, lexical closures, first-class continuations, and simplified syntax (no separation of value cells and function cells). Some of these contributions made a large impact on the design of Common Lisp. For further information about Scheme, see <A REL=CITATION HREF="http://www.cs.indiana.edu/scheme-repository/doc.standards.html"><I>IEEE Standard for the Scheme Programming Language</I></A> or ``<I><A REL=CITATION HREF="http://www.cs.indiana.edu/scheme-repository/doc.standards.html">Revised^3 Report</A> on the Algorithmic Language <A REL=CITATION HREF="file://swiss-ftp.ai.mit.edu/pub/scm/HTML/r4rs_toc.html">Scheme</A></I>.'' <P>
In the late 1970's object-oriented programming concepts started to make a strong impact on Lisp. At <A HREF="http://web.mit.edu/">MIT</A>, certain ideas from Smalltalk made their way into several widely used programming systems. Flavors, an object-oriented programming system with multiple inheritance, was developed at MIT for the Lisp machine community by <A HREF="mailto:hic@macsyma.com">Howard Cannon</A> and others. At <A HREF="http://www.xerox.com/">Xerox</A>, the experience with Smalltalk and Knowledge Representation Language (KRL) led to the development of Lisp Object Oriented Programming System (LOOPS) and later Common LOOPS. For further information on Smalltalk, see <I>Smalltalk-80: The Language and its Implementation</I>. For further information on Flavors, see <I>Flavors: A Non-Hierarchical Approach to Object-Oriented Programming</I>. <P>
These systems influenced the design of the Common Lisp Object System (CLOS). CLOS was developed specifically for this standardization effort, and was separately written up in ``Common Lisp Object System Specification.'' However, minor details of its design have changed slightly since that publication, and that paper should not be taken as an authoritative reference to the semantics of the object system as described in this document. <P>
In 1980 <A HREF="http://www.brightware.com/~rwk/symbolics/">Symbolics</A> and LMI were developing Lisp Machine Lisp; stock-hardware implementation groups were developing NIL, Franz Lisp, and PSL; <A HREF="http://www.xerox.com/">Xerox</A> was developing Interlisp; and the SPICE project at <A HREF="http://www.cmu.edu/">CMU</A> was developing a MacLisp-like dialect of Lisp called SpiceLisp. <P>
In April 1981, after a DARPA-sponsored meeting concerning the splintered Lisp community, Symbolics, the SPICE project, the NIL project, and the S-1 Lisp project joined together to define Common Lisp. Initially spearheaded by White and Gabriel, the driving force behind this grassroots effort was provided by <A HREF="mailto:sef+@cs.cmu.edu">Fahlman</A>, <A HREF="mailto:dlw@odi.com">Daniel Weinreb</A>, David Moon, <A HREF="mailto:Guy.Steele@East.Sun.COM">Steele</A>, and <A HREF="mailto:rpg@steam.stanford.edu">Gabriel</A>. Common Lisp was designed as a description of a family of languages. The primary influences on Common Lisp were Lisp Machine Lisp, MacLisp, NIL, S-1 Lisp, Spice Lisp, and Scheme. <I>Common Lisp: The Language</I> is a description of that design. Its semantics were intentionally underspecified in places where it was felt that a tight specification would overly constrain Common Lisp esearch and use. <P>
In 1986 X3J13 was formed as a technical working group to produce a draft for an ANSI Common Lisp standard. Because of the acceptance of Common Lisp, the goals of this group differed from those of the original designers. These new goals included stricter standardization for portability, an object-oriented programming system, a condition system, iteration facilities, and a way to handle large character sets. To accommodate those goals, a new language specification, this document, was developed. <P>
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<H2>
1.2 Organization of the Document</H2> <P>
This is a reference document, not a tutorial document. Where possible and convenient, the order of presentation has been chosen so that the more primitive topics precede those that build upon them; however, linear readability has not been a priority. <P>
This document is divided into chapters by topic. Any given chapter might contain conceptual material, dictionary entries, or both. <P>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_d.htm#defined_name"><I>Defined names</I></A> within the dictionary portion of a chapter are grouped in a way that brings related topics into physical proximity. Many such groupings were possible, and no deep significance should be inferred from the particular grouping that was chosen. To see <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_d.htm#defined_name"><I>defined names</I></A> grouped alphabetically, consult the index. For a complete list of <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_d.htm#defined_name"><I>defined names</I></A>, see <A REL=CHILD HREF="01_i.htm">Section 1.9 (Symbols in the COMMON-LISP Package)</A>. <P>
In order to compensate for the sometimes-unordered portions of this document, a glossary has been provided; see <A REL=CHILD HREF="26_.htm">Section 26 (Glossary)</A>. The glossary provides connectivity by providing easy access to definitions of terms, and in some cases by providing examples or cross references to additional conceptual material. <P>
For information about notational conventions used in this document, see <A REL=CHILD HREF="01_d.htm">Section 1.4 (Definitions)</A>. <P>
For information about conformance, see <A REL=CHILD HREF="01_e.htm">Section 1.5 (Conformance)</A>. <P>
For information about extensions and subsets, see <A REL=CHILD HREF="01_f.htm">Section 1.6 (Language Extensions)</A> nd <A REL=CHILD HREF="01_g.htm">Section 1.7 (Language Subsets)</A>. <P>
For information about how <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_p.htm#program"><I>programs</I></A> in the language are parsed by the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_l.htm#lisp_reader"><I>Lisp reader</I></A>, see <A REL=CHILD HREF="02_.htm">Section 2 (Syntax)</A>. <P>
For information about how <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_p.htm#program"><I>programs</I></A> in the language are <I>compiled</I> and <I>executed</I>, see <A REL=CHILD HREF="03_.htm">Section 3 (Evaluation and Compilation)</A>. <P>
For information about data types, see <A REL=CHILD HREF="04_.htm">Section 4 (Types and Classes)</A>. Not all <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#type"><I>types</I></A> and <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#class"><I>classes</I></A> are defined in this chapter; many are defined in chapter corresponding to their topic--for example, the numeric types are defined in <A REL=CHILD HREF="12_.htm">Section 12 (Numbers)</A>. For a complete list of <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#standardized"><I>standardized</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#type"><I>types</I></A>, see <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="04_bc.htm#standardizedatomictypespecs">Figure 4-2</A>. <P>
For information about general purpose control and data flow, see <A REL=CHILD HREF="05_.htm">Section 5 (Data and Control Flow)</A> or <A REL=CHILD HREF="06_.htm">Section 6 (Iteration)</A>. <HR>
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<H2>
1.3 Referenced Publications</H2> <P>
<P><UL><P>
<LI> <I>The Anatomy of Lisp</I>, John Allen, <A HREF="http://akebono.stanford.edu/yahoo/Business/Corporations/Publishing/McGraw_Hill__Inc_/">McGraw-Hill, Inc.</A>, 1978. <P>
<LI> <A REL=CITATION HREF="gopher://aw.com/11/authors/Knuth/knuthart1-3"><I> The Art of Computer Programming, Volume 3</I></A>, <A HREF="http://www-cs-staff.stanford.edu/~knuth/">Donald E. Knuth</A>, <A HREF="http://aw.com/">Addison-Wesley Company</A> (Reading, MA), 1973. <P>
<LI> <A REL=CITATION HREF="http://www.parc.xerox.com/spl/groups/eca/pubs/complete.html#Kiczales:AMOP"><I>The Art of the Metaobject Protocol</I></A>, <A HREF="http://www.parc.xerox.com/gregor">Kiczales</A> et al., <A HREF="http://www-mitpress.mit.edu/">MIT Press</A> (<A HREF="http://www.ci.cambridge.ma.us/">Cambridge</A>, MA), 1991. <P>
<LI> ``Common Lisp Object System Specification,'' D. Bobrow, L. DiMichiel, <A HREF="mailto:rpg@steam.stanford.edu">R.P. Gabriel</A>, S. Keene, <A HREF="http://www.parc.xerox.com/gregor">G. Kiczales</A>, <A HREF="mailto:moon@mc.lcs.mit.edu">D. Moon</A>, <I><A REL=CITATION HREF="http://info.acm.org/catalog/proceedings/sigplan.html">SIGPLAN Notices</A></I> V23, September, 1988. <P>
<LI> <I>Common Lisp: The Language</I>, <A HREF="mailto:Guy.Steele@East.Sun.COM">Guy L. Steele Jr.</A>, Digital Press (Burlington, MA), 1984. <P>
<LI> <A REL=CITATION HREF="http://www.cs.cmu.edu/Web/Groups/AI/html/cltl/cltl2.html"><I>Common Lisp: The Language, Second Edition</I></A>, <A HREF="mailto:Guy.Steele@East.Sun.COM">Guy L. Steele Jr.</A>, Digital Press (Bedford, MA), 1990. <P>
<LI> <I>Exceptional Situations in Lisp</I>, <A HREF="mailto:kmp@lispworks.com">Kent M. Pitman</A>, <I>Proceedings of the First European Conference on the Practical Application of LISP</I> (EUROPAL '90), Churchill College, Cambridge, England, March 27-29, 1990. <P>
<LI> <I>Flavors: A Non-Hierarchical Approach to Object-Oriented Programming</I>, <A HREF="mailto:hic@macsyma.com">Howard I. Cannon</A>, 1982. <P>
<LI> <I>IEEE Standard for Binary Floating-Point Arithmetic</I>, ANSI/IEEE Std 754-1985, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (New York), 1985. <P>
<LI> <A REL=CITATION HREF="http://www.cs.indiana.edu/scheme-repository/doc.standards.html"><I>IEEE Standard for the Scheme Programming Language</I></A>, IEEE Std 1178-1990, Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, Inc. (New York), 1991. <P>
<LI> <I>Interlisp Reference Manual</I>, Third Revision, Teitelman, Warren, et al, <A HREF="http://www.parc.xerox.com/">Xerox Palo Alto Research Center</A> (<A HREF="http://www.city.palo-alto.ca.us/home.html">Palo Alto</A>, <A HREF="http://www.reasearch.digital.com/SRC/virtual-tourist/California.html">CA</A>), 1978. <P>
<LI> ISO 6937/2, <I>Information processing---Coded character sets for text communication---Part 2: Latin alphabetic and non-alphabetic graphic characters</I>, ISO, 1983. <P>
<LI> <I>Lisp 1.5 Programmer's Manual</I>, <A HREF="http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/">John McCarthy</A>, <A HREF="http://www-mitpress.mit.edu/">MIT Press</A> (<A HREF="http://www.ci.cambridge.ma.us/">Cambridge</A>, MA), August, 1962. <P>
<LI> <I>Lisp Machine Manual</I>, <A HREF="mailto:dlw@odi.com">D.L. Weinreb</A> and <A HREF="mailto:moon@mc.lcs.mit.edu">D.A. Moon</A>, <A HREF="http://www.ai.mit.edu/">Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, MIT</A> (<A HREF="http://www.ci.cambridge.ma.us/">Cambridge</A>, MA), July, 1981. <P>
<LI> <A REL=CITATION HREF="http://reading-room-www.lcs.mit.edu/rr/catalog/catalog.html?collection=tr&amp;sort=not&amp;search=Maclisp+1978"><I>Maclisp Reference Manual, Revision 0</I></A>, <A HREF="mailto:moon@mc.lcs.mit.edu">David A. Moon</A>, Project MAC (<A HREF="http://www.lcs.mit.edu/">Laboratory for Computer Science</A>), <A HREF="http://web.mit.edu/">MIT</A> (<A HREF="http://www.ci.cambridge.ma.us/">Cambridge</A>, MA), March, 1974. <P>
<LI> ``NIL---A Perspective,'' JonL White, <I>Macsyma User's Conference</I>, 1979. <P>
<LI> <I>Performance and Evaluation of Lisp Programs</I>, <A HREF="mailto:rpg@steam.stanford.edu">Richard P. Gabriel</A>, <A HREF="http://www-mitpress.mit.edu/">MIT Press</A> (<A HREF="http://www.ci.cambridge.ma.us/">Cambridge</A>, MA), 1985. <P>
<LI> ``Principal Values and Branch Cuts in Complex APL,'' Paul Penfield Jr., <I>APL 81 Conference Proceedings</I>, <A HREF="http://www.acm.org/">ACM</A> SIGAPL (San Francisco, September 1981), 248-256. Proceedings published as <I>APL Quote Quad 12</I>, 1 (September 1981). <P>
<LI> <A REL=CITATION HREF="http://reading-room-www.lcs.mit.edu/rr/catalog/catalog.html?collection=tr&amp;sort=not&amp;search=The+Revised+Maclisp+Manual"><I>The Revised Maclisp Manual</I></A>, <A HREF="mailto:kmp@lispworks.com">Kent M. Pitman</A>, Technical Report 295, <A HREF="http://www.lcs.mit.edu/">Laboratory for Computer Science, MIT</A> (<A HREF="http://www.ci.cambridge.ma.us/">Cambridge</A>, MA), May 1983. <P>
<LI> ``<I><A REL=CITATION HREF="http://www.cs.indiana.edu/scheme-repository/doc.standards.html">Revised^3 Report</A> on the Algorithmic Language <A REL=CITATION HREF="file://swiss-ftp.ai.mit.edu/pub/scm/HTML/r4rs_toc.html">Scheme</A></I>,'' <A HREF="http://www.biols.susx.ac.uk/Home/Jonathan_Rees">Jonathan Rees</A> and William Clinger (editors), <I><A REL=CITATION HREF="http://info.acm.org/catalog/proceedings/sigplan.html">SIGPLAN Notices</A></I> V21, #12, December, 1986. <P>
<LI> ``S-1 Common Lisp Implementation,'' <A HREF="http://www.ai.mit.edu/people/brooks/brooks.html">R.A. Brooks</A>, <A HREF="mailto:rpg@steam.stanford.edu">R.P. Gabriel</A>, and <A HREF="mailto:Guy.Steele@East.Sun.COM">G.L. Steele</A>, <I><A REL=CITATION HREF="http://info.acm.org/catalog/proceedings/lfp.html">Conference Record of the 1982 ACM Symposium on Lisp and Functional Programming</A></I>, 108-113, 1982. <P>
<LI> <I>Smalltalk-80: The Language and its Implementation</I>, A. Goldberg and D. Robson, <A HREF="http://aw.com/">Addison-Wesley Company</A>, 1983. <P>
<LI> ``Standard LISP Report,'' J.B. Marti, <A HREF="http://www.rand.org/personal/hearn/">A.C. Hearn</A>, M.L. Griss, and C. Griss, <I><A REL=CITATION HREF="http://info.acm.org/catalog/proceedings/sigplan.html">SIGPLAN Notices</A></I> V14, #10, October, 1979. <P>
<LI> <I>Webster's Third New International Dictionary the English Language, Unabridged</I>, Merriam Webster (Springfield, MA), 1986. <P>
<LI> <A REL=CITATION HREF="http://reading-room-www.lcs.mit.edu/rr/catalog/catalog.html?collection=tr&amp;sort=not&amp;search=xp"><I>XP: A Common Lisp Pretty Printing System</I></A>, <A HREF="http://www.merl.com/people/waters/Welcome.html">R.C. Waters</A>, Memo 1102a, <A HREF="http://www.ai.mit.edu/">Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, MIT</A> (<A HREF="http://www.ci.cambridge.ma.us/">Cambridge</A>, MA), September 1989. <P>
<P></UL><HR>
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<H1><A REV=MADE HREF="http://www.lispworks.com/"><IMG WIDTH=80 HEIGHT=65 ALT="[LISPWORKS]" SRC="../Graphics/LWSmall.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=TOP HREF="../Front/index.htm"><IMG WIDTH=237 HEIGHT=65 ALT="[Common Lisp HyperSpec (TM)]" SRC="../Graphics/CLHS_Sm.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A> <A REL=PREV HREF="01_c.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Previous]" SRC="../Graphics/Prev.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=UP HREF="01_.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Up]" SRC="../Graphics/Up.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=NEXT HREF="01_da.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Next]" SRC="../Graphics/Next.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A></H1>
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<H2>
1.4 Definitions</H2> <P>
This section contains notational conventions and definitions of terms used in this manual. <P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="01_da.htm"><H2>
1.4.1 Notational Conventions</H2></A><P><P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="01_db.htm"><H2>
1.4.2 Error Terminology</H2></A><P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="01_dc.htm"><H2>
1.4.3 Sections Not Formally Part Of This Standard</H2></A><P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="01_dd.htm"><H2>
1.4.4 Interpreting Dictionary Entries</H2></A><P><HR>
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<H2>
1.4.1 Notational Conventions</H2> <P>
The following notational conventions are used throughout this document. <P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="01_daa.htm"><H2>
1.4.1.1 Font Key</H2></A><P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="01_dab.htm"><H2>
1.4.1.2 Modified BNF Syntax</H2></A><P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="01_dac.htm"><H2>
1.4.1.3 Special Symbols</H2></A><P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="01_dad.htm"><H2>
1.4.1.4 Objects with Multiple Notations</H2></A><P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="01_dae.htm"><H2>
1.4.1.5 Designators</H2></A><P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="01_daf.htm"><H2>
1.4.1.6 Nonsense Words</H2></A><P><HR>
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<HR>
<H2>
1.4.1.1 Font Key</H2> <P>
Fonts are used in this document to convey information. <P>
<P><DL><P>
<DT><A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_n.htm#name"><I>name</I></A> <P><DD>
Denotes a formal term whose meaning is defined in the Glossary. When this font is used, the Glossary definition takes precedence over normal English usage. <P>
Sometimes a glossary term appears subscripted, as in ``<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_w.htm#whitespace"><I>whitespace</I></A>[2].'' Such a notation selects one particular Glossary definition out of several, in this case the second. The subscript notation for Glossary terms is generally used where the context might be insufficient to disambiguate among the available definitions. <P>
<DT><A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_n.htm#name"><I>name</I></A> <P><DD>
Denotes the introduction of a formal term locally to the current text. There is still a corresponding glossary entry, and is formally equivalent to a use of ``<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_n.htm#name"><I>name</I></A>,'' but the hope is that making such uses conspicuous will save the reader a trip to the glossary in some cases. <P>
<DT><B>name</B> <P><DD>
Denotes a symbol in the <TT>COMMON-LISP</TT> package. For information about <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#case"><I>case</I></A> conventions, see <A REL=CHILD HREF="01_dada.htm">Section 1.4.1.4.1 (Case in Symbols)</A>. <P>
<DT><TT>name</TT> <P><DD>
Denotes a sample <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_n.htm#name"><I>name</I></A> or piece of <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#code"><I>code</I></A> that a programmer might write in Common Lisp. <P>
This font is also used for certain <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#standardized"><I>standardized</I></A> names that are not names of <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_e.htm#external_symbol"><I>external symbols</I></A> of the <TT>COMMON-LISP</TT> package, such as <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_k.htm#keyword"><I>keywords</I></A>[1], <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_p.htm#package"><I>package</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_n.htm#name"><I>names</I></A>, and <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_l.htm#loop_keyword"><I>loop keywords</I></A>. <P>
<DT><I>name</I> <P><DD>
Denotes the name of a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_p.htm#parameter"><I>parameter</I></A> or <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_v.htm#value"><I>value</I></A>. <P>
In some situations the notation ``&lt;&lt;<I>name</I>&gt;&gt;'' (i.e., the same font, but with surrounding ``angle brackets'') is used instead in order to provide better visual separation from surrounding characters. These ``angle brackets'' are metasyntactic, and never actually appear in program input or output. <P>
<P></DL><P>
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<H1><A REV=MADE HREF="http://www.lispworks.com/"><IMG WIDTH=80 HEIGHT=65 ALT="[LISPWORKS]" SRC="../Graphics/LWSmall.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=TOP HREF="../Front/index.htm"><IMG WIDTH=237 HEIGHT=65 ALT="[Common Lisp HyperSpec (TM)]" SRC="../Graphics/CLHS_Sm.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A> <A REL=PREV HREF="01_daa.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Previous]" SRC="../Graphics/Prev.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=UP HREF="01_da.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Up]" SRC="../Graphics/Up.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=NEXT HREF="01_daba.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Next]" SRC="../Graphics/Next.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A></H1>
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<H2>
1.4.1.2 Modified BNF Syntax</H2> <P>
This specification uses an extended Backus Normal Form (BNF) to describe the syntax of Common Lisp <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_m.htm#macro_form"><I>macro forms</I></A> and <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#special_form"><I>special forms</I></A>. This section discusses the syntax of BNF expressions. <P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="01_daba.htm"><H2>
1.4.1.2.1 Splicing in Modified BNF Syntax</H2></A><P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="01_dabb.htm"><H2>
1.4.1.2.2 Indirection in Modified BNF Syntax</H2></A><P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="01_dabc.htm"><H2>
1.4.1.2.3 Additional Uses for Indirect Definitions in Modified BNF Syntax</H2></A><P><HR>
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<H2>
1.4.1.2.1 Splicing in Modified BNF Syntax</H2> <P>
The primary extension used is the following: <P>
<P> [[O]]<P> <P>
An expression of this form appears whenever a list of elements is to be spliced into a larger structure and the elements can appear in any order. The symbol O represents a description of the syntax of some number of syntactic elements to be spliced; that description must be of the form <P>
<P> O1 | ... | Ol<P> <P>
where each Oi can be of the form S or of the form S* or of the form {S}1 . The expression [[O]] means that a list of the form <P>
<P> (Oi1...Oij) 1&lt;=j<P> <P>
is spliced into the enclosing expression, such that if n /=m and 1&lt;=n,m&lt;=j, then either Oin/=Oim or Oin = Oim = Qk, where for some 1&lt;=k &lt;=n, Ok is of the form Qk*. Furthermore, for each Oin that is of the form {Qk}1 , that element is required to appear somewhere in the list to be spliced. <P>
For example, the expression <P>
<TT>(x </TT>[[<TT>A </TT>|<TT> B</TT>*<TT> </TT>|<TT> C</TT>]]<TT> y)</TT> <P>
means that at most one <TT>A</TT>, any number of <TT>B</TT>'s, and at most one <TT>C</TT> can occur in any order. It is a description of any of these: <P>
<PRE>
(x y)
(x B A C y)
(x A B B B B B C y)
(x C B A B B B y)
</PRE>
</TT> <P>
but not any of these: <P>
<PRE>
(x B B A A C C y)
(x C B C y)
</PRE>
</TT> <P>
In the first case, both <TT>A</TT> and <TT>C</TT> appear too often, and in the second case <TT>C</TT> appears too often. <P>
<P>
The notation [[O1 | O2 | ...]]+ adds the additional restriction that at least one item from among the possible choices must be used. For example: <P>
<TT>(x </TT>[[<TT>A </TT>|<TT> B</TT>*<TT> </TT>|<TT> C</TT>]]<TT></TT>+<TT> y)</TT> <P>
means that at most one <TT>A</TT>, any number of <TT>B</TT>'s, and at most one <TT>C</TT> can occur in any order, but that in any case at least one of these options must be selected. It is a description of any of these: <P>
<PRE>
(x B y)
(x B A C y)
(x A B B B B B C y)
(x C B A B B B y)
</PRE>
</TT> <P>
but not any of these: <P>
<PRE>
(x y)
(x B B A A C C y)
(x C B C y)
</PRE>
</TT> <P>
In the first case, no item was used; in the second case, both <TT>A</TT> and <TT>C</TT> appear too often; and in the third case <TT>C</TT> appears too often. <P>
Also, the expression: <P>
<TT>(x </TT>[[<TT></TT>{<TT>A</TT>}1 <TT> </TT>|<TT> </TT>{<TT>B</TT>}1 <TT> </TT>|<TT> C</TT>]]<TT> y)</TT> <P>
can generate exactly these and no others: <P>
<PRE>
(x A B C y)
(x A C B y)
(x A B y)
(x B A C y)
(x B C A y)
(x B A y)
(x C A B y)
(x C B A y)
</PRE>
</TT> <P>
<P>
<P><HR>The following <A REL=META HREF="../Front/X3J13Iss.htm">X3J13 cleanup issue</A>, <I>not part of the specification</I>, applies to this section:<P><UL><LI> <A REL=CHILD HREF="../Issues/iss223.htm">LOOP-MISCELLANEOUS-REPAIRS:FIX</A><P></UL><HR>
<A REL=NAVIGATOR HREF="../Front/StartPts.htm"><IMG WIDTH=80 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Starting Points]" SRC="../Graphics/StartPts.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=TOC HREF="../Front/Contents.htm"><IMG WIDTH=80 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Contents]" SRC="../Graphics/Contents.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=INDEX HREF="../Front/X_Master.htm"><IMG WIDTH=80 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Index]" SRC="../Graphics/Index.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=INDEX HREF="../Front/X_Symbol.htm"><IMG WIDTH=80 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Symbols]" SRC="../Graphics/Symbols.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=GLOSSARY HREF="../Body/26_a.htm"><IMG WIDTH=80 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Glossary]" SRC="../Graphics/Glossary.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A HREF="../Front/X3J13Iss.htm"><IMG WIDTH=80 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Issues]" SRC="../Graphics/Issues.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><BR>
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<H2>
1.4.1.2.2 Indirection in Modified BNF Syntax</H2> <P>
An indirection extension is introduced in order to make this new syntax more readable: <P>
<P> <I>O</I><P> <P>
If <I>O</I> is a non-terminal symbol, the right-hand side of its definition is substituted for the entire expression <I>O</I>. For example, the following BNF is equivalent to the BNF in the previous example: <P>
<TT>(x </TT>[[<TT></TT><I>O</I><TT></TT>]]<TT> y)</TT> <P> <PRE>
O::= A | B* | C
</PRE>
<P> <P>
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<H2>
1.4.1.2.3 Additional Uses for Indirect Definitions in Modified BNF Syntax</H2> <P>
In some cases, an auxiliary definition in the BNF might appear to be unused within the BNF, but might still be useful elsewhere. For example, consider the following definitions: <P>
<B>case</B> <I>keyform {<I>normal-clause</I>}<B>*</B> [<I>otherwise-clause</I>]</I> =&gt; <I><I>result</I><B>*</B></I><P>
<B>ccase</B> <I>keyplace {<I>normal-clause</I>}<B>*</B></I> =&gt; <I><I>result</I><B>*</B></I><P>
<B>ecase</B> <I>keyform {<I>normal-clause</I>}<B>*</B></I> =&gt; <I><I>result</I><B>*</B></I><P>
<P>
<PRE>
normal-clause::= (keys form*)
</PRE>
<PRE>
otherwise-clause::= ({otherwise | t} form*)
</PRE>
<PRE>
clause::= normal-clause | otherwise-clause
</PRE>
<P> <P>
Here the term ``<I>clause</I>'' might appear to be ``dead'' in that it is not used in the BNF. However, the purpose of the BNF is not just to guide parsing, but also to define useful terms for reference in the descriptive text which follows. As such, the term ``<I>clause</I>'' might appear in text that follows, as shorthand for ``<I>normal-clause</I> or <I>otherwise-clause</I>.'' <P>
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<H2>
1.4.1.3 Special Symbols</H2> <P>
The special symbols described here are used as a notational convenience within this document, and are part of neither the Common Lisp language nor its environment. <P>
<P><DL><DT>=&gt; <P><DD>
This indicates evaluation. For example: <P>
<PRE>
(+ 4 5) =&gt; 9
</PRE>
</TT> This means that the result of evaluating the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_f.htm#form"><I>form</I></A> <TT>(+ 4 5)</TT> is <TT>9</TT>. <P>
If a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_f.htm#form"><I>form</I></A> returns <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_m.htm#multiple_values"><I>multiple values</I></A>, those values might be shown separated by spaces, line breaks, or commas. For example: <P>
<PRE>
(truncate 7 5)
=&gt; 1 2
(truncate 7 5)
=&gt; 1
2
(truncate 7 5)
=&gt; 1, 2
</PRE>
</TT> <P>
Each of the above three examples is equivalent, and specifies that <TT>(truncate 7 5)</TT> returns two values, which are <TT>1</TT> and <TT>2</TT>. <P>
Some <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#conforming_implementation"><I>conforming implementations</I></A> actually type an arrow (or some other indicator) before showing return values, while others do not. <P>
<DT>OR=&gt; <P><DD>
The notation ``OR=&gt; '' is used to denote one of several possible alternate results. The example <P>
<PRE>
(char-name #\a)
=&gt; NIL
OR=&gt; &quot;LOWERCASE-a&quot;
OR=&gt; &quot;Small-A&quot;
OR=&gt; &quot;LA01&quot;
</PRE>
</TT> <P>
indicates that <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="a_nil.htm#nil"><B>nil</B></A>, <TT>&quot;LOWERCASE-a&quot;</TT>, <TT>&quot;Small-A&quot;</TT>, <TT>&quot;LA01&quot;</TT> are among the possible results of <TT>(char-name #\a)</TT>---each with equal preference. Unless explicitly specified otherwise, it should not be assumed that the set of possible results shown is exhaustive. Formally, the above example is equivalent to <P>
<PRE>
(char-name #\a) =&gt; <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_i.htm#implementation-dependent">implementation-dependent</A>
</PRE>
</TT> <P>
but it is intended to provide additional information to illustrate some of the ways in which it is permitted for implementations to diverge. <P>
<DT>NOT=&gt; <P><DD>
The notation ``NOT=&gt; '' is used to denote a result which is not possible. This might be used, for example, in order to emphasize a situation where some anticipated misconception might lead the reader to falsely believe that the result might be possible. For example, <P>
<PRE>
(function-lambda-expression
(funcall #'(lambda (x) #'(lambda () x)) nil))
=&gt; NIL, <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#true">true</A>, NIL
OR=&gt; (LAMBDA () X), <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#true">true</A>, NIL
NOT=&gt; NIL, <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_f.htm#false">false</A>, NIL
NOT=&gt; (LAMBDA () X), <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_f.htm#false">false</A>, NIL
</PRE>
</TT> <P>
<DT>== <P><DD>
This indicates code equivalence. For example: <P>
<PRE>
(gcd x (gcd y z)) == (gcd (gcd x y) z)
</PRE>
</TT> This means that the results and observable side-effects of evaluating the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_f.htm#form"><I>form</I></A> <TT>(gcd x (gcd y z))</TT> are always the same as the results and observable side-effects of <TT>(gcd (gcd x y) z)</TT> for any <TT>x</TT>, <TT>y</TT>, and <TT>z</TT>. <P>
<DT>&gt;&gt; <P><DD>
Common Lisp specifies input and output with respect to a non-interactive stream model. The specific details of how interactive input and output are mapped onto that non-interactive model are <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_i.htm#implementation-defined"><I>implementation-defined</I></A>. <P>
For example, <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#conforming_implementation"><I>conforming implementations</I></A> are permitted to differ in issues of how interactive input is terminated. For example, the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_f.htm#function"><I>function</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_rd_rd.htm#read"><B>read</B></A> terminates when the final delimiter is typed on a non-interactive stream. In some <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_i.htm#implementation"><I>implementations</I></A>, an interactive call to <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_rd_rd.htm#read"><B>read</B></A> returns as soon as the final delimiter is typed, even if that delimiter is not a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_n.htm#newline"><I>newline</I></A>. In other <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_i.htm#implementation"><I>implementations</I></A>, a final <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_n.htm#newline"><I>newline</I></A> is always required. In still other <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_i.htm#implementation"><I>implementations</I></A>, there might be a command which ``activates'' a buffer full of input without the command itself being visible on the program's input stream. <P>
In the examples in this document, the notation ``&gt;&gt; '' precedes lines where interactive input and output occurs. Within such a scenario, ``this notation'' notates user input. <P>
For example, the notation <P>
<PRE>
(+ 1 (print (+ (sqrt (read)) (sqrt (read)))))
&gt;&gt; 9 16
&gt;&gt; 7
=&gt; 8
</PRE>
</TT> <P>
shows an interaction in which ``<TT>(+ 1 (print (+ (sqrt (read)) (sqrt (read)))))</TT>'' is a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_f.htm#form"><I>form</I></A> to be <I>evaluated</I>, ``<TT>9 16 </TT>'' is interactive input, ``<TT>7</TT>'' is interactive output, and ``<TT>8</TT>'' is the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_v.htm#value"><I>value</I></A> <I>yielded</I> from the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_e.htm#evaluation"><I>evaluation</I></A>. <P>
The use of this notation is intended to disguise small differences in interactive input and output behavior between <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_i.htm#implementation"><I>implementations</I></A>. <P>
Sometimes, the non-interactive stream model calls for a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_n.htm#newline"><I>newline</I></A>. How that <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_n.htm#newline"><I>newline</I></A> character is interactively entered is an <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_i.htm#implementation-defined"><I>implementation-defined</I></A> detail of the user interface, but in that case, either the notation ``&lt;Newline&gt;'' or ``&lt;NEWLINE&gt;'' might be used. <P>
<PRE>
(progn (format t &quot;~&amp;Who? &quot;) (read-line))
&gt;&gt; Who? Fred, Mary, and Sally&lt;NEWLINE&gt;
=&gt; &quot;Fred, Mary, and Sally&quot;, <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_f.htm#false">false</A>
</PRE>
</TT> <P>
<P></DL><P>
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<H2>
1.4.1.4 Objects with Multiple Notations</H2> <P>
Some <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_o.htm#object"><I>objects</I></A> in Common Lisp can be notated in more than one way. In such situations, the choice of which notation to use is technically arbitrary, but conventions may exist which convey a ``point of view'' or ``sense of intent.'' <P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="01_dada.htm"><H2>
1.4.1.4.1 Case in Symbols</H2></A><P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="01_dadb.htm"><H2>
1.4.1.4.2 Numbers</H2></A><P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="01_dadc.htm"><H2>
1.4.1.4.3 Use of the Dot Character</H2></A><P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="01_dadd.htm"><H2>
1.4.1.4.4 NIL</H2></A><P><HR>
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<H2>
1.4.1.4.1 Case in Symbols</H2> <P>
While <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#case"><I>case</I></A> is significant in the process of <I>interning</I> a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#symbol"><I>symbol</I></A>, the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_l.htm#lisp_reader"><I>Lisp reader</I></A>, by default, attempts to canonicalize the case of a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#symbol"><I>symbol</I></A> prior to interning; see <A REL=CHILD HREF="23_ab.htm">Section 23.1.2 (Effect of Readtable Case on the Lisp Reader)</A>. As such, case in <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#symbol"><I>symbols</I></A> is not, by default, significant. Throughout this document, except as explicitly noted otherwise, the case in which a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#symbol"><I>symbol</I></A> appears is not significant; that is, <TT>HELLO</TT>, <TT>Hello</TT>, <TT>hElLo</TT>, and <TT>hello</TT> are all equivalent ways to denote a symbol whose name is <TT>&quot;HELLO&quot;</TT>. <P>
The characters <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_b.htm#backslash"><I>backslash</I></A> and <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_v.htm#vertical-bar"><I>vertical-bar</I></A> are used to explicitly quote the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#case"><I>case</I></A> and other parsing-related aspects of characters. As such, the notations <TT></TT>|<TT>hello</TT>|<TT></TT> and <TT>\h\e\l\l\o</TT> are equivalent ways to refer to a symbol whose name is <TT>&quot;hello&quot;</TT>, and which is <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_d.htm#distinct"><I>distinct</I></A> from any symbol whose name is <TT>&quot;HELLO&quot;</TT>. <P>
The <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#symbol"><I>symbols</I></A> that correspond to Common Lisp <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_d.htm#defined_name"><I>defined names</I></A> have <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_u.htm#uppercase"><I>uppercase</I></A> names even though their names generally appear in <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_l.htm#lowercase"><I>lowercase</I></A> in this document. <P>
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1.4.1.4.2 Numbers</H2> <P>
Although Common Lisp provides a variety of ways for programs to manipulate the input and output radix for rational numbers, all numbers in this document are in decimal notation unless explicitly noted otherwise. <P>
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<H2>
1.4.1.4.3 Use of the Dot Character</H2> <P>
The dot appearing by itself in an <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_e.htm#expression"><I>expression</I></A> such as <P>
<TT>(</TT><I>item1</I><TT> </TT><I>item2</I><TT> . </TT><I>tail</I><TT>)</TT> <P>
means that <I>tail</I> represents a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_l.htm#list"><I>list</I></A> of <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_o.htm#object"><I>objects</I></A> at the end of a list. For example, <P>
<TT>(A B C . (D E F))</TT> <P>
is notationally equivalent to: <P>
<TT>(A B C D E F)</TT> <P>
Although <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_d.htm#dot"><I>dot</I></A> is a valid constituent character in a symbol, no <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#standardized"><I>standardized</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#symbol"><I>symbols</I></A> contain the character <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_d.htm#dot"><I>dot</I></A>, so a period that follows a reference to a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#symbol"><I>symbol</I></A> at the end of a sentence in this document should always be interpreted as a period and never as part of the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#symbol"><I>symbol</I></A>'s <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_n.htm#name"><I>name</I></A>. For example, within this document, a sentence such as ``This sample sentence refers to the symbol <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_car_c.htm#car"><B>car</B></A>.'' refers to a symbol whose name is <TT>&quot;CAR&quot;</TT> (with three letters), and never to a four-letter symbol <TT>&quot;CAR.&quot;</TT> <P>
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<H2>
1.4.1.4.4 NIL</H2> <P>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="a_nil.htm#nil"><B>nil</B></A> has a variety of meanings. It is a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#symbol"><I>symbol</I></A> in the <TT>COMMON-LISP</TT> package with the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_n.htm#name"><I>name</I></A> <TT>&quot;NIL&quot;</TT>, it is <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_b.htm#boolean"><I>boolean</I></A> (and <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_g.htm#generalized_boolean"><I>generalized boolean</I></A>) <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_f.htm#false"><I>false</I></A>, it is the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_e.htm#empty_list"><I>empty list</I></A>, and it is the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_n.htm#name"><I>name</I></A> of the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_e.htm#empty_type"><I>empty type</I></A> (a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#subtype"><I>subtype</I></A> of all <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#type"><I>types</I></A>). <P>
Within Common Lisp, <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="a_nil.htm#nil"><B>nil</B></A> can be notated interchangeably as either <TT>NIL</TT> or <TT>()</TT>. By convention, the choice of notation offers a hint as to which of its many roles it is playing. <P>
<PRE>
For Evaluation? Notation Typically Implied Role
----------<P>
Yes nil use as a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_b.htm#boolean">boolean</A>.
Yes 'nil use as a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#symbol">symbol</A>.
Yes '() use as an <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_e.htm#empty_list">empty list</A>
No nil use as a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#symbol">symbol</A> or <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_b.htm#boolean">boolean</A>.
No () use as an <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_e.htm#empty_list">empty list</A>.
</PRE>
<P><B>Figure 1-1. Notations for NIL</B> <P>
Within this document only, <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="a_nil.htm#nil"><B>nil</B></A> is also sometimes notated as <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_f.htm#false"><I>false</I></A> to emphasize its role as a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_b.htm#boolean"><I>boolean</I></A>. <P>
For example: <P>
<PRE>
(print ()) ;avoided
(defun three nil 3) ;avoided
'(nil nil) ;list of two symbols
'(() ()) ;list of empty lists
(defun three () 3) ;Emphasize empty parameter list.
(append '() '()) =&gt; () ;Emphasize use of empty lists
(not nil) =&gt; <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#true">true</A> ;Emphasize use as Boolean false
(get 'nil 'color) ;Emphasize use as a symbol
</PRE>
</TT> <P>
A <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_f.htm#function"><I>function</I></A> is sometimes said to ``be <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_f.htm#false"><I>false</I></A>'' or ``be <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#true"><I>true</I></A>'' in some circumstance. Since no <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_f.htm#function"><I>function</I></A> object can be the same as <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="a_nil.htm#nil"><B>nil</B></A> and all <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_f.htm#function"><I>function</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_o.htm#object"><I>objects</I></A> represent <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#true"><I>true</I></A> when viewed as <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_b.htm#boolean"><I>booleans</I></A>, it would be meaningless to say that the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_f.htm#function"><I>function</I></A> was literally <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_f.htm#false"><I>false</I></A> and uninteresting to say that it was literally <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#true"><I>true</I></A>. Instead, these phrases are just traditional alternative ways of saying that the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_f.htm#function"><I>function</I></A> ``returns <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_f.htm#false"><I>false</I></A>'' or ``returns <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#true"><I>true</I></A>,'' respectively. <P>
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<H2>
1.4.1.5 Designators</H2> <P>
A <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_d.htm#designator"><I>designator</I></A> is an <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_o.htm#object"><I>object</I></A> that denotes another <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_o.htm#object"><I>object</I></A>. <P>
Where a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_p.htm#parameter"><I>parameter</I></A> of an <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_o.htm#operator"><I>operator</I></A> is described as a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_d.htm#designator"><I>designator</I></A>, the description of the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_o.htm#operator"><I>operator</I></A> is written in a way that assumes that the value of the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_p.htm#parameter"><I>parameter</I></A> is the denoted <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_o.htm#object"><I>object</I></A>; that is, that the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_p.htm#parameter"><I>parameter</I></A> is already of the denoted <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#type"><I>type</I></A>. (The specific nature of the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_o.htm#object"><I>object</I></A> denoted by a ``&lt;&lt;<I>type</I>&gt;&gt; <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_d.htm#designator"><I>designator</I></A>'' or a ``<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_d.htm#designator"><I>designator</I></A> for a &lt;&lt;<I>type</I>&gt;&gt;'' can be found in the Glossary entry for ``&lt;&lt;<I>type</I>&gt;&gt; <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_d.htm#designator"><I>designator</I></A>.'') <P>
For example, ``<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="a_nil.htm#nil"><B>nil</B></A>'' and ``the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_v.htm#value"><I>value</I></A> of <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_debug_.htm#STstandard-outputST"><B>*standard-output*</B></A>'' are operationally indistinguishable as <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#stream_designator"><I>stream designators</I></A>. Similarly, the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#symbol"><I>symbol</I></A> <TT>foo</TT> and the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#string"><I>string</I></A> <TT>&quot;FOO&quot;</TT> are operationally indistinguishable as <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#string_designator"><I>string designators</I></A>. <P>
Except as otherwise noted, in a situation where the denoted <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_o.htm#object"><I>object</I></A> might be used multiple times, it is <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_i.htm#implementation-dependent"><I>implementation-dependent</I></A> whether the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_o.htm#object"><I>object</I></A> is coerced only once or whether the coercion occurs each time the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_o.htm#object"><I>object</I></A> must be used. <P>
For example, <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_mapc_.htm#mapcar"><B>mapcar</B></A> receives a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_f.htm#function_designator"><I>function designator</I></A> as an argument, and its description is written as if this were simply a function. In fact, it is <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_i.htm#implementation-dependent"><I>implementation-dependent</I></A> whether the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_f.htm#function_designator"><I>function designator</I></A> is coerced right away or whether it is carried around internally in the form that it was given as an <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_a.htm#argument"><I>argument</I></A> and re-coerced each time it is needed. In most cases, <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#conforming_program"><I>conforming programs</I></A> cannot detect the distinction, but there are some pathological situations (particularly those involving self-redefining or mutually-redefining functions) which do conform and which can detect this difference. The following program is a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#conforming_program"><I>conforming program</I></A>, but might or might not have portably correct results, depending on whether its correctness depends on one or the other of the results: <P>
<PRE>
(defun add-some (x)
(defun add-some (x) (+ x 2))
(+ x 1)) =&gt; ADD-SOME
(mapcar 'add-some '(1 2 3 4))
=&gt; (2 3 4 5)
OR=&gt; (2 4 5 6)
</PRE>
</TT> <P>
In a few rare situations, there may be a need in a dictionary entry to refer to the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_o.htm#object"><I>object</I></A> that was the original <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_d.htm#designator"><I>designator</I></A> for a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_p.htm#parameter"><I>parameter</I></A>. Since naming the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_p.htm#parameter"><I>parameter</I></A> would refer to the denoted <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_o.htm#object"><I>object</I></A>, the phrase ``the &lt;&lt;<I>parameter-name</I>&gt;&gt; <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_d.htm#designator"><I>designator</I></A>'' can be used to refer to the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_d.htm#designator"><I>designator</I></A> which was the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_a.htm#argument"><I>argument</I></A> from which the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_v.htm#value"><I>value</I></A> of &lt;&lt;<I>parameter-name</I>&gt;&gt; was computed. <P>
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<H2>
1.4.1.6 Nonsense Words</H2> <P>
When a word having no pre-attached semantics is required (e.g., in an example), it is common in the Lisp community to use one of the words ``foo,'' ``bar,'' ``baz,'' and ``quux.'' For example, in <P>
<PRE>
(defun foo (x) (+ x 1))
</PRE>
</TT> the use of the name <TT>foo</TT> is just a shorthand way of saying ``please substitute your favorite name here.'' <P>
These nonsense words have gained such prevalance of usage, that it is commonplace for newcomers to the community to begin to wonder if there is an attached semantics which they are overlooking---there is not. <P>
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<H2>
1.4.2 Error Terminology</H2> <P>
Situations in which errors might, should, or must be signaled are described in the standard. The wording used to describe such situations is intended to have precise meaning. The following list is a glossary of those meanings. <P>
<P><DL><DT><B>Safe code</B> <P><DD>
This is <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#code"><I>code</I></A> processed with the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="d_optimi.htm#safety"><B>safety</B></A> optimization at its highest setting (<TT>3</TT>). <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="d_optimi.htm#safety"><B>safety</B></A> is a lexical property of code. The phrase ``the function <TT>F</TT> should signal an error'' means that if <TT>F</TT> is invoked from code processed with the highest <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="d_optimi.htm#safety"><B>safety</B></A> optimization, an error is signaled. It is <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_i.htm#implementation-dependent"><I>implementation-dependent</I></A> whether <TT>F</TT> or the calling code signals the error. <P>
<DT><B>Unsafe code</B> <P><DD>
This is code processed with lower safety levels. <P>
Unsafe code might do error checking. Implementations are permitted to treat all code as safe code all the time. <P>
<DT><B>An error is signaled</B> <P><DD>
This means that an error is signaled in both safe and unsafe code. <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#conforming_code"><I>Conforming code</I></A> may rely on the fact that the error is signaled in both safe and unsafe code. Every implementation is required to detect the error in both safe and unsafe code. For example, ``an error is signaled if <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_unexpo.htm#unexport"><B>unexport</B></A> is given a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#symbol"><I>symbol</I></A> not <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_a.htm#accessible"><I>accessible</I></A> in the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#current_package"><I>current package</I></A>.'' <P>
If an explicit error type is not specified, the default is <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="e_error.htm#error"><B>error</B></A>. <P>
<DT><B>An error should be signaled</B> <P><DD>
This means that an error is signaled in safe code, and an error might be signaled in unsafe code. <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#conforming_code"><I>Conforming code</I></A> may rely on the fact that the error is signaled in safe code. Every implementation is required to detect the error at least in safe code. When the error is not signaled, the ``consequences are undefined'' (see below). For example, ``<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_pl.htm#PL"><B>+</B></A> should signal an error of <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#type"><I>type</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="e_tp_err.htm#type-error"><B>type-error</B></A> if any argument is not of <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#type"><I>type</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="t_number.htm#number"><B>number</B></A>.'' <P>
<DT><B>Should be prepared to signal an error</B> <P><DD>
This is similar to ``should be signaled'' except that it does not imply that `extra effort' has to be taken on the part of an <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_o.htm#operator"><I>operator</I></A> to discover an erroneous situation if the normal action of that <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_o.htm#operator"><I>operator</I></A> can be performed successfully with only `lazy' checking. An <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_i.htm#implementation"><I>implementation</I></A> is always permitted to signal an error, but even in <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#safe"><I>safe</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#code"><I>code</I></A>, it is only required to signal the error when failing to signal it might lead to incorrect results. In <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_u.htm#unsafe"><I>unsafe</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#code"><I>code</I></A>, the consequences are undefined. <P>
For example, defining that ``<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_find_.htm#find"><B>find</B></A> should be prepared to signal an error of <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#type"><I>type</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="e_tp_err.htm#type-error"><B>type-error</B></A> if its second <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_a.htm#argument"><I>argument</I></A> is not a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_p.htm#proper_list"><I>proper list</I></A>'' does not imply that an error is always signaled. The <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_f.htm#form"><I>form</I></A> <P>
<PRE>
(find 'a '(a b . c))
</PRE>
</TT> <P>
must either signal an error of <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#type"><I>type</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="e_tp_err.htm#type-error"><B>type-error</B></A> in <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#safe"><I>safe</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#code"><I>code</I></A>, else return <TT>A</TT>. In <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_u.htm#unsafe"><I>unsafe</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#code"><I>code</I></A>, the consequences are undefined. By contrast, <P>
<PRE>
(find 'd '(a b . c))
</PRE>
</TT> <P>
must signal an error of <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#type"><I>type</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="e_tp_err.htm#type-error"><B>type-error</B></A> in <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#safe"><I>safe</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#code"><I>code</I></A>. In <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_u.htm#unsafe"><I>unsafe</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#code"><I>code</I></A>, the consequences are undefined. Also, <P>
<PRE>
(find 'd '#1=(a b . #1#))
</PRE>
</TT> <P>
in <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#safe"><I>safe</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#code"><I>code</I></A> might return <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="a_nil.htm#nil"><B>nil</B></A> (as an <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_i.htm#implementation-defined"><I>implementation-defined</I></A> extension), might never return, or might signal an error of <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#type"><I>type</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="e_tp_err.htm#type-error"><B>type-error</B></A>. In <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_u.htm#unsafe"><I>unsafe</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#code"><I>code</I></A>, the consequences are undefined. <P>
Typically, the ``should be prepared to signal'' terminology is used in type checking situations where there are efficiency considerations that make it impractical to detect errors that are not relevant to the correct operation of the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_o.htm#operator"><I>operator</I></A>. <P>
<DT><B>The consequences are unspecified</B> <P><DD>
This means that the consequences are unpredictable but harmless. Implementations are permitted to specify the consequences of this situation. No <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#conforming_code"><I>conforming code</I></A> may depend on the results or effects of this situation, and all <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#conforming_code"><I>conforming code</I></A> is required to treat the results and effects of this situation as unpredictable but harmless. For example, ``if the second argument to <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_shared.htm#shared-initialize"><B>shared-initialize</B></A> specifies a name that does not correspond to any <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#slot"><I>slots</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_a.htm#accessible"><I>accessible</I></A> in the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_o.htm#object"><I>object</I></A>, the results are unspecified.'' <P>
<DT><B>The consequences are undefined</B> <P><DD>
This means that the consequences are unpredictable. The consequences may range from harmless to fatal. No <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#conforming_code"><I>conforming code</I></A> may depend on the results or effects. <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#conforming_code"><I>Conforming code</I></A> must treat the consequences as unpredictable. In places where the words ``must,'' ``must not,'' or ``may not'' are used, then ``the consequences are undefined'' if the stated requirement is not met and no specific consequence is explicitly stated. An implementation is permitted to signal an error in this case. <P>
For example: ``Once a name has been declared by <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_defcon.htm#defconstant"><B>defconstant</B></A> to be constant, any further assignment or binding of that variable has undefined consequences.'' <P>
<DT><B>An error might be signaled</B> <P><DD>
This means that the situation has undefined consequences; however, if an error is signaled, it is of the specified <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#type"><I>type</I></A>. For example, ``<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_open.htm#open"><B>open</B></A> might signal an error of <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#type"><I>type</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="e_file_e.htm#file-error"><B>file-error</B></A>.'' <P>
<DT><B>The return values are unspecified</B> <P><DD>
This means that only the number and nature of the return values of a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_f.htm#form"><I>form</I></A> are not specified. However, the issue of whether or not any side-effects or transfer of control occurs is still well-specified. <P>
A program can be well-specified even if it uses a function whose returns values are unspecified. For example, even if the return values of some function <TT>F</TT> are unspecified, an expression such as <TT>(length (list (F)))</TT> is still well-specified because it does not rely on any particular aspect of the value or values returned by <TT>F</TT>. <P>
<DT><B>Implementations may be extended to cover this situation</B> <P><DD>
This means that the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#situation"><I>situation</I></A> has undefined consequences; however, a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#conforming_implementation"><I>conforming implementation</I></A> is free to treat the situation in a more specific way. For example, an <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_i.htm#implementation"><I>implementation</I></A> might define that an error is signaled, or that an error should be signaled, or even that a certain well-defined non-error behavior occurs. <P>
No <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#conforming_code"><I>conforming code</I></A> may depend on the consequences of such a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#situation"><I>situation</I></A>; all <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#conforming_code"><I>conforming code</I></A> must treat the consequences of the situation as undefined. <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_i.htm#implementation"><I>Implementations</I></A> are required to document how the situation is treated. <P>
For example, ``implementations may be extended to define other type specifiers to have a corresponding <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#class"><I>class</I></A>.'' <P>
<DT><B>Implementations are free to extend the syntax</B> <P><DD>
This means that in this situation implementations are permitted to define unambiguous extensions to the syntax of the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_f.htm#form"><I>form</I></A> being described. No <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#conforming_code"><I>conforming code</I></A> may depend on this extension. Implementations are required to document each such extension. All <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#conforming_code"><I>conforming code</I></A> is required to treat the syntax as meaningless. The standard might disallow certain extensions while allowing others. For example, ``no implementation is free to extend the syntax of <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_defcla.htm#defclass"><B>defclass</B></A>.'' <P>
<DT><B>A warning might be issued</B> <P><DD>
This means that <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_i.htm#implementation"><I>implementations</I></A> are encouraged to issue a warning if the context is appropriate (e.g., when compiling). However, a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#conforming_implementation"><I>conforming implementation</I></A> is not required to issue a warning. <P>
<P></DL><P>
<P><HR>The following <A REL=META HREF="../Front/X3J13Iss.htm">X3J13 cleanup issue</A>, <I>not part of the specification</I>, applies to this section:<P><UL><LI> <A REL=CHILD HREF="../Issues/iss144.htm">ERROR-TERMINOLOGY-WARNING:MIGHT</A><P></UL><HR>
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<H2>
1.4.3 Sections Not Formally Part Of This Standard</H2> <P>
Front matter and back matter, such as the ``Table of Contents,'' ``Index,'' ``Figures,'' ``Credits,'' and ``Appendix'' are not considered formally part of this standard, so that we retain the flexibility needed to update these sections even at the last minute without fear of needing a formal vote to change those parts of the document. These items are quite short and very useful, however, and it is not recommended that they be removed even in an abridged version of this document. <P>
Within the concept sections, subsections whose names begin with the words ``Note'' or ``Notes'' or ``Example'' or ``Examples'' are provided for illustration purposes only, and are not considered part of the standard. <P>
An attempt has been made to place these sections last in their parent section, so that they could be removed without disturbing the contiguous numbering of the surrounding sections in order to produce a document of smaller size. <P>
Likewise, the ``Examples'' and ``Notes'' sections in a dictionary entry are not considered part of the standard and could be removed if necessary. <P>
Nevertheless, the examples provide important clarifications and consistency checks for the rest of the material, and such abridging is not recommended unless absolutely unavoidable. <P>
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<H2>
1.4.4 Interpreting Dictionary Entries</H2> <P>
The dictionary entry for each <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_d.htm#defined_name"><I>defined name</I></A> is partitioned into sections. Except as explicitly indicated otherwise below, each section is introduced by a label identifying that section. The omission of a section implies that the section is either not applicable, or would provide no interesting information. <P>
This section defines the significance of each potential section in a dictionary entry. <P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="01_dda.htm"><H2>
1.4.4.1 The ``Affected By'' Section of a Dictionary Entry</H2></A><P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="01_ddb.htm"><H2>
1.4.4.2 The ``Arguments'' Section of a Dictionary Entry</H2></A><P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="01_ddc.htm"><H2>
1.4.4.3 The ``Arguments and Values'' Section of a Dictionary Entry</H2></A><P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="01_ddd.htm"><H2>
1.4.4.4 The ``Binding Types Affected'' Section of a Dictionary Entry</H2></A><P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="01_dde.htm"><H2>
1.4.4.5 The ``Class Precedence List'' Section of a Dictionary Entry</H2></A><P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="01_ddf.htm"><H2>
1.4.4.6 Dictionary Entries for Type Specifiers</H2></A><P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="01_ddg.htm"><H2>
1.4.4.7 The ``Constant Value'' Section of a Dictionary Entry</H2></A><P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="01_ddh.htm"><H2>
1.4.4.8 The ``Description'' Section of a Dictionary Entry</H2></A><P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="01_ddi.htm"><H2>
1.4.4.9 The ``Examples'' Section of a Dictionary Entry</H2></A><P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="01_ddj.htm"><H2>
1.4.4.10 The ``Exceptional Situations'' Section of a Dictionary Entry</H2></A><P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="01_ddk.htm"><H2>
1.4.4.11 The ``Initial Value'' Section of a Dictionary Entry</H2></A><P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="01_ddl.htm"><H2>
1.4.4.12 The ``Argument Precedence Order'' Section of a Dictionary Entry</H2></A><P> <P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="01_ddm.htm"><H2>
1.4.4.13 The ``Method Signature'' Section of a Dictionary Entry</H2></A><P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="01_ddn.htm"><H2>
1.4.4.14 The ``Name'' Section of a Dictionary Entry</H2></A><P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="01_ddo.htm"><H2>
1.4.4.15 The ``Notes'' Section of a Dictionary Entry</H2></A><P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="01_ddp.htm"><H2>
1.4.4.16 The ``Pronunciation'' Section of a Dictionary Entry</H2></A><P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="01_ddq.htm"><H2>
1.4.4.17 The ``See Also'' Section of a Dictionary Entry</H2></A><P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="01_ddr.htm"><H2>
1.4.4.18 The ``Side Effects'' Section of a Dictionary Entry</H2></A><P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="01_dds.htm"><H2>
1.4.4.19 The ``Supertypes'' Section of a Dictionary Entry</H2></A><P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="01_ddt.htm"><H2>
1.4.4.20 The ``Syntax'' Section of a Dictionary Entry</H2></A><P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="01_ddu.htm"><H2>
1.4.4.21 The ``Valid Context'' Section of a Dictionary Entry</H2></A><P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="01_ddv.htm"><H2>
1.4.4.22 The ``Value Type'' Section of a Dictionary Entry</H2></A><P><P><HR>The following <A REL=META HREF="../Front/X3J13Iss.htm">X3J13 cleanup issue</A>, <I>not part of the specification</I>, applies to this section:<P><UL><LI> <A REL=CHILD HREF="../Issues/iss136.htm">DOCUMENTATION-FUNCTION-TANGLED:REQUIRE-ARGUMENT</A><P></UL><HR>
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<H2>
1.4.4.1 The ``Affected By'' Section of a Dictionary Entry</H2> <P>
For an <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_o.htm#operator"><I>operator</I></A>, anything that can affect the side effects of or <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_v.htm#value"><I>values</I></A> returned by the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_o.htm#operator"><I>operator</I></A>. <P>
For a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_v.htm#variable"><I>variable</I></A>, anything that can affect the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_v.htm#value"><I>value</I></A> of the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_v.htm#variable"><I>variable</I></A> including <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_f.htm#function"><I>functions</I></A> that bind or assign it. <P>
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<H2>
1.4.4.2 The ``Arguments'' Section of a Dictionary Entry</H2> <P>
This information describes the syntax information of entries such as those for <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_d.htm#declaration"><I>declarations</I></A> and special <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_e.htm#expression"><I>expressions</I></A> which are never <I>evaluated</I> as <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_f.htm#form"><I>forms</I></A>, and so do not return <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_v.htm#value"><I>values</I></A>. <P>
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<H1><A REV=MADE HREF="http://www.lispworks.com/"><IMG WIDTH=80 HEIGHT=65 ALT="[LISPWORKS]" SRC="../Graphics/LWSmall.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=TOP HREF="../Front/index.htm"><IMG WIDTH=237 HEIGHT=65 ALT="[Common Lisp HyperSpec (TM)]" SRC="../Graphics/CLHS_Sm.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A> <A REL=PREV HREF="01_ddb.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Previous]" SRC="../Graphics/Prev.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=UP HREF="01_dd.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Up]" SRC="../Graphics/Up.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=NEXT HREF="01_ddd.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Next]" SRC="../Graphics/Next.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A></H1>
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<H2>
1.4.4.3 The ``Arguments and Values'' Section of a Dictionary Entry</H2> <P>
An English language description of what <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_a.htm#argument"><I>arguments</I></A> the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_o.htm#operator"><I>operator</I></A> accepts and what <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_v.htm#value"><I>values</I></A> it returns, including information about defaults for <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_p.htm#parameter"><I>parameters</I></A> corresponding to omittable <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_a.htm#argument"><I>arguments</I></A> (such as <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_o.htm#optional_parameter"><I>optional parameters</I></A> and <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_k.htm#keyword_parameter"><I>keyword parameters</I></A>). For <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#special_operator"><I>special operators</I></A> and <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_m.htm#macro"><I>macros</I></A>, their <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_a.htm#argument"><I>arguments</I></A> are not <I>evaluated</I> unless it is explicitly stated in their descriptions that they are <I>evaluated</I>. <P>
Except as explicitly specified otherwise, the consequences are undefined if these type restrictions are violated. <P>
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<H2>
1.4.4.4 The ``Binding Types Affected'' Section of a Dictionary Entry</H2> <P>
This information alerts the reader to the kinds of <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_b.htm#binding"><I>bindings</I></A> that might potentially be affected by a declaration. Whether in fact any particular such <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_b.htm#binding"><I>binding</I></A> is actually affected is dependent on additional factors as well. See the ``Description'' section of the declaration in question for details. <P>
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<H1><A REV=MADE HREF="http://www.lispworks.com/"><IMG WIDTH=80 HEIGHT=65 ALT="[LISPWORKS]" SRC="../Graphics/LWSmall.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=TOP HREF="../Front/index.htm"><IMG WIDTH=237 HEIGHT=65 ALT="[Common Lisp HyperSpec (TM)]" SRC="../Graphics/CLHS_Sm.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A> <A REL=PREV HREF="01_ddd.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Previous]" SRC="../Graphics/Prev.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=UP HREF="01_dd.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Up]" SRC="../Graphics/Up.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=NEXT HREF="01_ddf.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Next]" SRC="../Graphics/Next.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A></H1>
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<H2>
1.4.4.5 The ``Class Precedence List'' Section of a Dictionary Entry</H2> <P>
This appears in the dictionary entry for a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#class"><I>class</I></A>, and contains an ordered list of the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#class"><I>classes</I></A> defined by Common Lisp that must be in the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#class_precedence_list"><I>class precedence list</I></A> of this <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#class"><I>class</I></A>. <P>
It is permissible for other (<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_i.htm#implementation-defined"><I>implementation-defined</I></A>) <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#class"><I>classes</I></A> to appear in the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_i.htm#implementation"><I>implementation</I></A>'s <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#class_precedence_list"><I>class precedence list</I></A> for the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#class"><I>class</I></A>. <P>
It is permissible for either <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="t_std_ob.htm#standard-object"><B>standard-object</B></A> or <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="t_stu_ob.htm#structure-object"><B>structure-object</B></A> to appear in the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_i.htm#implementation"><I>implementation</I></A>'s <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#class_precedence_list"><I>class precedence list</I></A>; for details, see <A REL=CHILD HREF="04_bb.htm">Section 4.2.2 (Type Relationships)</A>. <P>
Except as explicitly indicated otherwise somewhere in this specification, no additional <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#standardized"><I>standardized</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#class"><I>classes</I></A> may appear in the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_i.htm#implementation"><I>implementation</I></A>'s <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#class_precedence_list"><I>class precedence list</I></A>. <P>
By definition of the relationship between <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#class"><I>classes</I></A> and <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#type"><I>types</I></A>, the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#class"><I>classes</I></A> listed in this section are also <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#supertype"><I>supertypes</I></A> of the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#type"><I>type</I></A> denoted by the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#class"><I>class</I></A>. <P>
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<H2>
1.4.4.6 Dictionary Entries for Type Specifiers</H2> <P>
The <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_a.htm#atomic_type_specifier"><I>atomic type specifiers</I></A> are those <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_d.htm#defined_name"><I>defined names</I></A> listed in <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="04_bc.htm#standardizedatomictypespecs">Figure 4-2</A>. Such dictionary entries are of kind ``Class,'' ``Condition Type,'' ``System Class,'' or ``Type.'' A description of how to interpret a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#symbol"><I>symbol</I></A> naming one of these <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#type"><I>types</I></A> or <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#class"><I>classes</I></A> as an <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_a.htm#atomic_type_specifier"><I>atomic type specifier</I></A> is found in the ``Description'' section of such dictionary entries. <P>
The <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#compound_type_specifier"><I>compound type specifiers</I></A> are those <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_d.htm#defined_name"><I>defined names</I></A> listed in <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="04_bc.htm#standardizedcompoundtypespecnames">Figure 4-3</A>. Such dictionary entries are of kind ``Class,'' ``System Class,'' ``Type,'' or ``Type Specifier.'' A description of how to interpret as a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#compound_type_specifier"><I>compound type specifier</I></A> a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_l.htm#list"><I>list</I></A> whose <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#car"><I>car</I></A> is such a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#symbol"><I>symbol</I></A> is found in the ``Compound Type Specifier Kind,'' ``Compound Type Specifier Syntax,'' ``Compound Type Specifier Arguments,'' and ``Compound Type Specifier Description'' sections of such dictionary entries. <P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="01_ddfa.htm"><H2>
1.4.4.6.1 The ``Compound Type Specifier Kind'' Section of a Dictionary Entry</H2></A><P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="01_ddfb.htm"><H2>
1.4.4.6.2 The ``Compound Type Specifier Syntax'' Section of a Dictionary Entry</H2></A><P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="01_ddfc.htm"><H2>
1.4.4.6.3 The ``Compound Type Specifier Arguments'' Section of a Dictionary Entry</H2></A><P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="01_ddfd.htm"><H2>
1.4.4.6.4 The ``Compound Type Specifier Description'' Section of a Dictionary Entry</H2></A><P><HR>
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1.4.4.6.1 The ``Compound Type Specifier Kind'' Section of a Dictionary Entry</H2> <P>
An ``abbreviating'' <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#type_specifier"><I>type specifier</I></A> is one that describes a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#subtype"><I>subtype</I></A> for which it is in principle possible to enumerate the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_e.htm#element"><I>elements</I></A>, but for which in practice it is impractical to do so. <P>
A ``specializing'' <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#type_specifier"><I>type specifier</I></A> is one that describes a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#subtype"><I>subtype</I></A> by restricting the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#type"><I>type</I></A> of one or more components of the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#type"><I>type</I></A>, such as <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_e.htm#element_type"><I>element type</I></A> or <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#complex_part_type"><I>complex part type</I></A>. <P>
A ``predicating'' <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#type_specifier"><I>type specifier</I></A> is one that describes a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#subtype"><I>subtype</I></A> containing only those <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_o.htm#object"><I>objects</I></A> that satisfy a given <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_p.htm#predicate"><I>predicate</I></A>. <P>
A ``combining'' <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#type_specifier"><I>type specifier</I></A> is one that describes a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#subtype"><I>subtype</I></A> in a compositional way, using combining operations (such as ``and,'' ``or,'' and ``not'') on other <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#type"><I>types</I></A>. <P>
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<H1><A REV=MADE HREF="http://www.lispworks.com/"><IMG WIDTH=80 HEIGHT=65 ALT="[LISPWORKS]" SRC="../Graphics/LWSmall.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=TOP HREF="../Front/index.htm"><IMG WIDTH=237 HEIGHT=65 ALT="[Common Lisp HyperSpec (TM)]" SRC="../Graphics/CLHS_Sm.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A> <A REL=PREV HREF="01_ddfa.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Previous]" SRC="../Graphics/Prev.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=UP HREF="01_ddf.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Up]" SRC="../Graphics/Up.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=NEXT HREF="01_ddfc.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Next]" SRC="../Graphics/Next.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A></H1>
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<H2>
1.4.4.6.2 The ``Compound Type Specifier Syntax'' Section of a Dictionary Entry</H2> <P>
This information about a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#type"><I>type</I></A> describes the syntax of a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#compound_type_specifier"><I>compound type specifier</I></A> for that <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#type"><I>type</I></A>. <P>
Whether or not the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#type"><I>type</I></A> is acceptable as an <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_a.htm#atomic_type_specifier"><I>atomic type specifier</I></A> is not represented here; see <A REL=CHILD HREF="01_ddf.htm">Section 1.4.4.6 (Dictionary Entries for Type Specifiers)</A>. <P>
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<H2>
1.4.4.6.3 The ``Compound Type Specifier Arguments'' Section of a Dictionary Entry</H2> <P>
This information describes <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#type"><I>type</I></A> information for the structures defined in the ``Compound Type Specifier Syntax'' section. <P>
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<H2>
1.4.4.6.4 The ``Compound Type Specifier Description'' Section of a Dictionary Entry</H2> <P>
This information describes the meaning of the structures defined in the ``Compound Type Specifier Syntax'' section. <P>
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<H2>
1.4.4.7 The ``Constant Value'' Section of a Dictionary Entry</H2> <P>
This information describes the unchanging <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#type"><I>type</I></A> and <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_v.htm#value"><I>value</I></A> of a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#constant_variable"><I>constant variable</I></A>. <P>
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1.4.4.8 The ``Description'' Section of a Dictionary Entry</H2> <P>
A summary of the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_o.htm#operator"><I>operator</I></A> and all intended aspects of the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_o.htm#operator"><I>operator</I></A>, but does not necessarily include all the fields referenced below it (``Side Effects,'' ``Exceptional Situations,'' <I>etc</I>.) <P>
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1.4.4.9 The ``Examples'' Section of a Dictionary Entry</H2> <P>
Examples of use of the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_o.htm#operator"><I>operator</I></A>. These examples are not considered part of the standard; see <A REL=CHILD HREF="01_dc.htm">Section 1.4.3 (Sections Not Formally Part Of This Standard)</A>. <P>
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<H2>
1.4.4.10 The ``Exceptional Situations'' Section of a Dictionary Entry</H2> <P>
Three kinds of information may appear here: <P><UL><LI> Situations that are detected by the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_f.htm#function"><I>function</I></A> and formally signaled. <LI> Situations that are handled by the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_f.htm#function"><I>function</I></A>. <LI> Situations that may be detected by the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_f.htm#function"><I>function</I></A>. <P></UL>This field does not include conditions that could be signaled by <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_f.htm#function"><I>functions</I></A> passed to and called by this <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_o.htm#operator"><I>operator</I></A> as arguments or through dynamic variables, nor by executing subforms of this operator if it is a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_m.htm#macro"><I>macro</I></A> or <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#special_operator"><I>special operator</I></A>. <P>
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<H2>
1.4.4.11 The ``Initial Value'' Section of a Dictionary Entry</H2> <P>
This information describes the initial <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_v.htm#value"><I>value</I></A> of a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_d.htm#dynamic_variable"><I>dynamic variable</I></A>. Since this variable might change, see <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#type"><I>type</I></A> restrictions in the ``Value Type'' section. <P>
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<H2>
1.4.4.12 The ``Argument Precedence Order'' Section of a Dictionary Entry</H2> <P>
This information describes the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_a.htm#argument_precedence_order"><I>argument precedence order</I></A>. If it is omitted, the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_a.htm#argument_precedence_order"><I>argument precedence order</I></A> is the default (left to right). <P>
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<H2>
1.4.4.13 The ``Method Signature'' Section of a Dictionary Entry</H2> <P>
The description of a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_g.htm#generic_function"><I>generic function</I></A> includes descriptions of the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_m.htm#method"><I>methods</I></A> that are defined on that <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_g.htm#generic_function"><I>generic function</I></A> by the standard. A method signature is used to describe the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_p.htm#parameter"><I>parameters</I></A> and <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_p.htm#parameter_specializer"><I>parameter specializers</I></A> for each <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_m.htm#method"><I>method</I></A>. <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_m.htm#method"><I>Methods</I></A> defined for the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_g.htm#generic_function"><I>generic function</I></A> must be of the form described by the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_m.htm#method"><I>method</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#signature"><I>signature</I></A>. <P>
<B>F</B> <I>(<I>x</I> <I>class</I>) (<I>y</I> t) <TT>&amp;optional</TT> <I>z</I> <TT>&amp;key</TT> <I>k</I></I><P>
<P>
This <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#signature"><I>signature</I></A> indicates that this method on the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_g.htm#generic_function"><I>generic function</I></A> <B>F</B> has two <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_r.htm#required_parameter"><I>required parameters</I></A>: <I>x</I>, which must be a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_g.htm#generalized_instance"><I>generalized instance</I></A> of the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#class"><I>class</I></A> <I>class</I>; and <I>y</I>, which can be any <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_o.htm#object"><I>object</I></A> (i.e., a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_g.htm#generalized_instance"><I>generalized instance</I></A> of the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#class"><I>class</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="t_t.htm#t"><B>t</B></A>). In addition, there is an <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_o.htm#optional_parameter"><I>optional parameter</I></A> <I>z</I> and a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_k.htm#keyword_parameter"><I>keyword parameter</I></A> <I>k</I>. This <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#signature"><I>signature</I></A> also indicates that this method on <TT>F</TT> is a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_p.htm#primary_method"><I>primary method</I></A> and has no <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_q.htm#qualifier"><I>qualifiers</I></A>. <P>
For each <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_p.htm#parameter"><I>parameter</I></A>, the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_a.htm#argument"><I>argument</I></A> supplied must be in the intersection of the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#type"><I>type</I></A> specified in the description of the corresponding <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_g.htm#generic_function"><I>generic function</I></A> and the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#type"><I>type</I></A> given in the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#signature"><I>signature</I></A> of some <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_m.htm#method"><I>method</I></A> (including not only those <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_m.htm#method"><I>methods</I></A> defined in this specification, but also <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_i.htm#implementation-defined"><I>implementation-defined</I></A> or user-defined <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_m.htm#method"><I>methods</I></A> in situations where the definition of such <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_m.htm#method"><I>methods</I></A> is permitted). <P>
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<H2>
1.4.4.14 The ``Name'' Section of a Dictionary Entry</H2> <P>
This section introduces the dictionary entry. It is not explicitly labeled. It appears preceded and followed by a horizontal bar. <P>
In large print at left, the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_d.htm#defined_name"><I>defined name</I></A> appears; if more than one <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_d.htm#defined_name"><I>defined name</I></A> is to be described by the entry, all such <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_n.htm#name"><I>names</I></A> are shown separated by commas. <P>
In somewhat smaller italic print at right is an indication of what kind of dictionary entry this is. Possible values are: <P>
<P><DL><P>
<DT><I>Accessor</I> <P><DD>
This is an <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_a.htm#accessor"><I>accessor</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_f.htm#function"><I>function</I></A>. <P>
<DT><I>Class</I> <P><DD>
This is a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#class"><I>class</I></A>. <P>
<DT><I>Condition Type</I> <P><DD>
This is a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#subtype"><I>subtype</I></A> of <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#type"><I>type</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="e_cnd.htm#condition"><B>condition</B></A>. <P>
<DT><I>Constant Variable</I> <P><DD>
This is a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#constant_variable"><I>constant variable</I></A>. <P>
<DT><I>Declaration</I> <P><DD>
This is a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_d.htm#declaration_identifier"><I>declaration identifier</I></A>. <P>
<DT><I>Function</I> <P><DD>
This is a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_f.htm#function"><I>function</I></A>. <P>
<DT><I>Local Function</I> <P><DD>
This is a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_f.htm#function"><I>function</I></A> that is defined only lexically within the scope of some other <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_m.htm#macro_form"><I>macro form</I></A>. <P>
<DT><I>Local Macro</I> <P><DD>
This is a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_m.htm#macro"><I>macro</I></A> that is defined only lexically within the scope of some other <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_m.htm#macro_form"><I>macro form</I></A>. <P>
<DT><I>Macro</I> <P><DD>
This is a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_m.htm#macro"><I>macro</I></A>. <P>
<DT><I>Restart</I> <P><DD>
This is a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_r.htm#restart"><I>restart</I></A>. <P>
<DT><I>Special Operator</I> <P><DD>
This is a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#special_operator"><I>special operator</I></A>. <P>
<DT><I>Standard Generic Function</I> <P><DD>
This is a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#standard_generic_function"><I>standard generic function</I></A>. <P>
<DT><I>Symbol</I> <P><DD>
This is a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#symbol"><I>symbol</I></A> that is specially recognized in some particular situation, such as the syntax of a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_m.htm#macro"><I>macro</I></A>. <P>
<DT><I>System Class</I> <P><DD>
This is like <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#class"><I>class</I></A>, but it identifies a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#class"><I>class</I></A> that is potentially a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_b.htm#built-in_class"><I>built-in class</I></A>. (No <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#class"><I>class</I></A> is actually required to be a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_b.htm#built-in_class"><I>built-in class</I></A>.) <P>
<DT><I>Type</I> <P><DD>
This is an <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_a.htm#atomic_type_specifier"><I>atomic type specifier</I></A>, and depending on information for each particular entry, may subject to form other <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#type_specifier"><I>type specifiers</I></A>. <P>
<DT><I>Type Specifier</I> <P><DD>
This is a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_d.htm#defined_name"><I>defined name</I></A> that is not an <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_a.htm#atomic_type_specifier"><I>atomic type specifier</I></A>, but that can be used in constructing valid <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#type_specifier"><I>type specifiers</I></A>. <P>
<DT><I>Variable</I> <P><DD>
This is a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_d.htm#dynamic_variable"><I>dynamic variable</I></A>. <P>
<P></DL><P>
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<H2>
1.4.4.15 The ``Notes'' Section of a Dictionary Entry</H2> <P>
Information not found elsewhere in this description which pertains to this <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_o.htm#operator"><I>operator</I></A>. Among other things, this might include cross reference information, code equivalences, stylistic hints, implementation hints, typical uses. This information is not considered part of the standard; any <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#conforming_implementation"><I>conforming implementation</I></A> or <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#conforming_program"><I>conforming program</I></A> is permitted to ignore the presence of this information. <P>
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<H2>
1.4.4.16 The ``Pronunciation'' Section of a Dictionary Entry</H2> <P>
This offers a suggested pronunciation for <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_d.htm#defined_name"><I>defined names</I></A> so that people not in verbal communication with the original designers can figure out how to pronounce words that are not in normal English usage. This information is advisory only, and is not considered part of the standard. For brevity, it is only provided for entries with names that are specific to Common Lisp and would not be found in <I>Webster's Third New International Dictionary the English Language, Unabridged</I>. <P>
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<H2>
1.4.4.17 The ``See Also'' Section of a Dictionary Entry</H2> <P>
List of references to other parts of this standard that offer information relevant to this <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_o.htm#operator"><I>operator</I></A>. This list is not part of the standard. <P>
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<H2>
1.4.4.18 The ``Side Effects'' Section of a Dictionary Entry</H2> <P>
Anything that is changed as a result of the evaluation of the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_f.htm#form"><I>form</I></A> containing this <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_o.htm#operator"><I>operator</I></A>. <P>
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<H2>
1.4.4.19 The ``Supertypes'' Section of a Dictionary Entry</H2> <P>
This appears in the dictionary entry for a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#type"><I>type</I></A>, and contains a list of the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#standardized"><I>standardized</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#type"><I>types</I></A> that must be <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#supertype"><I>supertypes</I></A> of this <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#type"><I>type</I></A>. <P>
In <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_i.htm#implementation"><I>implementations</I></A> where there is a corresponding <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#class"><I>class</I></A>, the order of the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#class"><I>classes</I></A> in the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#class_precedence_list"><I>class precedence list</I></A> is consistent with the order presented in this section. <P>
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<H2>
1.4.4.20 The ``Syntax'' Section of a Dictionary Entry</H2> <P>
This section describes how to use the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_d.htm#defined_name"><I>defined name</I></A> in code. The ``Syntax'' description for a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_g.htm#generic_function"><I>generic function</I></A> describes the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_l.htm#lambda_list"><I>lambda list</I></A> of the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_g.htm#generic_function"><I>generic function</I></A> itself, while the ``Method Signatures'' describe the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_l.htm#lambda_list"><I>lambda lists</I></A> of the defined <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_m.htm#method"><I>methods</I></A>. The ``Syntax'' description for an <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_o.htm#ordinary_function"><I>ordinary function</I></A>, a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_m.htm#macro"><I>macro</I></A>, or a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#special_operator"><I>special operator</I></A> describes its <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_p.htm#parameter"><I>parameters</I></A>. <P>
For example, an <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_o.htm#operator"><I>operator</I></A> description might say: <P>
<B>F</B> <I>x y <TT>&amp;optional</TT> z <TT>&amp;key</TT> k</I><P>
<P>
This description indicates that the function <B>F</B> has two required parameters, <I>x</I> and <I>y</I>. In addition, there is an optional parameter <I>z</I> and a keyword parameter <I>k</I>. <P>
For <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_m.htm#macro"><I>macros</I></A> and <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#special_operator"><I>special operators</I></A>, syntax is given in modified BNF notation; see <A REL=CHILD HREF="01_dab.htm">Section 1.4.1.2 (Modified BNF Syntax)</A>. For <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_f.htm#function"><I>functions</I></A> a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_l.htm#lambda_list"><I>lambda list</I></A> is given. In both cases, however, the outermost parentheses are omitted, and default value information is omitted. <P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="01_ddta.htm"><H2>
1.4.4.20.1 Special ``Syntax'' Notations for Overloaded Operators</H2></A><P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="01_ddtb.htm"><H2>
1.4.4.20.2 Naming Conventions for Rest Parameters</H2></A><P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="01_ddtc.htm"><H2>
1.4.4.20.3 Requiring Non-Null Rest Parameters in the ``Syntax'' Section</H2></A><P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="01_ddtd.htm"><H2>
1.4.4.20.4 Return values in the ``Syntax'' Section</H2></A><P><HR>
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<H1><A REV=MADE HREF="http://www.lispworks.com/"><IMG WIDTH=80 HEIGHT=65 ALT="[LISPWORKS]" SRC="../Graphics/LWSmall.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=TOP HREF="../Front/index.htm"><IMG WIDTH=237 HEIGHT=65 ALT="[Common Lisp HyperSpec (TM)]" SRC="../Graphics/CLHS_Sm.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A> <A REL=PREV HREF="01_ddt.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Previous]" SRC="../Graphics/Prev.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=UP HREF="01_ddt.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Up]" SRC="../Graphics/Up.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=NEXT HREF="01_ddtb.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Next]" SRC="../Graphics/Next.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A></H1>
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<H2>
1.4.4.20.1 Special ``Syntax'' Notations for Overloaded Operators</H2> <P>
If two descriptions exist for the same operation but with different numbers of arguments, then the extra arguments are to be treated as optional. For example, this pair of lines: <P>
<B>file-position</B> <I>stream</I> =&gt; <I>position</I><P>
<B>file-position</B> <I>stream position-spec</I> =&gt; <I>success-p</I><P>
<P>
is operationally equivalent to this line: <P>
<B>file-position</B> <I>stream <TT>&amp;optional</TT> position-spec</I> =&gt; <I>result</I><P>
<P>
and differs only in that it provides on opportunity to introduce different names for <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_p.htm#parameter"><I>parameter</I></A> and <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_v.htm#value"><I>values</I></A> for each case. The separated (multi-line) notation is used when an <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_o.htm#operator"><I>operator</I></A> is overloaded in such a way that the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_p.htm#parameter"><I>parameters</I></A> are used in different ways depending on how many <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_a.htm#argument"><I>arguments</I></A> are supplied (e.g., for the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_f.htm#function"><I>function</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_sl.htm#SL"><B>/</B></A>) or the return values are different in the two cases (e.g., for the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_f.htm#function"><I>function</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_file_p.htm#file-position"><B>file-position</B></A>). <P>
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<H2>
1.4.4.20.2 Naming Conventions for Rest Parameters</H2> <P>
Within this specification, if the name of a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_r.htm#rest_parameter"><I>rest parameter</I></A> is chosen to be a plural noun, use of that name in <I>parameter</I> font refers to the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_l.htm#list"><I>list</I></A> to which the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_r.htm#rest_parameter"><I>rest parameter</I></A> is bound. Use of the singular form of that name in <I>parameter</I> font refers to an <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_e.htm#element"><I>element</I></A> of that <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_l.htm#list"><I>list</I></A>. <P>
For example, given a syntax description such as: <P>
<B>F</B> <I><TT>&amp;rest</TT> <I>arguments</I></I><P>
<P>
it is appropriate to refer either to the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_r.htm#rest_parameter"><I>rest parameter</I></A> named <I>arguments</I> by name, or to one of its elements by speaking of ``an <I>argument</I>,'' ``some <I>argument</I>,'' ``each <I>argument</I>'' <I>etc</I>. <P>
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<H2>
1.4.4.20.3 Requiring Non-Null Rest Parameters in the ``Syntax'' Section</H2> <P>
In some cases it is useful to refer to all arguments equally as a single aggregation using a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_r.htm#rest_parameter"><I>rest parameter</I></A> while at the same time requiring at least one argument. A variety of imperative and declarative means are available in <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#code"><I>code</I></A> for expressing such a restriction, however they generally do not manifest themselves in a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_l.htm#lambda_list"><I>lambda list</I></A>. For descriptive purposes within this specification, <P>
<B>F</B> <I><TT>&amp;rest</TT> arguments+</I><P>
<P>
means the same as <P>
<B>F</B> <I><TT>&amp;rest</TT> arguments</I><P>
<P>
but introduces the additional requirement that there be at least one <I>argument</I>. <P>
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<H2>
1.4.4.20.4 Return values in the ``Syntax'' Section</H2> <P>
An evaluation arrow ``=&gt; '' precedes a list of <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_v.htm#value"><I>values</I></A> to be returned. For example: <P>
<B>F</B> <I>a b c</I> =&gt; <I>x</I><P>
<P>
indicates that <TT>F</TT> is an operator that has three <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_r.htm#required_parameter"><I>required parameters</I></A> (i.e., <I>a</I>, <I>b</I>, and <I>c</I>) and that returns one <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_v.htm#value"><I>value</I></A> (i.e., <I>x</I>). If more than one <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_v.htm#value"><I>value</I></A> is returned by an operator, the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_n.htm#name"><I>names</I></A> of the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_v.htm#value"><I>values</I></A> are separated by commas, as in: <P>
<B>F</B> <I>a b c</I> =&gt; <I>x, y, z</I><P>
<P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="01_ddtda.htm"><H2>
1.4.4.20.4.1 No Arguments or Values in the ``Syntax'' Section</H2></A><P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="01_ddtdb.htm"><H2>
1.4.4.20.4.2 Unconditional Transfer of Control in the ``Syntax'' Section</H2></A><P><HR>
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<H1><A REV=MADE HREF="http://www.lispworks.com/"><IMG WIDTH=80 HEIGHT=65 ALT="[LISPWORKS]" SRC="../Graphics/LWSmall.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=TOP HREF="../Front/index.htm"><IMG WIDTH=237 HEIGHT=65 ALT="[Common Lisp HyperSpec (TM)]" SRC="../Graphics/CLHS_Sm.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A> <A REL=PREV HREF="01_ddtd.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Previous]" SRC="../Graphics/Prev.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=UP HREF="01_ddtd.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Up]" SRC="../Graphics/Up.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=NEXT HREF="01_ddtdb.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Next]" SRC="../Graphics/Next.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A></H1>
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<H2>
1.4.4.20.4.1 No Arguments or Values in the ``Syntax'' Section</H2> <P>
If no <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_a.htm#argument"><I>arguments</I></A> are permitted, or no <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_v.htm#value"><I>values</I></A> are returned, a special notation is used to make this more visually apparent. For example, <P>
<B>F</B> <I><I>&lt;no arguments&gt;</I></I> =&gt; <I><I>&lt;no values&gt;</I></I><P>
<P>
indicates that <TT>F</TT> is an operator that accepts no <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_a.htm#argument"><I>arguments</I></A> and returns no <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_v.htm#value"><I>values</I></A>. <P>
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<H2>
1.4.4.20.4.2 Unconditional Transfer of Control in the ``Syntax'' Section</H2> <P>
Some <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_o.htm#operator"><I>operators</I></A> perform an unconditional transfer of control, and so never have any return values. Such <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_o.htm#operator"><I>operators</I></A> are notated using a notation such as the following: <P>
<B>F</B> <I>a b c</I> =&gt;| <P>
<P>
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<H1><A REV=MADE HREF="http://www.lispworks.com/"><IMG WIDTH=80 HEIGHT=65 ALT="[LISPWORKS]" SRC="../Graphics/LWSmall.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=TOP HREF="../Front/index.htm"><IMG WIDTH=237 HEIGHT=65 ALT="[Common Lisp HyperSpec (TM)]" SRC="../Graphics/CLHS_Sm.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A> <A REL=PREV HREF="01_ddtdb.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Previous]" SRC="../Graphics/Prev.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=UP HREF="01_dd.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Up]" SRC="../Graphics/Up.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=NEXT HREF="01_ddv.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Next]" SRC="../Graphics/Next.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A></H1>
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<H2>
1.4.4.21 The ``Valid Context'' Section of a Dictionary Entry</H2> <P>
This information is used by dictionary entries such as ``Declarations'' in order to restrict the context in which the declaration may appear. <P>
A given ``Declaration'' might appear in a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_d.htm#declaration"><I>declaration</I></A> (i.e., a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="s_declar.htm#declare"><B>declare</B></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_e.htm#expression"><I>expression</I></A>), a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_p.htm#proclamation"><I>proclamation</I></A> (i.e., a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_declai.htm#declaim"><B>declaim</B></A> or <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_procla.htm#proclaim"><B>proclaim</B></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_f.htm#form"><I>form</I></A>), or both. <P>
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<H2>
1.4.4.22 The ``Value Type'' Section of a Dictionary Entry</H2> <P>
This information describes any <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#type"><I>type</I></A> restrictions on a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_d.htm#dynamic_variable"><I>dynamic variable</I></A>. <P>
Except as explicitly specified otherwise, the consequences are undefined if this type restriction is violated. <P>
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<TITLE>CLHS: Section 1.5</TITLE>
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<H2>
1.5 Conformance</H2> <P>
This standard presents the syntax and semantics to be implemented by a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#conforming_implementation"><I>conforming implementation</I></A> (and its accompanying documentation). In addition, it imposes requirements on <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#conforming_program"><I>conforming programs</I></A>. <P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="01_ea.htm"><H2>
1.5.1 Conforming Implementations</H2></A><P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="01_eb.htm"><H2>
1.5.2 Conforming Programs</H2></A><P><HR>
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<H1><A REV=MADE HREF="http://www.lispworks.com/"><IMG WIDTH=80 HEIGHT=65 ALT="[LISPWORKS]" SRC="../Graphics/LWSmall.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=TOP HREF="../Front/index.htm"><IMG WIDTH=237 HEIGHT=65 ALT="[Common Lisp HyperSpec (TM)]" SRC="../Graphics/CLHS_Sm.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A> <A REL=PREV HREF="01_e.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Previous]" SRC="../Graphics/Prev.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=UP HREF="01_e.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Up]" SRC="../Graphics/Up.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=NEXT HREF="01_eaa.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Next]" SRC="../Graphics/Next.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A></H1>
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<H2>
1.5.1 Conforming Implementations</H2> <P>
A <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#conforming_implementation"><I>conforming implementation</I></A> shall adhere to the requirements outlined in this section. <P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="01_eaa.htm"><H2>
1.5.1.1 Required Language Features</H2></A><P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="01_eab.htm"><H2>
1.5.1.2 Documentation of Implementation-Dependent Features</H2></A><P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="01_eac.htm"><H2>
1.5.1.3 Documentation of Extensions</H2></A><P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="01_ead.htm"><H2>
1.5.1.4 Treatment of Exceptional Situations</H2></A><P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="01_eae.htm"><H2>
1.5.1.5 Conformance Statement</H2></A><P><HR>
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<H1><A REV=MADE HREF="http://www.lispworks.com/"><IMG WIDTH=80 HEIGHT=65 ALT="[LISPWORKS]" SRC="../Graphics/LWSmall.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=TOP HREF="../Front/index.htm"><IMG WIDTH=237 HEIGHT=65 ALT="[Common Lisp HyperSpec (TM)]" SRC="../Graphics/CLHS_Sm.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A> <A REL=PREV HREF="01_ea.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Previous]" SRC="../Graphics/Prev.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=UP HREF="01_ea.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Up]" SRC="../Graphics/Up.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=NEXT HREF="01_eab.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Next]" SRC="../Graphics/Next.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A></H1>
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<H2>
1.5.1.1 Required Language Features</H2> <P>
A <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#conforming_implementation"><I>conforming implementation</I></A> shall accept all features (including deprecated features) of the language specified in this standard, with the meanings defined in this standard. <P>
A <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#conforming_implementation"><I>conforming implementation</I></A> shall not require the inclusion of substitute or additional language elements in code in order to accomplish a feature of the language that is specified in this standard. <P>
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<H2>
1.5.1.2 Documentation of Implementation-Dependent Features</H2> <P>
A <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#conforming_implementation"><I>conforming implementation</I></A> shall be accompanied by a document that provides a definition of all <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_i.htm#implementation-defined"><I>implementation-defined</I></A> aspects of the language defined by this specification. <P>
In addition, a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#conforming_implementation"><I>conforming implementation</I></A> is encouraged (but not required) to document items in this standard that are identified as <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_i.htm#implementation-dependent"><I>implementation-dependent</I></A>, although in some cases such documentation might simply identify the item as ``undefined.'' <P>
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<H2>
1.5.1.3 Documentation of Extensions</H2> <P>
A <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#conforming_implementation"><I>conforming implementation</I></A> shall be accompanied by a document that separately describes any features accepted by the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_i.htm#implementation"><I>implementation</I></A> that are not specified in this standard, but that do not cause any ambiguity or contradiction when added to the language standard. Such extensions shall be described as being ``extensions to Common Lisp as specified by ANSI &lt;&lt;<I>standard number</I>&gt;&gt;.'' <P>
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<H2>
1.5.1.4 Treatment of Exceptional Situations</H2> <P>
A <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#conforming_implementation"><I>conforming implementation</I></A> shall treat exceptional situations in a manner consistent with this specification. <P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="01_eada.htm"><H2>
1.5.1.4.1 Resolution of Apparent Conflicts in Exceptional Situations</H2></A><P><HR>
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<H2>
1.5.1.4.1 Resolution of Apparent Conflicts in Exceptional Situations</H2> <P>
If more than one passage in this specification appears to apply to the same situation but in conflicting ways, the passage that appears to describe the situation in the most specific way (not necessarily the passage that provides the most constrained kind of error detection) takes precedence. <P>
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1.5.1.4.1.1 Examples of Resolution of Apparent Conflicts in Exceptional Situations</H2></A><P><HR>
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1.5.1.4.1.1 Examples of Resolution of Apparent Conflicts in Exceptional Situations</H2> <P>
Suppose that function <TT>foo</TT> is a member of a set S of <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_f.htm#function"><I>functions</I></A> that operate on numbers. Suppose that one passage states that an error must be signaled if any <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_f.htm#function"><I>function</I></A> in S is ever given an argument of <TT>17</TT>. Suppose that an apparently conflicting passage states that the consequences are undefined if <TT>foo</TT> receives an argument of <TT>17</TT>. Then the second passage (the one specifically about <TT>foo</TT>) would dominate because the description of the situational context is the most specific, and it would not be required that <TT>foo</TT> signal an error on an argument of <TT>17</TT> even though other functions in the set S would be required to do so. <P>
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<H2>
1.5.1.5 Conformance Statement</H2> <P>
A <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#conforming_implementation"><I>conforming implementation</I></A> shall produce a conformance statement as a consequence of using the implementation, or that statement shall be included in the accompanying documentation. If the implementation conforms in all respects with this standard, the conformance statement shall be <P>
<P><DL><DT> ``&lt;&lt;<I>Implementation</I>&gt;&gt; conforms with the requirements of ANSI &lt;&lt;<I>standard number</I>&gt;&gt;'' <P><DD></DL><P>
If the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_i.htm#implementation"><I>implementation</I></A> conforms with some but not all of the requirements of this standard, then the conformance statement shall be <P>
<P><DL><DT> ``&lt;&lt;<I>Implementation</I>&gt;&gt; conforms with the requirements of ANSI &lt;&lt;<I>standard number</I>&gt;&gt; with the following exceptions: &lt;&lt;<I>reference to or complete list of the requirements of the standard with which the implementation does not conform</I>&gt;&gt;.'' <P><DD></DL><P>
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<H2>
1.5.2 Conforming Programs</H2> <P>
Code conforming with the requirements of this standard shall adhere to the following: <P>
<P><OL><LI> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#conforming_code"><I>Conforming code</I></A> shall use only those features of the language syntax and semantics that are either specified in this standard or defined using the extension mechanisms specified in the standard. <P>
<LI> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#conforming_code"><I>Conforming code</I></A> may use <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_i.htm#implementation-dependent"><I>implementation-dependent</I></A> features and values, but shall not rely upon any particular interpretation of these features and values other than those that are discovered by the execution of <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#code"><I>code</I></A>. <P>
<LI> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#conforming_code"><I>Conforming code</I></A> shall not depend on the consequences of undefined or unspecified situations. <P>
<LI> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#conforming_code"><I>Conforming code</I></A> does not use any constructions that are prohibited by the standard. <P>
<LI> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#conforming_code"><I>Conforming code</I></A> does not depend on extensions included in an implementation. <P></OL><P>
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1.5.2.1 Use of Implementation-Defined Language Features</H2></A><P>
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1.5.2.2 Character Set for Portable Code</H2></A><P><HR>
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<H2>
1.5.2.1 Use of Implementation-Defined Language Features</H2> <P>
Note that <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#conforming_code"><I>conforming code</I></A> may rely on particular <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_i.htm#implementation-defined"><I>implementation-defined</I></A> values or features. Also note that the requirements for <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#conforming_code"><I>conforming code</I></A> and <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#conforming_implementation"><I>conforming implementations</I></A> do not require that the results produced by conforming code always be the same when processed by a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#conforming_implementation"><I>conforming implementation</I></A>. The results may be the same, or they may differ. <P>
Conforming code may run in all conforming implementations, but might have allowable <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_i.htm#implementation-defined"><I>implementation-defined</I></A> behavior that makes it non-portable code. For example, the following are examples of <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_f.htm#form"><I>forms</I></A> that are conforming, but that might return different <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_v.htm#value"><I>values</I></A> in different implementations: <P>
<PRE>
(evenp most-positive-fixnum) =&gt; <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_i.htm#implementation-dependent">implementation-dependent</A>
(random) =&gt; <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_i.htm#implementation-dependent">implementation-dependent</A>
(&gt; lambda-parameters-limit 93) =&gt; <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_i.htm#implementation-dependent">implementation-dependent</A>
(char-name #\A) =&gt; <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_i.htm#implementation-dependent">implementation-dependent</A>
</PRE>
</TT> <P>
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1.5.2.1.1 Use of Read-Time Conditionals</H2></A><P><HR>
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<H2>
1.5.2.1.1 Use of Read-Time Conditionals</H2> <P>
Use of <TT>#+</TT> and <TT>#-</TT> does not automatically disqualify a program from being conforming. A program which uses <TT>#+</TT> and <TT>#-</TT> is considered conforming if there is no set of <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_f.htm#feature"><I>features</I></A> in which the program would not be conforming. Of course, <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#conforming_program"><I>conforming programs</I></A> are not necessarily working programs. The following program is conforming: <P>
<PRE>
(defun foo ()
#+ACME (acme:initialize-something)
(print 'hello-there))
</PRE>
</TT> <P>
However, this program might or might not work, depending on whether the presence of the feature <TT>ACME</TT> really implies that a function named <TT>acme:initialize-something</TT> is present in the environment. In effect, using <TT>#+</TT> or <TT>#-</TT> in a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#conforming_program"><I>conforming program</I></A> means that the variable <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_featur.htm#STfeaturesST"><B>*features*</B></A> becomes just one more piece of input data to that program. Like any other data coming into a program, the programmer is responsible for assuring that the program does not make unwarranted assumptions on the basis of input data. <P>
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<H2>
1.5.2.2 Character Set for Portable Code</H2> <P>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_p.htm#portable"><I>Portable</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#code"><I>code</I></A> is written using only <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#standard_character"><I>standard characters</I></A>. <P>
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<H1><A REV=MADE HREF="http://www.lispworks.com/"><IMG WIDTH=80 HEIGHT=65 ALT="[LISPWORKS]" SRC="../Graphics/LWSmall.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=TOP HREF="../Front/index.htm"><IMG WIDTH=237 HEIGHT=65 ALT="[Common Lisp HyperSpec (TM)]" SRC="../Graphics/CLHS_Sm.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A> <A REL=PREV HREF="01_ebb.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Previous]" SRC="../Graphics/Prev.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=UP HREF="01_.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Up]" SRC="../Graphics/Up.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=NEXT HREF="01_g.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Next]" SRC="../Graphics/Next.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A></H1>
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<H2>
1.6 Language Extensions</H2> <P>
<P>
A language extension is any documented <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_i.htm#implementation-defined"><I>implementation-defined</I></A> behavior of a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_d.htm#defined_name"><I>defined name</I></A> in this standard that varies from the behavior described in this standard, or a documented consequence of a situation that the standard specifies as undefined, unspecified, or extendable by the implementation. For example, if this standard says that ``the results are unspecified,'' an extension would be to specify the results. <P>
If the correct behavior of a program depends on the results provided by an extension, only implementations with the same extension will execute the program correctly. Note that such a program might be non-conforming. Also, if this standard says that ``an implementation may be extended,'' a conforming, but possibly non-portable, program can be written using an extension. <P>
An implementation can have extensions, provided they do not alter the behavior of conforming code and provided they are not explicitly prohibited by this standard. <P>
<P>
The term ``extension'' refers only to extensions available upon startup. An implementation is free to allow or prohibit redefinition of an extension. <P>
The following list contains specific guidance to implementations concerning certain types of extensions. <P><DL><P>
<DT><B>Extra return values</B> <P><DD>
An implementation must return exactly the number of return values specified by this standard unless the standard specifically indicates otherwise. <P>
<DT><B>Unsolicited messages</B> <P><DD>
<P>
No output can be produced by a function other than that specified in the standard or due to the signaling of <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#condition"><I>conditions</I></A> detected by the function. <P>
Unsolicited output, such as garbage collection notifications and autoload heralds, should not go directly to the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#stream"><I>stream</I></A> that is the value of a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#stream"><I>stream</I></A> variable defined in this standard, but can go indirectly to <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#terminal_iSLo"><I>terminal I/O</I></A> by using a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#synonym_stream"><I>synonym stream</I></A> to <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_termin.htm#STterminal-ioST"><B>*terminal-io*</B></A>. <P>
Progress reports from such functions as <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_load.htm#load"><B>load</B></A> and <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_cmp.htm#compile"><B>compile</B></A> are considered solicited, and are not covered by this prohibition. <P>
<P>
<DT><B>Implementation of macros and special forms</B> <P><DD>
<P>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_m.htm#macro"><I>Macros</I></A> and <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#special_operator"><I>special operators</I></A> defined in this standard must not be <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_f.htm#function"><I>functions</I></A>. <P>
<P></DL><P><HR>The following <A REL=META HREF="../Front/X3J13Iss.htm">X3J13 cleanup issues</A>, <I>not part of the specification</I>, apply to this section:<P><UL><LI> <A REL=CHILD HREF="../Issues/iss227.htm">MACRO-AS-FUNCTION:DISALLOW</A><LI> <A REL=CHILD HREF="../Issues/iss357.htm">UNSOLICITED-MESSAGES:NOT-TO-SYSTEM-USER-STREAMS</A><LI> <A REL=CHILD HREF="../Issues/iss156.htm">EXTRA-RETURN-VALUES:NO</A><LI> <A REL=CHILD HREF="../Issues/iss154.htm">EXTENSIONS-POSITION:DOCUMENTATION</A><P></UL><HR>
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<A REL=COPYRIGHT HREF="../Front/Help.htm#Legal"><I>Copyright 1996-2005, LispWorks Ltd. All rights reserved.</I></A><P>
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<H1><A REV=MADE HREF="http://www.lispworks.com/"><IMG WIDTH=80 HEIGHT=65 ALT="[LISPWORKS]" SRC="../Graphics/LWSmall.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=TOP HREF="../Front/index.htm"><IMG WIDTH=237 HEIGHT=65 ALT="[Common Lisp HyperSpec (TM)]" SRC="../Graphics/CLHS_Sm.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A> <A REL=PREV HREF="01_f.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Previous]" SRC="../Graphics/Prev.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=UP HREF="01_.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Up]" SRC="../Graphics/Up.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=NEXT HREF="01_h.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Next]" SRC="../Graphics/Next.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A></H1>
<HR>
<H2>
1.7 Language Subsets</H2> <P>
The language described in this standard contains no subsets, though subsets are not forbidden. <P>
For a language to be considered a subset, it must have the property that any valid <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_p.htm#program"><I>program</I></A> in that language has equivalent semantics and will run directly (with no extralingual pre-processing, and no special compatibility packages) in any <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#conforming_implementation"><I>conforming implementation</I></A> of the full language. <P>
A language that conforms to this requirement shall be described as being a ``subset of Common Lisp as specified by ANSI &lt;&lt;<I>standard number</I>&gt;&gt;.''<P><HR>The following <A REL=META HREF="../Front/X3J13Iss.htm">X3J13 cleanup issue</A>, <I>not part of the specification</I>, applies to this section:<P><UL><LI> <A REL=CHILD HREF="../Issues/iss333.htm">SUBSETTING-POSITION:NONE</A><P></UL><HR>
<A REL=NAVIGATOR HREF="../Front/StartPts.htm"><IMG WIDTH=80 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Starting Points]" SRC="../Graphics/StartPts.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=TOC HREF="../Front/Contents.htm"><IMG WIDTH=80 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Contents]" SRC="../Graphics/Contents.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=INDEX HREF="../Front/X_Master.htm"><IMG WIDTH=80 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Index]" SRC="../Graphics/Index.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=INDEX HREF="../Front/X_Symbol.htm"><IMG WIDTH=80 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Symbols]" SRC="../Graphics/Symbols.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=GLOSSARY HREF="../Body/26_a.htm"><IMG WIDTH=80 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Glossary]" SRC="../Graphics/Glossary.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A HREF="../Front/X3J13Iss.htm"><IMG WIDTH=80 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Issues]" SRC="../Graphics/Issues.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><BR>
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<H1><A REV=MADE HREF="http://www.lispworks.com/"><IMG WIDTH=80 HEIGHT=65 ALT="[LISPWORKS]" SRC="../Graphics/LWSmall.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=TOP HREF="../Front/index.htm"><IMG WIDTH=237 HEIGHT=65 ALT="[Common Lisp HyperSpec (TM)]" SRC="../Graphics/CLHS_Sm.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A> <A REL=PREV HREF="01_g.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Previous]" SRC="../Graphics/Prev.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=UP HREF="01_.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Up]" SRC="../Graphics/Up.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=NEXT HREF="01_ha.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Next]" SRC="../Graphics/Next.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A></H1>
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<H2>
1.8 Deprecated Language Features</H2> <P>
Deprecated language features are not expected to appear in future Common Lisp tandards, but are required to be implemented for conformance with this standard; see <A REL=CHILD HREF="01_eaa.htm">Section 1.5.1.1 (Required Language Features)</A>. <P>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#conforming_program"><I>Conforming programs</I></A> can use deprecated features; however, it is considered good programming style to avoid them. It is permissible for the compiler to produce <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#style_warning"><I>style warnings</I></A> about the use of such features at compile time, but there should be no such warnings at program execution time. <P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="01_ha.htm"><H2>
1.8.1 Deprecated Functions</H2></A><P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="01_hb.htm"><H2>
1.8.2 Deprecated Argument Conventions</H2></A><P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="01_hc.htm"><H2>
1.8.3 Deprecated Variables</H2></A><P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="01_hd.htm"><H2>
1.8.4 Deprecated Reader Syntax</H2></A><P><HR>
<A REL=NAVIGATOR HREF="../Front/StartPts.htm"><IMG WIDTH=80 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Starting Points]" SRC="../Graphics/StartPts.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=TOC HREF="../Front/Contents.htm"><IMG WIDTH=80 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Contents]" SRC="../Graphics/Contents.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=INDEX HREF="../Front/X_Master.htm"><IMG WIDTH=80 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Index]" SRC="../Graphics/Index.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=INDEX HREF="../Front/X_Symbol.htm"><IMG WIDTH=80 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Symbols]" SRC="../Graphics/Symbols.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=GLOSSARY HREF="../Body/26_a.htm"><IMG WIDTH=80 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Glossary]" SRC="../Graphics/Glossary.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A HREF="../Front/X3J13Iss.htm"><IMG WIDTH=80 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Issues]" SRC="../Graphics/Issues.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><BR>
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<TITLE>CLHS: Section 1.8.1</TITLE>
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<H1><A REV=MADE HREF="http://www.lispworks.com/"><IMG WIDTH=80 HEIGHT=65 ALT="[LISPWORKS]" SRC="../Graphics/LWSmall.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=TOP HREF="../Front/index.htm"><IMG WIDTH=237 HEIGHT=65 ALT="[Common Lisp HyperSpec (TM)]" SRC="../Graphics/CLHS_Sm.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A> <A REL=PREV HREF="01_h.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Previous]" SRC="../Graphics/Prev.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=UP HREF="01_h.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Up]" SRC="../Graphics/Up.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=NEXT HREF="01_hb.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Next]" SRC="../Graphics/Next.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A></H1>
<HR>
<H2>
1.8.1 Deprecated Functions</H2> <P>
The <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_f.htm#function"><I>functions</I></A> in the next figure are deprecated. <PRE>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_assocc.htm#assoc-if-not">assoc-if-not</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_substc.htm#nsubst-if-not">nsubst-if-not</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_provid.htm#require">require</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_countc.htm#count-if-not">count-if-not</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_sbs_s.htm#nsubstitute-if-not">nsubstitute-if-not</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_set.htm#set">set</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_rm_rm.htm#delete-if-not">delete-if-not</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_pos_p.htm#position-if-not">position-if-not</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_substc.htm#subst-if-not">subst-if-not</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_find_.htm#find-if-not">find-if-not</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_provid.htm#provide">provide</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_sbs_s.htm#substitute-if-not">substitute-if-not</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_gentem.htm#gentemp">gentemp</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_rassoc.htm#rassoc-if-not">rassoc-if-not</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_mem_m.htm#member-if-not">member-if-not</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_rm_rm.htm#remove-if-not">remove-if-not</A>
</PRE>
<P><B>Figure 1-2. Deprecated Functions</B> <P>
<P><HR>The following <A REL=META HREF="../Front/X3J13Iss.htm">X3J13 cleanup issues</A>, <I>not part of the specification</I>, apply to this section:<P><UL><LI> <A REL=CHILD HREF="../Issues/iss183.htm">GENTEMP-BAD-IDEA:DEPRECATE</A><LI> <A REL=CHILD HREF="../Issues/iss345.htm">TEST-NOT-IF-NOT:FLUSH-ALL</A><LI> <A REL=CHILD HREF="../Issues/iss294.htm">REQUIRE-PATHNAME-DEFAULTS-AGAIN:X3J13-DEC-91</A><P></UL><HR>
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<H1><A REV=MADE HREF="http://www.lispworks.com/"><IMG WIDTH=80 HEIGHT=65 ALT="[LISPWORKS]" SRC="../Graphics/LWSmall.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=TOP HREF="../Front/index.htm"><IMG WIDTH=237 HEIGHT=65 ALT="[Common Lisp HyperSpec (TM)]" SRC="../Graphics/CLHS_Sm.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A> <A REL=PREV HREF="01_ha.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Previous]" SRC="../Graphics/Prev.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=UP HREF="01_h.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Up]" SRC="../Graphics/Up.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=NEXT HREF="01_hc.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Next]" SRC="../Graphics/Next.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A></H1>
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<H2>
1.8.2 Deprecated Argument Conventions</H2> <P>
The ability to pass a numeric <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_a.htm#argument"><I>argument</I></A> to <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_gensym.htm#gensym"><B>gensym</B></A> has been deprecated. <P>
The <TT>:test-not</TT> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_a.htm#argument"><I>argument</I></A> to the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_f.htm#function"><I>functions</I></A> in the next figure are deprecated. <P>
<PRE>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_adjoin.htm#adjoin">adjoin</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_set_di.htm#nset-difference">nset-difference</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_search.htm#search">search</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_assocc.htm#assoc">assoc</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_set_ex.htm#nset-exclusive-or">nset-exclusive-or</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_set_di.htm#set-difference">set-difference</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_countc.htm#count">count</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_sublis.htm#nsublis">nsublis</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_set_ex.htm#set-exclusive-or">set-exclusive-or</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_rm_rm.htm#delete">delete</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_substc.htm#nsubst">nsubst</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_sublis.htm#sublis">sublis</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_rm_dup.htm#delete-duplicates">delete-duplicates</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_sbs_s.htm#nsubstitute">nsubstitute</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_subset.htm#subsetp">subsetp</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_find_.htm#find">find</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_unionc.htm#nunion">nunion</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_substc.htm#subst">subst</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_isec_.htm#intersection">intersection</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_pos_p.htm#position">position</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_sbs_s.htm#substitute">substitute</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="a_member.htm#member">member</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_rassoc.htm#rassoc">rassoc</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_tree_e.htm#tree-equal">tree-equal</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_mismat.htm#mismatch">mismatch</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_rm_rm.htm#remove">remove</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_unionc.htm#union">union</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_isec_.htm#nintersection">nintersection</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_rm_dup.htm#remove-duplicates">remove-duplicates</A>
</PRE>
<P><B>Figure 1-3. Functions with Deprecated :TEST-NOT Arguments</B> <P>
The use of the situation names <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_cmp.htm#compile"><B>compile</B></A>, <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_load.htm#load"><B>load</B></A>, and <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_eval.htm#eval"><B>eval</B></A> in <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="s_eval_w.htm#eval-when"><B>eval-when</B></A> is deprecated. <P>
<P><HR>The following <A REL=META HREF="../Front/X3J13Iss.htm">X3J13 cleanup issues</A>, <I>not part of the specification</I>, apply to this section:<P><UL><LI> <A REL=CHILD HREF="../Issues/iss148.htm">EVAL-WHEN-OBSOLETE-KEYWORDS:X3J13-MAR-1993</A><LI> <A REL=CHILD HREF="../Issues/iss147.htm">EVAL-WHEN-NON-TOP-LEVEL:GENERALIZE-EVAL-NEW-KEYWORDS</A><LI> <A REL=CHILD HREF="../Issues/iss345.htm">TEST-NOT-IF-NOT:FLUSH-ALL</A><LI> <A REL=CHILD HREF="../Issues/iss182.htm">GENSYM-NAME-STICKINESS:LIKE-TEFLON</A><P></UL><HR>
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<H2>
1.8.3 Deprecated Variables</H2> <P>
The <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_v.htm#variable"><I>variable</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_module.htm#STmodulesST"><B>*modules*</B></A> is deprecated. <P>
<P><HR>The following <A REL=META HREF="../Front/X3J13Iss.htm">X3J13 cleanup issue</A>, <I>not part of the specification</I>, applies to this section:<P><UL><LI> <A REL=CHILD HREF="../Issues/iss294.htm">REQUIRE-PATHNAME-DEFAULTS-AGAIN:X3J13-DEC-91</A><P></UL><HR>
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<H1><A REV=MADE HREF="http://www.lispworks.com/"><IMG WIDTH=80 HEIGHT=65 ALT="[LISPWORKS]" SRC="../Graphics/LWSmall.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=TOP HREF="../Front/index.htm"><IMG WIDTH=237 HEIGHT=65 ALT="[Common Lisp HyperSpec (TM)]" SRC="../Graphics/CLHS_Sm.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A> <A REL=PREV HREF="01_hc.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Previous]" SRC="../Graphics/Prev.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=UP HREF="01_h.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Up]" SRC="../Graphics/Up.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=NEXT HREF="01_i.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Next]" SRC="../Graphics/Next.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A></H1>
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<H2>
1.8.4 Deprecated Reader Syntax</H2> <P>
The <TT>#S</TT> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_r.htm#reader_macro"><I>reader macro</I></A> forces keyword names into the <TT>KEYWORD</TT> package; see <A REL=CHILD HREF="02_dhm.htm">Section 2.4.8.13 (Sharpsign S)</A>. This feature is deprecated; in the future, keyword names will be taken in the package they are read in, so <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#symbol"><I>symbols</I></A> that are actually in the <TT>KEYWORD</TT> package should be used if that is what is desired. <P>
<P><HR>The following <A REL=META HREF="../Front/X3J13Iss.htm">X3J13 cleanup issue</A>, <I>not part of the specification</I>, applies to this section:<P><UL><LI> <A REL=CHILD HREF="../Issues/iss331.htm">STRUCTURE-READ-PRINT-SYNTAX:KEYWORDS</A><P></UL><HR>
<A REL=NAVIGATOR HREF="../Front/StartPts.htm"><IMG WIDTH=80 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Starting Points]" SRC="../Graphics/StartPts.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=TOC HREF="../Front/Contents.htm"><IMG WIDTH=80 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Contents]" SRC="../Graphics/Contents.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=INDEX HREF="../Front/X_Master.htm"><IMG WIDTH=80 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Index]" SRC="../Graphics/Index.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=INDEX HREF="../Front/X_Symbol.htm"><IMG WIDTH=80 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Symbols]" SRC="../Graphics/Symbols.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=GLOSSARY HREF="../Body/26_a.htm"><IMG WIDTH=80 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Glossary]" SRC="../Graphics/Glossary.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A HREF="../Front/X3J13Iss.htm"><IMG WIDTH=80 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Issues]" SRC="../Graphics/Issues.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><BR>
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<H1><A REV=MADE HREF="http://www.lispworks.com/"><IMG WIDTH=80 HEIGHT=65 ALT="[LISPWORKS]" SRC="../Graphics/LWSmall.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=TOP HREF="../Front/index.htm"><IMG WIDTH=237 HEIGHT=65 ALT="[Common Lisp HyperSpec (TM)]" SRC="../Graphics/CLHS_Sm.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A> <A REL=PREV HREF="01_hd.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Previous]" SRC="../Graphics/Prev.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=UP HREF="01_.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Up]" SRC="../Graphics/Up.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=NEXT HREF="02_.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Next]" SRC="../Graphics/Next.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A></H1>
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<H2>
1.9 Symbols in the COMMON-LISP Package</H2> <P>
The figures on the next twelve pages contain a complete enumeration of the 978 <I>external</I> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#symbol"><I>symbols</I></A> in the <TT>COMMON-LISP</TT> package. <P>
<PRE>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="03_da.htm#BSAMallow-other-keys">&amp;allow-other-keys</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_pr_mis.htm#STprint-miser-widthST">*print-miser-width*</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="03_da.htm#BSAMaux">&amp;aux</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_pr_ppr.htm#STprint-pprint-dispatchST">*print-pprint-dispatch*</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="03_dd.htm#BSAMbody">&amp;body</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_pr_pre.htm#STprint-prettyST">*print-pretty*</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="03_dd.htm#BSAMenvironment">&amp;environment</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_pr_bas.htm#STprint-radixST">*print-radix*</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="03_da.htm#BSAMkey">&amp;key</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_pr_rda.htm#STprint-readablyST">*print-readably*</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="03_da.htm#BSAMoptional">&amp;optional</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_pr_rig.htm#STprint-right-marginST">*print-right-margin*</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="03_da.htm#BSAMrest">&amp;rest</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_debug_.htm#STquery-ioST">*query-io*</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="03_dd.htm#BSAMwhole">&amp;whole</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_rnd_st.htm#STrandom-stateST">*random-state*</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="a_st.htm#ST">*</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_rd_bas.htm#STread-baseST">*read-base*</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v__stst_.htm#STST">**</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_rd_def.htm#STread-default-float-formatST">*read-default-float-format*</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v__stst_.htm#STSTST">***</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_rd_eva.htm#STread-evalST">*read-eval*</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_break_.htm#STbreak-on-signalsST">*break-on-signals*</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_rd_sup.htm#STread-suppressST">*read-suppress*</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_cmp_fi.htm#STcompile-file-pathnameST">*compile-file-pathname*</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_rdtabl.htm#STreadtableST">*readtable*</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_cmp_fi.htm#STcompile-file-truenameST">*compile-file-truename*</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_debug_.htm#STstandard-inputST">*standard-input*</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_cmp_pr.htm#STcompile-printST">*compile-print*</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_debug_.htm#STstandard-outputST">*standard-output*</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_cmp_pr.htm#STcompile-verboseST">*compile-verbose*</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_termin.htm#STterminal-ioST">*terminal-io*</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_debug_.htm#STdebug-ioST">*debug-io*</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_debug_.htm#STtrace-outputST">*trace-output*</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_debugg.htm#STdebugger-hookST">*debugger-hook*</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="a_pl.htm#PL">+</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_defaul.htm#STdefault-pathname-defaultsST">*default-pathname-defaults*</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_pl_plp.htm#PLPL">++</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_debug_.htm#STerror-outputST">*error-output*</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_pl_plp.htm#PLPLPL">+++</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_featur.htm#STfeaturesST">*features*</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="a__.htm#-">-</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_gensym.htm#STgensym-counterST">*gensym-counter*</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="a_sl.htm#SL">/</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_ld_pns.htm#STload-pathnameST">*load-pathname*</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_sl_sls.htm#SLSL">//</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_ld_prs.htm#STload-printST">*load-print*</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_sl_sls.htm#SLSLSL">///</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_ld_pns.htm#STload-truenameST">*load-truename*</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_eq_sle.htm#SLEQ">/=</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_ld_prs.htm#STload-verboseST">*load-verbose*</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_1pl_1_.htm#1PL">1+</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_mexp_h.htm#STmacroexpand-hookST">*macroexpand-hook*</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_1pl_1_.htm#1-">1-</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_module.htm#STmodulesST">*modules*</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_eq_sle.htm#LT">&lt;</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_pkg.htm#STpackageST">*package*</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_eq_sle.htm#LTEQ">&lt;=</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_pr_ar.htm#STprint-arrayST">*print-array*</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_eq_sle.htm#EQ">=</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_pr_bas.htm#STprint-baseST">*print-base*</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_eq_sle.htm#GT">&gt;</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_pr_cas.htm#STprint-caseST">*print-case*</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_eq_sle.htm#GTEQ">&gt;=</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_pr_cir.htm#STprint-circleST">*print-circle*</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="a_abort.htm#abort">abort</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_pr_esc.htm#STprint-escapeST">*print-escape*</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_abs.htm#abs">abs</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_pr_gen.htm#STprint-gensymST">*print-gensym*</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_acons.htm#acons">acons</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_pr_lev.htm#STprint-lengthST">*print-length*</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_asin_.htm#acos">acos</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_pr_lev.htm#STprint-levelST">*print-level*</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_sinh_.htm#acosh">acosh</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_pr_lin.htm#STprint-linesST">*print-lines*</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_add_me.htm#add-method">add-method</A>
</PRE>
<P><B>Figure 1-4. Symbols in the COMMON-LISP package (part one of twelve).</B> <P>
<P><P><P>
<PRE>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_adjoin.htm#adjoin">adjoin</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="a_atom.htm#atom">atom</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_boundp.htm#boundp">boundp</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_adjust.htm#adjust-array">adjust-array</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="t_base_c.htm#base-char">base-char</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_break.htm#break">break</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_adju_1.htm#adjustable-array-p">adjustable-array-p</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="t_base_s.htm#base-string">base-string</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="t_broadc.htm#broadcast-stream">broadcast-stream</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_alloca.htm#allocate-instance">allocate-instance</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="t_bignum.htm#bignum">bignum</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_broadc.htm#broadcast-stream-streams">broadcast-stream-streams</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_alpha_.htm#alpha-char-p">alpha-char-p</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="a_bit.htm#bit">bit</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="t_built_.htm#built-in-class">built-in-class</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_alphan.htm#alphanumericp">alphanumericp</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_bt_and.htm#bit-and">bit-and</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_butlas.htm#butlast">butlast</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="a_and.htm#and">and</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_bt_and.htm#bit-andc1">bit-andc1</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_by_by.htm#byte">byte</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_append.htm#append">append</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_bt_and.htm#bit-andc2">bit-andc2</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_by_by.htm#byte-position">byte-position</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_apply.htm#apply">apply</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_bt_and.htm#bit-eqv">bit-eqv</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_by_by.htm#byte-size">byte-size</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_apropo.htm#apropos">apropos</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_bt_and.htm#bit-ior">bit-ior</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_car_c.htm#caaaar">caaaar</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_apropo.htm#apropos-list">apropos-list</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_bt_and.htm#bit-nand">bit-nand</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_car_c.htm#caaadr">caaadr</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_aref.htm#aref">aref</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_bt_and.htm#bit-nor">bit-nor</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_car_c.htm#caaar">caaar</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="e_arithm.htm#arithmetic-error">arithmetic-error</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_bt_and.htm#bit-not">bit-not</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_car_c.htm#caadar">caadar</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_arithm.htm#arithmetic-error-operands">arithmetic-error-operands</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_bt_and.htm#bit-orc1">bit-orc1</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_car_c.htm#caaddr">caaddr</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_arithm.htm#arithmetic-error-operation">arithmetic-error-operation</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_bt_and.htm#bit-orc2">bit-orc2</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_car_c.htm#caadr">caadr</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="t_array.htm#array">array</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="t_bt_vec.htm#bit-vector">bit-vector</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_car_c.htm#caar">caar</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_ar_dim.htm#array-dimension">array-dimension</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_bt_vec.htm#bit-vector-p">bit-vector-p</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_car_c.htm#cadaar">cadaar</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_ar_dim.htm#array-dimension-limit">array-dimension-limit</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_bt_and.htm#bit-xor">bit-xor</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_car_c.htm#cadadr">cadadr</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_ar_d_1.htm#array-dimensions">array-dimensions</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="s_block.htm#block">block</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_car_c.htm#cadar">cadar</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_ar_dis.htm#array-displacement">array-displacement</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_boole.htm#boole">boole</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_car_c.htm#caddar">caddar</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_ar_ele.htm#array-element-type">array-element-type</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_b_1_b.htm#boole-1">boole-1</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_car_c.htm#cadddr">cadddr</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_ar_has.htm#array-has-fill-pointer-p">array-has-fill-pointer-p</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_b_1_b.htm#boole-2">boole-2</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_car_c.htm#caddr">caddr</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_ar_in_.htm#array-in-bounds-p">array-in-bounds-p</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_b_1_b.htm#boole-and">boole-and</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_car_c.htm#cadr">cadr</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_ar_ran.htm#array-rank">array-rank</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_b_1_b.htm#boole-andc1">boole-andc1</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_call_a.htm#call-arguments-limit">call-arguments-limit</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_ar_ran.htm#array-rank-limit">array-rank-limit</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_b_1_b.htm#boole-andc2">boole-andc2</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_call_m.htm#call-method">call-method</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_ar_row.htm#array-row-major-index">array-row-major-index</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_b_1_b.htm#boole-c1">boole-c1</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_call_n.htm#call-next-method">call-next-method</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_ar_tot.htm#array-total-size">array-total-size</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_b_1_b.htm#boole-c2">boole-c2</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_car_c.htm#car">car</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_ar_tot.htm#array-total-size-limit">array-total-size-limit</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_b_1_b.htm#boole-clr">boole-clr</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_case_.htm#case">case</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_arrayp.htm#arrayp">arrayp</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_b_1_b.htm#boole-eqv">boole-eqv</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="s_catch.htm#catch">catch</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_ash.htm#ash">ash</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_b_1_b.htm#boole-ior">boole-ior</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_case_.htm#ccase">ccase</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_asin_.htm#asin">asin</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_b_1_b.htm#boole-nand">boole-nand</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_car_c.htm#cdaaar">cdaaar</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_sinh_.htm#asinh">asinh</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_b_1_b.htm#boole-nor">boole-nor</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_car_c.htm#cdaadr">cdaadr</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_assert.htm#assert">assert</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_b_1_b.htm#boole-orc1">boole-orc1</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_car_c.htm#cdaar">cdaar</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_assocc.htm#assoc">assoc</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_b_1_b.htm#boole-orc2">boole-orc2</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_car_c.htm#cdadar">cdadar</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_assocc.htm#assoc-if">assoc-if</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_b_1_b.htm#boole-set">boole-set</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_car_c.htm#cdaddr">cdaddr</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_assocc.htm#assoc-if-not">assoc-if-not</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_b_1_b.htm#boole-xor">boole-xor</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_car_c.htm#cdadr">cdadr</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_asin_.htm#atan">atan</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="t_ban.htm#boolean">boolean</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_car_c.htm#cdar">cdar</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_sinh_.htm#atanh">atanh</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_upper_.htm#both-case-p">both-case-p</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_car_c.htm#cddaar">cddaar</A>
</PRE>
<P><B>Figure 1-5. Symbols in the COMMON-LISP package (part two of twelve).</B> <P>
<P><P><P>
<PRE>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_car_c.htm#cddadr">cddadr</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_clear_.htm#clear-input">clear-input</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_cp_tre.htm#copy-tree">copy-tree</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_car_c.htm#cddar">cddar</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_finish.htm#clear-output">clear-output</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_sin_c.htm#cos">cos</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_car_c.htm#cdddar">cdddar</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_close.htm#close">close</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_sinh_.htm#cosh">cosh</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_car_c.htm#cddddr">cddddr</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_clrhas.htm#clrhash">clrhash</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_countc.htm#count">count</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_car_c.htm#cdddr">cdddr</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_code_c.htm#code-char">code-char</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_countc.htm#count-if">count-if</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_car_c.htm#cddr">cddr</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_coerce.htm#coerce">coerce</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_countc.htm#count-if-not">count-if-not</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_car_c.htm#cdr">cdr</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="d_optimi.htm#compilation-speed">compilation-speed</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_tpcase.htm#ctypecase">ctypecase</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_floorc.htm#ceiling">ceiling</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_cmp.htm#compile">compile</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="d_optimi.htm#debug">debug</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="e_cell_e.htm#cell-error">cell-error</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_cmp_fi.htm#compile-file">compile-file</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_incf_.htm#decf">decf</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_cell_e.htm#cell-error-name">cell-error-name</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_cmp__1.htm#compile-file-pathname">compile-file-pathname</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_declai.htm#declaim">declaim</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_cerror.htm#cerror">cerror</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="t_cmpd_f.htm#compiled-function">compiled-function</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="d_declar.htm#declaration">declaration</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_chg_cl.htm#change-class">change-class</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_cmpd_f.htm#compiled-function-p">compiled-function-p</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="s_declar.htm#declare">declare</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_char_.htm#char">char</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_docume.htm#compiler-macro">compiler-macro</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_dec_fl.htm#decode-float">decode-float</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_char_c.htm#char-code">char-code</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_cmp_ma.htm#compiler-macro-function">compiler-macro-function</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_dec_un.htm#decode-universal-time">decode-universal-time</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_char_c.htm#char-code-limit">char-code-limit</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_comple.htm#complement">complement</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_defcla.htm#defclass">defclass</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_char_u.htm#char-downcase">char-downcase</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="a_comple.htm#complex">complex</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_defcon.htm#defconstant">defconstant</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_chareq.htm#char-equal">char-equal</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_comp_3.htm#complexp">complexp</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_defgen.htm#defgeneric">defgeneric</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_chareq.htm#char-greaterp">char-greaterp</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_comput.htm#compute-applicable-methods">compute-applicable-methods</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_define.htm#define-compiler-macro">define-compiler-macro</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_char_i.htm#char-int">char-int</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_comp_1.htm#compute-restarts">compute-restarts</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_defi_5.htm#define-condition">define-condition</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_chareq.htm#char-lessp">char-lessp</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_concat.htm#concatenate">concatenate</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_defi_4.htm#define-method-combination">define-method-combination</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_char_n.htm#char-name">char-name</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="t_concat.htm#concatenated-stream">concatenated-stream</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_defi_2.htm#define-modify-macro">define-modify-macro</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_chareq.htm#char-not-equal">char-not-equal</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_conc_1.htm#concatenated-stream-streams">concatenated-stream-streams</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_defi_3.htm#define-setf-expander">define-setf-expander</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_chareq.htm#char-not-greaterp">char-not-greaterp</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_cond.htm#cond">cond</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_defi_1.htm#define-symbol-macro">define-symbol-macro</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_chareq.htm#char-not-lessp">char-not-lessp</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="e_cnd.htm#condition">condition</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_defmac.htm#defmacro">defmacro</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_char_u.htm#char-upcase">char-upcase</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_conjug.htm#conjugate">conjugate</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_defmet.htm#defmethod">defmethod</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_chareq.htm#charSLEQ">char/=</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="a_cons.htm#cons">cons</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_defpkg.htm#defpackage">defpackage</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_chareq.htm#charLT">char&lt;</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_consp.htm#consp">consp</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_defpar.htm#defparameter">defparameter</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_chareq.htm#charLTEQ">char&lt;=</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_cons_1.htm#constantly">constantly</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_defset.htm#defsetf">defsetf</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_chareq.htm#charEQ">char=</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_consta.htm#constantp">constantp</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_defstr.htm#defstruct">defstruct</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_chareq.htm#charGT">char&gt;</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="a_contin.htm#continue">continue</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_deftp.htm#deftype">deftype</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_chareq.htm#charGTEQ">char&gt;=</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="e_contro.htm#control-error">control-error</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_defun.htm#defun">defun</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="a_ch.htm#character">character</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_cp_ali.htm#copy-alist">copy-alist</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_defpar.htm#defvar">defvar</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_chp.htm#characterp">characterp</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_cp_lis.htm#copy-list">copy-list</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_rm_rm.htm#delete">delete</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_check_.htm#check-type">check-type</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_cp_ppr.htm#copy-pprint-dispatch">copy-pprint-dispatch</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_rm_dup.htm#delete-duplicates">delete-duplicates</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_cis.htm#cis">cis</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_cp_rdt.htm#copy-readtable">copy-readtable</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_del_fi.htm#delete-file">delete-file</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="t_class.htm#class">class</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_cp_seq.htm#copy-seq">copy-seq</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_rm_rm.htm#delete-if">delete-if</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_class_.htm#class-name">class-name</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_cp_stu.htm#copy-structure">copy-structure</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_rm_rm.htm#delete-if-not">delete-if-not</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_clas_1.htm#class-of">class-of</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_cp_sym.htm#copy-symbol">copy-symbol</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_del_pk.htm#delete-package">delete-package</A>
</PRE>
<P><B>Figure 1-6. Symbols in the COMMON-LISP package (part three of twelve).</B> <P>
<P><P><P>
<PRE>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_numera.htm#denominator">denominator</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_eq.htm#eq">eq</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_deposi.htm#deposit-field">deposit-field</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="a_eql.htm#eql">eql</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_descri.htm#describe">describe</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_equal.htm#equal">equal</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_desc_1.htm#describe-object">describe-object</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_equalp.htm#equalp">equalp</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_destru.htm#destructuring-bind">destructuring-bind</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="a_error.htm#error">error</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_digit_.htm#digit-char">digit-char</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_tpcase.htm#etypecase">etypecase</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_digi_1.htm#digit-char-p">digit-char-p</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_eval.htm#eval">eval</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_dir.htm#directory">directory</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="s_eval_w.htm#eval-when">eval-when</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_namest.htm#directory-namestring">directory-namestring</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_evenpc.htm#evenp">evenp</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_disass.htm#disassemble">disassemble</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_everyc.htm#every">every</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="e_divisi.htm#division-by-zero">division-by-zero</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_exp_e.htm#exp">exp</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_do_do.htm#do">do</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_export.htm#export">export</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_do_do.htm#doST">do*</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_exp_e.htm#expt">expt</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_do_sym.htm#do-all-symbols">do-all-symbols</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="t_extend.htm#extended-char">extended-char</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_do_sym.htm#do-external-symbols">do-external-symbols</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_fbound.htm#fboundp">fboundp</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_do_sym.htm#do-symbols">do-symbols</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_floorc.htm#fceiling">fceiling</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_docume.htm#documentation">documentation</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_fdefin.htm#fdefinition">fdefinition</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_dolist.htm#dolist">dolist</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_floorc.htm#ffloor">ffloor</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_dotime.htm#dotimes">dotimes</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_firstc.htm#fifth">fifth</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="t_short_.htm#double-float">double-float</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_file_a.htm#file-author">file-author</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_short_.htm#double-float-epsilon">double-float-epsilon</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="e_file_e.htm#file-error">file-error</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_short_.htm#double-float-negative-epsilon">double-float-negative-epsilon</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_file_e.htm#file-error-pathname">file-error-pathname</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_dpb.htm#dpb">dpb</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_file_l.htm#file-length">file-length</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_dribbl.htm#dribble">dribble</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_namest.htm#file-namestring">file-namestring</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="d_dynami.htm#dynamic-extent">dynamic-extent</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_file_p.htm#file-position">file-position</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_case_.htm#ecase">ecase</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="t_file_s.htm#file-stream">file-stream</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="t_echo_s.htm#echo-stream">echo-stream</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_file_s.htm#file-string-length">file-string-length</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_echo_s.htm#echo-stream-input-stream">echo-stream-input-stream</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_file_w.htm#file-write-date">file-write-date</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_echo_s.htm#echo-stream-output-stream">echo-stream-output-stream</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_fill.htm#fill">fill</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_ed.htm#ed">ed</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_fill_p.htm#fill-pointer">fill-pointer</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_firstc.htm#eighth">eighth</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_find_.htm#find">find</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_elt.htm#elt">elt</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_find_a.htm#find-all-symbols">find-all-symbols</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_encode.htm#encode-universal-time">encode-universal-time</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_find_c.htm#find-class">find-class</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="e_end_of.htm#end-of-file">end-of-file</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_find_.htm#find-if">find-if</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_endp.htm#endp">endp</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_find_.htm#find-if-not">find-if-not</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_namest.htm#enough-namestring">enough-namestring</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_find_m.htm#find-method">find-method</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_ensu_1.htm#ensure-directories-exist">ensure-directories-exist</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_find_p.htm#find-package">find-package</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_ensure.htm#ensure-generic-function">ensure-generic-function</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_find_r.htm#find-restart">find-restart</A>
</PRE>
<P><B>Figure 1-7. Symbols in the COMMON-LISP package (part four of twelve).</B> <P>
<P><P><P>
<PRE>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_find_s.htm#find-symbol">find-symbol</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_get__1.htm#get-internal-run-time">get-internal-run-time</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_finish.htm#finish-output">finish-output</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_set_ma.htm#get-macro-character">get-macro-character</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_firstc.htm#first">first</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_get_ou.htm#get-output-stream-string">get-output-stream-string</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="t_fixnum.htm#fixnum">fixnum</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_get_pr.htm#get-properties">get-properties</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="s_flet_.htm#flet">flet</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_get_se.htm#get-setf-expansion">get-setf-expansion</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="a_float.htm#float">float</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_get_un.htm#get-universal-time">get-universal-time</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_dec_fl.htm#float-digits">float-digits</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_getf.htm#getf">getf</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_dec_fl.htm#float-precision">float-precision</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_gethas.htm#gethash">gethash</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_dec_fl.htm#float-radix">float-radix</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="s_go.htm#go">go</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_dec_fl.htm#float-sign">float-sign</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_graphi.htm#graphic-char-p">graphic-char-p</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="e_floa_1.htm#floating-point-inexact">floating-point-inexact</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_handle.htm#handler-bind">handler-bind</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="e_floati.htm#floating-point-invalid-operation">floating-point-invalid-operation</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_hand_1.htm#handler-case">handler-case</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="e_floa_2.htm#floating-point-overflow">floating-point-overflow</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="t_hash_t.htm#hash-table">hash-table</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="e_floa_3.htm#floating-point-underflow">floating-point-underflow</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_hash_1.htm#hash-table-count">hash-table-count</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_floatp.htm#floatp">floatp</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_hash_t.htm#hash-table-p">hash-table-p</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_floorc.htm#floor">floor</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_hash_2.htm#hash-table-rehash-size">hash-table-rehash-size</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_fmakun.htm#fmakunbound">fmakunbound</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_hash_3.htm#hash-table-rehash-threshold">hash-table-rehash-threshold</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_finish.htm#force-output">force-output</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_hash_4.htm#hash-table-size">hash-table-size</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_format.htm#format">format</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_hash_5.htm#hash-table-test">hash-table-test</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_format.htm#formatter">formatter</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_namest.htm#host-namestring">host-namestring</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_firstc.htm#fourth">fourth</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_identi.htm#identity">identity</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_terpri.htm#fresh-line">fresh-line</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="s_if.htm#if">if</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_floorc.htm#fround">fround</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="d_ignore.htm#ignorable">ignorable</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_floorc.htm#ftruncate">ftruncate</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="d_ignore.htm#ignore">ignore</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="d_ftype.htm#ftype">ftype</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_ignore.htm#ignore-errors">ignore-errors</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_funcal.htm#funcall">funcall</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_realpa.htm#imagpart">imagpart</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="a_fn.htm#function">function</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_import.htm#import">import</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_fn_kwd.htm#function-keywords">function-keywords</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_in_pkg.htm#in-package">in-package</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_fn_lam.htm#function-lambda-expression">function-lambda-expression</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_incf_.htm#incf">incf</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_fnp.htm#functionp">functionp</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_init_i.htm#initialize-instance">initialize-instance</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_gcd.htm#gcd">gcd</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="d_inline.htm#inline">inline</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="t_generi.htm#generic-function">generic-function</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_in_stm.htm#input-stream-p">input-stream-p</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_gensym.htm#gensym">gensym</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_inspec.htm#inspect">inspect</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_gentem.htm#gentemp">gentemp</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="t_intege.htm#integer">integer</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_get.htm#get">get</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_dec_fl.htm#integer-decode-float">integer-decode-float</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_get_un.htm#get-decoded-time">get-decoded-time</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_intege.htm#integer-length">integer-length</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_set__1.htm#get-dispatch-macro-character">get-dispatch-macro-character</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_inte_1.htm#integerp">integerp</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_get_in.htm#get-internal-real-time">get-internal-real-time</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_intera.htm#interactive-stream-p">interactive-stream-p</A>
</PRE>
<P><B>Figure 1-8. Symbols in the COMMON-LISP package (part five of twelve).</B> <P>
<P><P><P>
<PRE>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_intern.htm#intern">intern</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_lisp_i.htm#lisp-implementation-type">lisp-implementation-type</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_intern.htm#internal-time-units-per-second">internal-time-units-per-second</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_lisp_i.htm#lisp-implementation-version">lisp-implementation-version</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_isec_.htm#intersection">intersection</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="a_list.htm#list">list</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_invali.htm#invalid-method-error">invalid-method-error</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_list_.htm#listST">list*</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_invoke.htm#invoke-debugger">invoke-debugger</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_list_a.htm#list-all-packages">list-all-packages</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_invo_1.htm#invoke-restart">invoke-restart</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_list_l.htm#list-length">list-length</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_invo_2.htm#invoke-restart-interactively">invoke-restart-interactively</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_listen.htm#listen">listen</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_sqrt_.htm#isqrt">isqrt</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_listp.htm#listp">listp</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="t_kwd.htm#keyword">keyword</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_load.htm#load">load</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_kwdp.htm#keywordp">keywordp</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_ld_log.htm#load-logical-pathname-translations">load-logical-pathname-translations</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="s_flet_.htm#labels">labels</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="s_ld_tim.htm#load-time-value">load-time-value</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="a_lambda.htm#lambda">lambda</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="s_locall.htm#locally">locally</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_lambda.htm#lambda-list-keywords">lambda-list-keywords</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_log.htm#log">log</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_lamb_1.htm#lambda-parameters-limit">lambda-parameters-limit</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_logand.htm#logand">logand</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_last.htm#last">last</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_logand.htm#logandc1">logandc1</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_lcm.htm#lcm">lcm</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_logand.htm#logandc2">logandc2</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_ldb.htm#ldb">ldb</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_logbtp.htm#logbitp">logbitp</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_ldb_te.htm#ldb-test">ldb-test</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_logcou.htm#logcount">logcount</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_ldiffc.htm#ldiff">ldiff</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_logand.htm#logeqv">logeqv</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_most_1.htm#least-negative-double-float">least-negative-double-float</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="a_logica.htm#logical-pathname">logical-pathname</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_most_1.htm#least-negative-long-float">least-negative-long-float</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_logica.htm#logical-pathname-translations">logical-pathname-translations</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_most_1.htm#least-negative-normalized-double-float">least-negative-normalized-double-float</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_logand.htm#logior">logior</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_most_1.htm#least-negative-normalized-long-float">least-negative-normalized-long-float</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_logand.htm#lognand">lognand</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_most_1.htm#least-negative-normalized-short-float">least-negative-normalized-short-float</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_logand.htm#lognor">lognor</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_most_1.htm#least-negative-normalized-single-float">least-negative-normalized-single-float</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_logand.htm#lognot">lognot</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_most_1.htm#least-negative-short-float">least-negative-short-float</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_logand.htm#logorc1">logorc1</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_most_1.htm#least-negative-single-float">least-negative-single-float</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_logand.htm#logorc2">logorc2</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_most_1.htm#least-positive-double-float">least-positive-double-float</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_logtes.htm#logtest">logtest</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_most_1.htm#least-positive-long-float">least-positive-long-float</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_logand.htm#logxor">logxor</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_most_1.htm#least-positive-normalized-double-float">least-positive-normalized-double-float</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="t_short_.htm#long-float">long-float</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_most_1.htm#least-positive-normalized-long-float">least-positive-normalized-long-float</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_short_.htm#long-float-epsilon">long-float-epsilon</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_most_1.htm#least-positive-normalized-short-float">least-positive-normalized-short-float</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_short_.htm#long-float-negative-epsilon">long-float-negative-epsilon</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_most_1.htm#least-positive-normalized-single-float">least-positive-normalized-single-float</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_short_.htm#long-site-name">long-site-name</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_most_1.htm#least-positive-short-float">least-positive-short-float</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_loop.htm#loop">loop</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_most_1.htm#least-positive-single-float">least-positive-single-float</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_loop_f.htm#loop-finish">loop-finish</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_length.htm#length">length</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_upper_.htm#lower-case-p">lower-case-p</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="s_let_l.htm#let">let</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_mach_i.htm#machine-instance">machine-instance</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="s_let_l.htm#letST">let*</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_mach_t.htm#machine-type">machine-type</A>
</PRE>
<P><B>Figure 1-9. Symbols in the COMMON-LISP package (part six of twelve).</B> <P>
<P><P><P>
<PRE>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_mach_v.htm#machine-version">machine-version</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_mask_f.htm#mask-field">mask-field</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_macro_.htm#macro-function">macro-function</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_max_m.htm#max">max</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_mexp_.htm#macroexpand">macroexpand</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="a_member.htm#member">member</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_mexp_.htm#macroexpand-1">macroexpand-1</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_mem_m.htm#member-if">member-if</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="s_flet_.htm#macrolet">macrolet</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_mem_m.htm#member-if-not">member-if-not</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_mk_ar.htm#make-array">make-array</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_merge.htm#merge">merge</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_mk_bro.htm#make-broadcast-stream">make-broadcast-stream</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_merge_.htm#merge-pathnames">merge-pathnames</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_mk_con.htm#make-concatenated-stream">make-concatenated-stream</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="t_method.htm#method">method</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_mk_cnd.htm#make-condition">make-condition</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="a_method.htm#method-combination">method-combination</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_mk_dis.htm#make-dispatch-macro-character">make-dispatch-macro-character</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_meth_1.htm#method-combination-error">method-combination-error</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_mk_ech.htm#make-echo-stream">make-echo-stream</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_method.htm#method-qualifiers">method-qualifiers</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_mk_has.htm#make-hash-table">make-hash-table</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_max_m.htm#min">min</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_mk_ins.htm#make-instance">make-instance</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_minusp.htm#minusp">minusp</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_mk_i_1.htm#make-instances-obsolete">make-instances-obsolete</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_mismat.htm#mismatch">mismatch</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_mk_lis.htm#make-list">make-list</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="a_mod.htm#mod">mod</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_mk_ld_.htm#make-load-form">make-load-form</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_most_1.htm#most-negative-double-float">most-negative-double-float</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_mk_l_1.htm#make-load-form-saving-slots">make-load-form-saving-slots</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_most_p.htm#most-negative-fixnum">most-negative-fixnum</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_call_m.htm#make-method">make-method</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_most_1.htm#most-negative-long-float">most-negative-long-float</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_mk_pkg.htm#make-package">make-package</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_most_1.htm#most-negative-short-float">most-negative-short-float</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_mk_pn.htm#make-pathname">make-pathname</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_most_1.htm#most-negative-single-float">most-negative-single-float</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_mk_rnd.htm#make-random-state">make-random-state</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_most_1.htm#most-positive-double-float">most-positive-double-float</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_mk_seq.htm#make-sequence">make-sequence</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_most_p.htm#most-positive-fixnum">most-positive-fixnum</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_mk_stg.htm#make-string">make-string</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_most_1.htm#most-positive-long-float">most-positive-long-float</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_mk_s_1.htm#make-string-input-stream">make-string-input-stream</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_most_1.htm#most-positive-short-float">most-positive-short-float</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_mk_s_2.htm#make-string-output-stream">make-string-output-stream</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_most_1.htm#most-positive-single-float">most-positive-single-float</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_mk_sym.htm#make-symbol">make-symbol</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="a_muffle.htm#muffle-warning">muffle-warning</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_mk_syn.htm#make-synonym-stream">make-synonym-stream</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_multip.htm#multiple-value-bind">multiple-value-bind</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_mk_two.htm#make-two-way-stream">make-two-way-stream</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="s_multip.htm#multiple-value-call">multiple-value-call</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_makunb.htm#makunbound">makunbound</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_mult_1.htm#multiple-value-list">multiple-value-list</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_map.htm#map">map</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="s_mult_1.htm#multiple-value-prog1">multiple-value-prog1</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_map_in.htm#map-into">map-into</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_mult_2.htm#multiple-value-setq">multiple-value-setq</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_mapc_.htm#mapc">mapc</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_multip.htm#multiple-values-limit">multiple-values-limit</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_mapc_.htm#mapcan">mapcan</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_name_c.htm#name-char">name-char</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_mapc_.htm#mapcar">mapcar</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_namest.htm#namestring">namestring</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_mapc_.htm#mapcon">mapcon</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_butlas.htm#nbutlast">nbutlast</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_maphas.htm#maphash">maphash</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_nconc.htm#nconc">nconc</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_mapc_.htm#mapl">mapl</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_next_m.htm#next-method-p">next-method-p</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_mapc_.htm#maplist">maplist</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="a_nil.htm#nil">nil</A>
</PRE>
<P><B>Figure 1-10. Symbols in the COMMON-LISP package (part seven of twelve).</B> <P>
<P><P><P>
<PRE>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_isec_.htm#nintersection">nintersection</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="e_pkg_er.htm#package-error">package-error</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_firstc.htm#ninth">ninth</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_pkg_er.htm#package-error-package">package-error-package</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_no_app.htm#no-applicable-method">no-applicable-method</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_pkg_na.htm#package-name">package-name</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_no_nex.htm#no-next-method">no-next-method</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_pkg_ni.htm#package-nicknames">package-nicknames</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="a_not.htm#not">not</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_pkg_sh.htm#package-shadowing-symbols">package-shadowing-symbols</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_everyc.htm#notany">notany</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_pkg_us.htm#package-use-list">package-use-list</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_everyc.htm#notevery">notevery</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_pkg__1.htm#package-used-by-list">package-used-by-list</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="d_inline.htm#notinline">notinline</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_pkgp.htm#packagep">packagep</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_revapp.htm#nreconc">nreconc</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_pairli.htm#pairlis">pairlis</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_revers.htm#nreverse">nreverse</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="e_parse_.htm#parse-error">parse-error</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_set_di.htm#nset-difference">nset-difference</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_parse_.htm#parse-integer">parse-integer</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_set_ex.htm#nset-exclusive-or">nset-exclusive-or</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_pars_1.htm#parse-namestring">parse-namestring</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_stg_up.htm#nstring-capitalize">nstring-capitalize</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="a_pn.htm#pathname">pathname</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_stg_up.htm#nstring-downcase">nstring-downcase</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_pn_hos.htm#pathname-device">pathname-device</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_stg_up.htm#nstring-upcase">nstring-upcase</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_pn_hos.htm#pathname-directory">pathname-directory</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_sublis.htm#nsublis">nsublis</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_pn_hos.htm#pathname-host">pathname-host</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_substc.htm#nsubst">nsubst</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_pn_mat.htm#pathname-match-p">pathname-match-p</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_substc.htm#nsubst-if">nsubst-if</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_pn_hos.htm#pathname-name">pathname-name</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_substc.htm#nsubst-if-not">nsubst-if-not</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_pn_hos.htm#pathname-type">pathname-type</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_sbs_s.htm#nsubstitute">nsubstitute</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_pn_hos.htm#pathname-version">pathname-version</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_sbs_s.htm#nsubstitute-if">nsubstitute-if</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_pnp.htm#pathnamep">pathnamep</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_sbs_s.htm#nsubstitute-if-not">nsubstitute-if-not</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_peek_c.htm#peek-char">peek-char</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_nth.htm#nth">nth</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_phase.htm#phase">phase</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_nth_va.htm#nth-value">nth-value</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_pi.htm#pi">pi</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_nthcdr.htm#nthcdr">nthcdr</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_minusp.htm#plusp">plusp</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="a_null.htm#null">null</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_pop.htm#pop">pop</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="t_number.htm#number">number</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_pos_p.htm#position">position</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_nump.htm#numberp">numberp</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_pos_p.htm#position-if">position-if</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_numera.htm#numerator">numerator</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_pos_p.htm#position-if-not">position-if-not</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_unionc.htm#nunion">nunion</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_wr_pr.htm#pprint">pprint</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_evenpc.htm#oddp">oddp</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_ppr_di.htm#pprint-dispatch">pprint-dispatch</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_open.htm#open">open</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_ppr_ex.htm#pprint-exit-if-list-exhausted">pprint-exit-if-list-exhausted</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_open_s.htm#open-stream-p">open-stream-p</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_ppr_fi.htm#pprint-fill">pprint-fill</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="d_optimi.htm#optimize">optimize</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_ppr_in.htm#pprint-indent">pprint-indent</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="a_or.htm#or">or</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_ppr_fi.htm#pprint-linear">pprint-linear</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_case_.htm#otherwise">otherwise</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_ppr_lo.htm#pprint-logical-block">pprint-logical-block</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_in_stm.htm#output-stream-p">output-stream-p</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_ppr_nl.htm#pprint-newline">pprint-newline</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="t_pkg.htm#package">package</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_ppr_po.htm#pprint-pop">pprint-pop</A>
</PRE>
<P><B>Figure 1-11. Symbols in the COMMON-LISP package (part eight of twelve).</B> <P>
<P><P><P>
<PRE>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_ppr_ta.htm#pprint-tab">pprint-tab</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_rd_cha.htm#read-char">read-char</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_ppr_fi.htm#pprint-tabular">pprint-tabular</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_rd_c_1.htm#read-char-no-hang">read-char-no-hang</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_wr_pr.htm#prin1">prin1</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_rd_del.htm#read-delimited-list">read-delimited-list</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_wr_to_.htm#prin1-to-string">prin1-to-string</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_rd_fro.htm#read-from-string">read-from-string</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_wr_pr.htm#princ">princ</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_rd_lin.htm#read-line">read-line</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_wr_to_.htm#princ-to-string">princ-to-string</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_rd_rd.htm#read-preserving-whitespace">read-preserving-whitespace</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_wr_pr.htm#print">print</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_rd_seq.htm#read-sequence">read-sequence</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="e_pr_not.htm#print-not-readable">print-not-readable</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="e_rder_e.htm#reader-error">reader-error</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_pr_not.htm#print-not-readable-object">print-not-readable-object</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="t_rdtabl.htm#readtable">readtable</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_pr_obj.htm#print-object">print-object</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_rdtabl.htm#readtable-case">readtable-case</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_pr_unr.htm#print-unreadable-object">print-unreadable-object</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_rdta_1.htm#readtablep">readtablep</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_probe_.htm#probe-file">probe-file</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="t_real.htm#real">real</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_procla.htm#proclaim">proclaim</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_realp.htm#realp">realp</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_prog_.htm#prog">prog</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_realpa.htm#realpart">realpart</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_prog_.htm#progST">prog*</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_reduce.htm#reduce">reduce</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_prog1c.htm#prog1">prog1</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_reinit.htm#reinitialize-instance">reinitialize-instance</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_prog1c.htm#prog2">prog2</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_mod_r.htm#rem">rem</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="s_progn.htm#progn">progn</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_remf.htm#remf">remf</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="e_progra.htm#program-error">program-error</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_remhas.htm#remhash">remhash</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="s_progv.htm#progv">progv</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_rm_rm.htm#remove">remove</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_provid.htm#provide">provide</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_rm_dup.htm#remove-duplicates">remove-duplicates</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_setf_.htm#psetf">psetf</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_rm_rm.htm#remove-if">remove-if</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_psetq.htm#psetq">psetq</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_rm_rm.htm#remove-if-not">remove-if-not</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_push.htm#push">push</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_rm_met.htm#remove-method">remove-method</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_pshnew.htm#pushnew">pushnew</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_rempro.htm#remprop">remprop</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="s_quote.htm#quote">quote</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_rn_fil.htm#rename-file">rename-file</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_random.htm#random">random</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_rn_pkg.htm#rename-package">rename-package</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="t_rnd_st.htm#random-state">random-state</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_replac.htm#replace">replace</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_rnd_st.htm#random-state-p">random-state-p</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_provid.htm#require">require</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_rassoc.htm#rassoc">rassoc</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_rest.htm#rest">rest</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_rassoc.htm#rassoc-if">rassoc-if</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="t_rst.htm#restart">restart</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_rassoc.htm#rassoc-if-not">rassoc-if-not</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_rst_bi.htm#restart-bind">restart-bind</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="t_ratio.htm#ratio">ratio</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_rst_ca.htm#restart-case">restart-case</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="a_ration.htm#rational">rational</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_rst_na.htm#restart-name">restart-name</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_ration.htm#rationalize">rationalize</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_return.htm#return">return</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_rati_1.htm#rationalp">rationalp</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="s_ret_fr.htm#return-from">return-from</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_rd_rd.htm#read">read</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_revapp.htm#revappend">revappend</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_rd_by.htm#read-byte">read-byte</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_revers.htm#reverse">reverse</A>
</PRE>
<P><B>Figure 1-12. Symbols in the COMMON-LISP package (part nine of twelve).</B> <P>
<P><P><P>
<PRE>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_room.htm#room">room</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="t_smp_bt.htm#simple-bit-vector">simple-bit-vector</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_rotate.htm#rotatef">rotatef</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_smp_bt.htm#simple-bit-vector-p">simple-bit-vector-p</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_floorc.htm#round">round</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="e_smp_cn.htm#simple-condition">simple-condition</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_row_ma.htm#row-major-aref">row-major-aref</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_smp_cn.htm#simple-condition-format-arguments">simple-condition-format-arguments</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_rplaca.htm#rplaca">rplaca</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_smp_cn.htm#simple-condition-format-control">simple-condition-format-control</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_rplaca.htm#rplacd">rplacd</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="e_smp_er.htm#simple-error">simple-error</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="d_optimi.htm#safety">safety</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="t_smp_st.htm#simple-string">simple-string</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="t_satisf.htm#satisfies">satisfies</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_smp_st.htm#simple-string-p">simple-string-p</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_bt_sb.htm#sbit">sbit</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="e_smp_tp.htm#simple-type-error">simple-type-error</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_dec_fl.htm#scale-float">scale-float</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="t_smp_ve.htm#simple-vector">simple-vector</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_char_.htm#schar">schar</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_smp_ve.htm#simple-vector-p">simple-vector-p</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_search.htm#search">search</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="e_smp_wa.htm#simple-warning">simple-warning</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_firstc.htm#second">second</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_sin_c.htm#sin">sin</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="t_seq.htm#sequence">sequence</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="t_short_.htm#single-float">single-float</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="e_seriou.htm#serious-condition">serious-condition</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_short_.htm#single-float-epsilon">single-float-epsilon</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_set.htm#set">set</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_short_.htm#single-float-negative-epsilon">single-float-negative-epsilon</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_set_di.htm#set-difference">set-difference</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_sinh_.htm#sinh">sinh</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_set__1.htm#set-dispatch-macro-character">set-dispatch-macro-character</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_firstc.htm#sixth">sixth</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_set_ex.htm#set-exclusive-or">set-exclusive-or</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_sleep.htm#sleep">sleep</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_set_ma.htm#set-macro-character">set-macro-character</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_slt_bo.htm#slot-boundp">slot-boundp</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_set_pp.htm#set-pprint-dispatch">set-pprint-dispatch</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_slt_ex.htm#slot-exists-p">slot-exists-p</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_set_sy.htm#set-syntax-from-char">set-syntax-from-char</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_slt_ma.htm#slot-makunbound">slot-makunbound</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="a_setf.htm#setf">setf</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_slt_mi.htm#slot-missing">slot-missing</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="s_setq.htm#setq">setq</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_slt_un.htm#slot-unbound">slot-unbound</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_firstc.htm#seventh">seventh</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_slt_va.htm#slot-value">slot-value</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_shadow.htm#shadow">shadow</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_sw_tpc.htm#software-type">software-type</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_shdw_i.htm#shadowing-import">shadowing-import</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_sw_tpc.htm#software-version">software-version</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_shared.htm#shared-initialize">shared-initialize</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_everyc.htm#some">some</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_shiftf.htm#shiftf">shiftf</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_sort_.htm#sort">sort</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="t_short_.htm#short-float">short-float</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="d_optimi.htm#space">space</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_short_.htm#short-float-epsilon">short-float-epsilon</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="d_specia.htm#special">special</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_short_.htm#short-float-negative-epsilon">short-float-negative-epsilon</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_specia.htm#special-operator-p">special-operator-p</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_short_.htm#short-site-name">short-site-name</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="d_optimi.htm#speed">speed</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_signal.htm#signal">signal</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_sqrt_.htm#sqrt">sqrt</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="t_sgn_by.htm#signed-byte">signed-byte</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_sort_.htm#stable-sort">stable-sort</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_signum.htm#signum">signum</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="07_ffb.htm#standard">standard</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="t_smp_ar.htm#simple-array">simple-array</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="t_std_ch.htm#standard-char">standard-char</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="t_smp_ba.htm#simple-base-string">simple-base-string</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_std_ch.htm#standard-char-p">standard-char-p</A>
</PRE>
<P><B>Figure 1-13. Symbols in the COMMON-LISP package (part ten of twelve).</B> <P>
<P><P><P>
<PRE>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="t_std_cl.htm#standard-class">standard-class</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_sublis.htm#sublis">sublis</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="t_std_ge.htm#standard-generic-function">standard-generic-function</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_subseq.htm#subseq">subseq</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="t_std_me.htm#standard-method">standard-method</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_subset.htm#subsetp">subsetp</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="t_std_ob.htm#standard-object">standard-object</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_substc.htm#subst">subst</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_step.htm#step">step</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_substc.htm#subst-if">subst-if</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="e_storag.htm#storage-condition">storage-condition</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_substc.htm#subst-if-not">subst-if-not</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="a_store_.htm#store-value">store-value</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_sbs_s.htm#substitute">substitute</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="t_stream.htm#stream">stream</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_sbs_s.htm#substitute-if">substitute-if</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_stm_el.htm#stream-element-type">stream-element-type</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_sbs_s.htm#substitute-if-not">substitute-if-not</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="e_stm_er.htm#stream-error">stream-error</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_subtpp.htm#subtypep">subtypep</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_stm_er.htm#stream-error-stream">stream-error-stream</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_svref.htm#svref">svref</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_stm_ex.htm#stream-external-format">stream-external-format</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_sxhash.htm#sxhash">sxhash</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_stmp.htm#streamp">streamp</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="t_symbol.htm#symbol">symbol</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="a_string.htm#string">string</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_symb_1.htm#symbol-function">symbol-function</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_stg_up.htm#string-capitalize">string-capitalize</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="s_symbol.htm#symbol-macrolet">symbol-macrolet</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_stg_up.htm#string-downcase">string-downcase</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_symb_2.htm#symbol-name">symbol-name</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_stgeq_.htm#string-equal">string-equal</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_symb_3.htm#symbol-package">symbol-package</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_stgeq_.htm#string-greaterp">string-greaterp</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_symb_4.htm#symbol-plist">symbol-plist</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_stg_tr.htm#string-left-trim">string-left-trim</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_symb_5.htm#symbol-value">symbol-value</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_stgeq_.htm#string-lessp">string-lessp</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_symbol.htm#symbolp">symbolp</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_stgeq_.htm#string-not-equal">string-not-equal</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="t_syn_st.htm#synonym-stream">synonym-stream</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_stgeq_.htm#string-not-greaterp">string-not-greaterp</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_syn_st.htm#synonym-stream-symbol">synonym-stream-symbol</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_stgeq_.htm#string-not-lessp">string-not-lessp</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="a_t.htm#t">t</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_stg_tr.htm#string-right-trim">string-right-trim</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="s_tagbod.htm#tagbody">tagbody</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="t_stg_st.htm#string-stream">string-stream</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_ldiffc.htm#tailp">tailp</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_stg_tr.htm#string-trim">string-trim</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_sin_c.htm#tan">tan</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_stg_up.htm#string-upcase">string-upcase</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_sinh_.htm#tanh">tanh</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_stgeq_.htm#stringSLEQ">string/=</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_firstc.htm#tenth">tenth</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_stgeq_.htm#stringLT">string&lt;</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_terpri.htm#terpri">terpri</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_stgeq_.htm#stringLTEQ">string&lt;=</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="s_the.htm#the">the</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_stgeq_.htm#stringEQ">string=</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_firstc.htm#third">third</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_stgeq_.htm#stringGT">string&gt;</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="s_throw.htm#throw">throw</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_stgeq_.htm#stringGTEQ">string&gt;=</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_time.htm#time">time</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_stgp.htm#stringp">stringp</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_tracec.htm#trace">trace</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_docume.htm#structure">structure</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_tr_log.htm#translate-logical-pathname">translate-logical-pathname</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="t_stu_cl.htm#structure-class">structure-class</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_tr_pn.htm#translate-pathname">translate-pathname</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="t_stu_ob.htm#structure-object">structure-object</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_tree_e.htm#tree-equal">tree-equal</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="e_style_.htm#style-warning">style-warning</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_tn.htm#truename">truename</A>
</PRE>
<P><B>Figure 1-14. Symbols in the COMMON-LISP package (part eleven of twelve).</B> <P>
<P><P><P>
<PRE>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_floorc.htm#truncate">truncate</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_vals_l.htm#values-list">values-list</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="t_two_wa.htm#two-way-stream">two-way-stream</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_docume.htm#variable">variable</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_two_wa.htm#two-way-stream-input-stream">two-way-stream-input-stream</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="a_vector.htm#vector">vector</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_two_wa.htm#two-way-stream-output-stream">two-way-stream-output-stream</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_vec_po.htm#vector-pop">vector-pop</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="a_type.htm#type">type</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_vec_ps.htm#vector-push">vector-push</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="e_tp_err.htm#type-error">type-error</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_vec_ps.htm#vector-push-extend">vector-push-extend</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_tp_err.htm#type-error-datum">type-error-datum</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_vecp.htm#vectorp">vectorp</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_tp_err.htm#type-error-expected-type">type-error-expected-type</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_warn.htm#warn">warn</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_tp_of.htm#type-of">type-of</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="e_warnin.htm#warning">warning</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_tpcase.htm#typecase">typecase</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_when_.htm#when">when</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_typep.htm#typep">typep</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_wild_p.htm#wild-pathname-p">wild-pathname-p</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="e_unboun.htm#unbound-slot">unbound-slot</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_w_acce.htm#with-accessors">with-accessors</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_unboun.htm#unbound-slot-instance">unbound-slot-instance</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_w_comp.htm#with-compilation-unit">with-compilation-unit</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="e_unbo_1.htm#unbound-variable">unbound-variable</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_w_cnd_.htm#with-condition-restarts">with-condition-restarts</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="e_undefi.htm#undefined-function">undefined-function</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_w_hash.htm#with-hash-table-iterator">with-hash-table-iterator</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_unexpo.htm#unexport">unexport</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_w_in_f.htm#with-input-from-string">with-input-from-string</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_uninte.htm#unintern">unintern</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_w_open.htm#with-open-file">with-open-file</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_unionc.htm#union">union</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_w_op_1.htm#with-open-stream">with-open-stream</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_when_.htm#unless">unless</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_w_out_.htm#with-output-to-string">with-output-to-string</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_unrd_c.htm#unread-char">unread-char</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_w_pkg_.htm#with-package-iterator">with-package-iterator</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="t_unsgn_.htm#unsigned-byte">unsigned-byte</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_w_smp_.htm#with-simple-restart">with-simple-restart</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_tracec.htm#untrace">untrace</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_w_slts.htm#with-slots">with-slots</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_unuse_.htm#unuse-package">unuse-package</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="m_w_std_.htm#with-standard-io-syntax">with-standard-io-syntax</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="s_unwind.htm#unwind-protect">unwind-protect</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_wr_pr.htm#write">write</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_update.htm#update-instance-for-different-class">update-instance-for-different-class</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_wr_by.htm#write-byte">write-byte</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_upda_1.htm#update-instance-for-redefined-class">update-instance-for-redefined-class</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_wr_cha.htm#write-char">write-char</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_upgr_1.htm#upgraded-array-element-type">upgraded-array-element-type</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_wr_stg.htm#write-line">write-line</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_upgrad.htm#upgraded-complex-part-type">upgraded-complex-part-type</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_wr_seq.htm#write-sequence">write-sequence</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_upper_.htm#upper-case-p">upper-case-p</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_wr_stg.htm#write-string">write-string</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_use_pk.htm#use-package">use-package</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_wr_to_.htm#write-to-string">write-to-string</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="a_use_va.htm#use-value">use-value</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_y_or_n.htm#y-or-n-p">y-or-n-p</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_user_h.htm#user-homedir-pathname">user-homedir-pathname</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_y_or_n.htm#yes-or-no-p">yes-or-no-p</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="a_values.htm#values">values</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_zerop.htm#zerop">zerop</A>
</PRE>
<P><B>Figure 1-15. Symbols in the COMMON-LISP package (part twelve of twelve).</B><HR>
<A REL=NAVIGATOR HREF="../Front/StartPts.htm"><IMG WIDTH=80 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Starting Points]" SRC="../Graphics/StartPts.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=TOC HREF="../Front/Contents.htm"><IMG WIDTH=80 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Contents]" SRC="../Graphics/Contents.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=INDEX HREF="../Front/X_Master.htm"><IMG WIDTH=80 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Index]" SRC="../Graphics/Index.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=INDEX HREF="../Front/X_Symbol.htm"><IMG WIDTH=80 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Symbols]" SRC="../Graphics/Symbols.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=GLOSSARY HREF="../Body/26_a.htm"><IMG WIDTH=80 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Glossary]" SRC="../Graphics/Glossary.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A HREF="../Front/X3J13Iss.htm"><IMG WIDTH=80 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Issues]" SRC="../Graphics/Issues.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><BR>
<A REL=COPYRIGHT HREF="../Front/Help.htm#Legal"><I>Copyright 1996-2005, LispWorks Ltd. All rights reserved.</I></A><P>
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<!-- Common Lisp HyperSpec (TM), version 7.0 generated by Kent M. Pitman on Mon, 11-Apr-2005 2:31am EDT -->
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>CLHS: Chapter 2</TITLE>
<LINK HREF="../Data/clhs.css" REL="stylesheet" TYPE="text/css" />
<META HTTP-EQUIV="Author" CONTENT="Kent M. Pitman">
<META HTTP-EQUIV="Organization" CONTENT="LispWorks Ltd.">
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<H1><A REV=MADE HREF="http://www.lispworks.com/"><IMG WIDTH=80 HEIGHT=65 ALT="[LISPWORKS]" SRC="../Graphics/LWSmall.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=TOP HREF="../Front/index.htm"><IMG WIDTH=237 HEIGHT=65 ALT="[Common Lisp HyperSpec (TM)]" SRC="../Graphics/CLHS_Sm.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A> <A REL=PREV HREF="01_i.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Previous]" SRC="../Graphics/Prev.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=UP HREF="../Front/Contents.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Up]" SRC="../Graphics/Up.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=NEXT HREF="02_a.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Next]" SRC="../Graphics/Next.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A></H1>
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<P>
<A NAME="chaptwo"><A NAME="syntax"><P>
<H2>
2. Syntax</H2></A></A><P>
<P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="02_a.htm"><H2>
2.1 Character Syntax</H2></A><P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="02_b.htm"><H2>
2.2 Reader Algorithm</H2></A><P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="02_c.htm"><H2>
2.3 Interpretation of Tokens</H2></A><P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="02_d.htm"><H2>
2.4 Standard Macro Characters</H2></A><P><P>
<P><HR>
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<H1><A REV=MADE HREF="http://www.lispworks.com/"><IMG WIDTH=80 HEIGHT=65 ALT="[LISPWORKS]" SRC="../Graphics/LWSmall.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=TOP HREF="../Front/index.htm"><IMG WIDTH=237 HEIGHT=65 ALT="[Common Lisp HyperSpec (TM)]" SRC="../Graphics/CLHS_Sm.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A> <A REL=PREV HREF="02_.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Previous]" SRC="../Graphics/Prev.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=UP HREF="02_.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Up]" SRC="../Graphics/Up.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=NEXT HREF="02_aa.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Next]" SRC="../Graphics/Next.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A></H1>
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<H2>
2.1 Character Syntax</H2> <P>
The <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_l.htm#lisp_reader"><I>Lisp reader</I></A> takes <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#character"><I>characters</I></A> from a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#stream"><I>stream</I></A>, interprets them as a printed representation of an <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_o.htm#object"><I>object</I></A>, constructs that <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_o.htm#object"><I>object</I></A>, and returns it. <P>
The syntax described by this chapter is called the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#standard_syntax"><I>standard syntax</I></A>. Operations are provided by Common Lisp so that various aspects of the syntax information represented by a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_r.htm#readtable"><I>readtable</I></A> can be modified under program control; see <A REL=CHILD HREF="23_.htm">Section 23 (Reader)</A>. Except as explicitly stated otherwise, the syntax used throughout this document is <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#standard_syntax"><I>standard syntax</I></A>. <P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="02_aa.htm"><H2>
2.1.1 Readtables</H2></A><P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="02_ab.htm"><H2>
2.1.2 Variables that affect the Lisp Reader</H2></A><P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="02_ac.htm"><H2>
2.1.3 Standard Characters</H2></A><P> <P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="02_ad.htm"><H2>
2.1.4 Character Syntax Types</H2></A><P><HR>
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<H1><A REV=MADE HREF="http://www.lispworks.com/"><IMG WIDTH=80 HEIGHT=65 ALT="[LISPWORKS]" SRC="../Graphics/LWSmall.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=TOP HREF="../Front/index.htm"><IMG WIDTH=237 HEIGHT=65 ALT="[Common Lisp HyperSpec (TM)]" SRC="../Graphics/CLHS_Sm.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A> <A REL=PREV HREF="02_a.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Previous]" SRC="../Graphics/Prev.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=UP HREF="02_a.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Up]" SRC="../Graphics/Up.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=NEXT HREF="02_aaa.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Next]" SRC="../Graphics/Next.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A></H1>
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<H2>
2.1.1 Readtables</H2> <P>
Syntax information for use by the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_l.htm#lisp_reader"><I>Lisp reader</I></A> is embodied in an <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_o.htm#object"><I>object</I></A> called a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_r.htm#readtable"><I>readtable</I></A>. Among other things, the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_r.htm#readtable"><I>readtable</I></A> contains the association between <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#character"><I>characters</I></A> and <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#syntax_type"><I>syntax types</I></A>. <P>
The next figure lists some <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_d.htm#defined_name"><I>defined names</I></A> that are applicable to <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_r.htm#readtable"><I>readtables</I></A>. <P>
<PRE>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_rdtabl.htm#STreadtableST">*readtable*</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_rdtabl.htm#readtable-case">readtable-case</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_cp_rdt.htm#copy-readtable">copy-readtable</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_rdta_1.htm#readtablep">readtablep</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_set__1.htm#get-dispatch-macro-character">get-dispatch-macro-character</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_set__1.htm#set-dispatch-macro-character">set-dispatch-macro-character</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_set_ma.htm#get-macro-character">get-macro-character</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_set_ma.htm#set-macro-character">set-macro-character</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_mk_dis.htm#make-dispatch-macro-character">make-dispatch-macro-character</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_set_sy.htm#set-syntax-from-char">set-syntax-from-char</A>
</PRE>
<P><B>Figure 2-1. Readtable defined names</B> <P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="02_aaa.htm"><H2>
2.1.1.1 The Current Readtable</H2></A><P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="02_aab.htm"><H2>
2.1.1.2 The Standard Readtable</H2></A><P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="02_aac.htm"><H2>
2.1.1.3 The Initial Readtable</H2></A><P><HR>
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<H1><A REV=MADE HREF="http://www.lispworks.com/"><IMG WIDTH=80 HEIGHT=65 ALT="[LISPWORKS]" SRC="../Graphics/LWSmall.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=TOP HREF="../Front/index.htm"><IMG WIDTH=237 HEIGHT=65 ALT="[Common Lisp HyperSpec (TM)]" SRC="../Graphics/CLHS_Sm.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A> <A REL=PREV HREF="02_aa.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Previous]" SRC="../Graphics/Prev.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=UP HREF="02_aa.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Up]" SRC="../Graphics/Up.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=NEXT HREF="02_aab.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Next]" SRC="../Graphics/Next.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A></H1>
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<H2>
2.1.1.1 The Current Readtable</H2> <P>
Several <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_r.htm#readtable"><I>readtables</I></A> describing different syntaxes can exist, but at any given time only one, called the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#current_readtable"><I>current readtable</I></A>, affects the way in which <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_e.htm#expression"><I>expressions</I></A>[2] are parsed into <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_o.htm#object"><I>objects</I></A> by the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_l.htm#lisp_reader"><I>Lisp reader</I></A>. The <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#current_readtable"><I>current readtable</I></A> in a given <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_d.htm#dynamic_environment"><I>dynamic environment</I></A> is the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_v.htm#value"><I>value</I></A> of <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_rdtabl.htm#STreadtableST"><B>*readtable*</B></A> in that <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_e.htm#environment"><I>environment</I></A>. To make a different <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_r.htm#readtable"><I>readtable</I></A> become the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#current_readtable"><I>current readtable</I></A>, <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_rdtabl.htm#STreadtableST"><B>*readtable*</B></A> can be <I>assigned</I> or <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_b.htm#bound"><I>bound</I></A>. <P>
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<H1><A REV=MADE HREF="http://www.lispworks.com/"><IMG WIDTH=80 HEIGHT=65 ALT="[LISPWORKS]" SRC="../Graphics/LWSmall.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=TOP HREF="../Front/index.htm"><IMG WIDTH=237 HEIGHT=65 ALT="[Common Lisp HyperSpec (TM)]" SRC="../Graphics/CLHS_Sm.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A> <A REL=PREV HREF="02_aaa.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Previous]" SRC="../Graphics/Prev.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=UP HREF="02_aa.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Up]" SRC="../Graphics/Up.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=NEXT HREF="02_aac.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Next]" SRC="../Graphics/Next.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A></H1>
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<H2>
2.1.1.2 The Standard Readtable</H2> <P>
The <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#standard_readtable"><I>standard readtable</I></A> conforms to <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#standard_syntax"><I>standard syntax</I></A>. The consequences are undefined if an attempt is made to modify the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#standard_readtable"><I>standard readtable</I></A>. To achieve the effect of altering or extending <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#standard_syntax"><I>standard syntax</I></A>, a copy of the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#standard_readtable"><I>standard readtable</I></A> can be created; see the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_f.htm#function"><I>function</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_cp_rdt.htm#copy-readtable"><B>copy-readtable</B></A>. <P>
The <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_r.htm#readtable_case"><I>readtable case</I></A> of the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#standard_readtable"><I>standard readtable</I></A> is <TT>:upcase</TT>. <P>
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<H2>
2.1.1.3 The Initial Readtable</H2> <P>
The <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_i.htm#initial_readtable"><I>initial readtable</I></A> is the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_r.htm#readtable"><I>readtable</I></A> that is the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#current_readtable"><I>current readtable</I></A> at the time when the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_l.htm#lisp_image"><I>Lisp image</I></A> starts. At that time, it conforms to <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#standard_syntax"><I>standard syntax</I></A>. The <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_i.htm#initial_readtable"><I>initial readtable</I></A> is <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_d.htm#distinct"><I>distinct</I></A> from the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#standard_readtable"><I>standard readtable</I></A>. It is permissible for a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#conforming_program"><I>conforming program</I></A> to modify the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_i.htm#initial_readtable"><I>initial readtable</I></A>. <P>
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<H1><A REV=MADE HREF="http://www.lispworks.com/"><IMG WIDTH=80 HEIGHT=65 ALT="[LISPWORKS]" SRC="../Graphics/LWSmall.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=TOP HREF="../Front/index.htm"><IMG WIDTH=237 HEIGHT=65 ALT="[Common Lisp HyperSpec (TM)]" SRC="../Graphics/CLHS_Sm.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A> <A REL=PREV HREF="02_aac.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Previous]" SRC="../Graphics/Prev.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=UP HREF="02_a.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Up]" SRC="../Graphics/Up.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=NEXT HREF="02_ac.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Next]" SRC="../Graphics/Next.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A></H1>
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<H2>
2.1.2 Variables that affect the Lisp Reader</H2> <P>
The <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_l.htm#lisp_reader"><I>Lisp reader</I></A> is influenced not only by the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#current_readtable"><I>current readtable</I></A>, but also by various <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_d.htm#dynamic_variable"><I>dynamic variables</I></A>. The next figure lists the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_v.htm#variable"><I>variables</I></A> that influence the behavior of the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_l.htm#lisp_reader"><I>Lisp reader</I></A>. <P>
<PRE>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_pkg.htm#STpackageST">*package*</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_rd_def.htm#STread-default-float-formatST">*read-default-float-format*</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_rdtabl.htm#STreadtableST">*readtable*</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_rd_bas.htm#STread-baseST">*read-base*</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="v_rd_sup.htm#STread-suppressST">*read-suppress*</A>
</PRE>
<P><B>Figure 2-2. Variables that influence the Lisp reader.</B> <P>
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<H2>
2.1.3 Standard Characters</H2> <P>
All <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_i.htm#implementation"><I>implementations</I></A> must support a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#character"><I>character</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_r.htm#repertoire"><I>repertoire</I></A> called <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="t_std_ch.htm#standard-char"><B>standard-char</B></A>; <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#character"><I>characters</I></A> that are members of that <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_r.htm#repertoire"><I>repertoire</I></A> are called <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#standard_character"><I>standard characters</I></A>. <P>
The <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="t_std_ch.htm#standard-char"><B>standard-char</B></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_r.htm#repertoire"><I>repertoire</I></A> consists of the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_n.htm#non-graphic"><I>non-graphic</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#character"><I>character</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_n.htm#newline"><I>newline</I></A>, the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_g.htm#graphic"><I>graphic</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#character"><I>character</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#space"><I>space</I></A>, and the following additional ninety-four <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_g.htm#graphic"><I>graphic</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#character"><I>characters</I></A> or their equivalents: <P>
<PRE>
Graphic ID Glyph Description Graphic ID Glyph Description
LA01 a small a LN01 n small n
LA02 A capital A LN02 N capital N
LB01 b small b LO01 o small o
LB02 B capital B LO02 O capital O
LC01 c small c LP01 p small p
LC02 C capital C LP02 P capital P
LD01 d small d LQ01 q small q
LD02 D capital D LQ02 Q capital Q
LE01 e small e LR01 r small r
LE02 E capital E LR02 R capital R
LF01 f small f LS01 s small s
LF02 F capital F LS02 S capital S
LG01 g small g LT01 t small t
LG02 G capital G LT02 T capital T
LH01 h small h LU01 u small u
LH02 H capital H LU02 U capital U
LI01 i small i LV01 v small v
LI02 I capital I LV02 V capital V
LJ01 j small j LW01 w small w
LJ02 J capital J LW02 W capital W
LK01 k small k LX01 x small x
LK02 K capital K LX02 X capital X
LL01 l small l LY01 y small y
LL02 L capital L LY02 Y capital Y
LM01 m small m LZ01 z small z
LM02 M capital M LZ02 Z capital Z
</PRE>
<P><B>Figure 2-3. Standard Character Subrepertoire (Part 1 of 3: Latin Characters)</B> <P>
<PRE>
Graphic ID Glyph Description Graphic ID Glyph Description
ND01 1 digit 1 ND06 6 digit 6
ND02 2 digit 2 ND07 7 digit 7
ND03 3 digit 3 ND08 8 digit 8
ND04 4 digit 4 ND09 9 digit 9
ND05 5 digit 5 ND10 0 digit 0
</PRE>
<P><B>Figure 2-4. Standard Character Subrepertoire (Part 2 of 3: Numeric Characters)</B> <P>
<A NAME="stdcharsthree"> <PRE>
Graphic ID Glyph Description
SP02 ! exclamation mark
SC03 $ dollar sign
SP04 &quot; quotation mark, or double quote
SP05 ' apostrophe, or [single] quote
SP06 ( left parenthesis, or open parenthesis
SP07 ) right parenthesis, or close parenthesis
SP08 , comma
SP09 _ low line, or underscore
SP10 - hyphen, or minus [sign]
SP11 . full stop, period, or dot
SP12 / solidus, or slash
SP13 : colon
SP14 ; semicolon
SP15 ? question mark
SA01 + plus [sign]
SA03 &lt; less-than [sign]
SA04 = equals [sign]
SA05 &gt; greater-than [sign]
SM01 # number sign, or sharp[sign]
SM02 % percent [sign]
SM03 &amp; ampersand
SM04 * asterisk, or star
SM05 @ commercial at, or at-sign
SM06 [ left [square] bracket
SM07 \ reverse solidus, or backslash
SM08 ] right [square] bracket
SM11 { left curly bracket, or left brace
SM13 | vertical bar
SM14 } right curly bracket, or right brace
SD13 ` grave accent, or backquote
SD15 ^ circumflex accent
SD19 ~ tilde
</PRE>
<P><B>Figure 2-5. Standard Character Subrepertoire (Part 3 of 3: Special Characters)</B></A> <P>
The graphic IDs are not used within Common Lisp, but are provided for cross reference purposes with ISO 6937/2. Note that the first letter of the graphic ID categorizes the character as follows: L---Latin, N---Numeric, S---Special. <P>
<P><HR>The following <A REL=META HREF="../Front/X3J13Iss.htm">X3J13 cleanup issue</A>, <I>not part of the specification</I>, applies to this section:<P><UL><LI> <A REL=CHILD HREF="../Issues/iss029.htm">CHARACTER-PROPOSAL:2-2-1</A><P></UL><HR>
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<H2>
2.1.4 Character Syntax Types</H2> <P>
The <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_l.htm#lisp_reader"><I>Lisp reader</I></A> constructs an <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_o.htm#object"><I>object</I></A> from the input text by interpreting each <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#character"><I>character</I></A> according to its <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#syntax_type"><I>syntax type</I></A>. The <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_l.htm#lisp_reader"><I>Lisp reader</I></A> cannot accept as input everything that the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_l.htm#lisp_printer"><I>Lisp printer</I></A> produces, and the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_l.htm#lisp_reader"><I>Lisp reader</I></A> has features that are not used by the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_l.htm#lisp_printer"><I>Lisp printer</I></A>. The <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_l.htm#lisp_reader"><I>Lisp reader</I></A> can be used as a lexical analyzer for a more general user-written parser. <P>
When the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_l.htm#lisp_reader"><I>Lisp reader</I></A> is invoked, it reads a single character from the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_i.htm#input"><I>input</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#stream"><I>stream</I></A> and dispatches according to the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#syntax_type"><I>syntax type</I></A> of that <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#character"><I>character</I></A>. Every <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#character"><I>character</I></A> that can appear in the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_i.htm#input"><I>input</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#stream"><I>stream</I></A> is of one of the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#syntax_type"><I>syntax types</I></A> shown in <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="#possiblesyntaxtypes">Figure 2-6</A>. <P>
<A NAME="possiblesyntaxtypes"> <PRE>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#constituent">constituent</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_m.htm#macro_character">macro character</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#single_escape">single escape</A>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_i.htm#invalid">invalid</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_m.htm#multiple_escape">multiple escape</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_w.htm#whitespace">whitespace</A>[2]
</PRE>
<P><B>Figure 2-6. Possible Character Syntax Types</B></A> <P>
The <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#syntax_type"><I>syntax type</I></A> of a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#character"><I>character</I></A> in a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_r.htm#readtable"><I>readtable</I></A> determines how that character is interpreted by the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_l.htm#lisp_reader"><I>Lisp reader</I></A> while that <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_r.htm#readtable"><I>readtable</I></A> is the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#current_readtable"><I>current readtable</I></A>. At any given time, every character has exactly one <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#syntax_type"><I>syntax type</I></A>. <P>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="#charsyntaxtypesinstdsyntax">Figure 2-7</A> lists the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#syntax_type"><I>syntax type</I></A> of each <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#character"><I>character</I></A> in <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#standard_syntax"><I>standard syntax</I></A>. <P>
<A NAME="charsyntaxtypesinstdsyntax"> <PRE>
character syntax type character syntax type
Backspace <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#constituent">constituent</A> 0--9 <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#constituent">constituent</A>
Tab <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_w.htm#whitespace">whitespace</A>[2] : <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#constituent">constituent</A>
Newline <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_w.htm#whitespace">whitespace</A>[2] ; <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#terminating">terminating</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_m.htm#macro">macro</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_char_.htm#char">char</A>
Linefeed <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_w.htm#whitespace">whitespace</A>[2] &lt; <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#constituent">constituent</A>
Page <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_w.htm#whitespace">whitespace</A>[2] = <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#constituent">constituent</A>
Return <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_w.htm#whitespace">whitespace</A>[2] &gt; <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#constituent">constituent</A>
Space <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_w.htm#whitespace">whitespace</A>[2] ? <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#constituent">constituent</A>*
! <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#constituent">constituent</A>* @ <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#constituent">constituent</A>
&quot; <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#terminating">terminating</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_m.htm#macro">macro</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_char_.htm#char">char</A> A--Z <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#constituent">constituent</A>
# <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_n.htm#non-terminating">non-terminating</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_m.htm#macro">macro</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_char_.htm#char">char</A> [ <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#constituent">constituent</A>*
$ <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#constituent">constituent</A> \ <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#single_escape">single escape</A>
% <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#constituent">constituent</A> ] <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#constituent">constituent</A>*
&amp; <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#constituent">constituent</A> ^ <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#constituent">constituent</A>
' <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#terminating">terminating</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_m.htm#macro">macro</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_char_.htm#char">char</A> _ <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#constituent">constituent</A>
( <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#terminating">terminating</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_m.htm#macro">macro</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_char_.htm#char">char</A> ` <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#terminating">terminating</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_m.htm#macro">macro</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_char_.htm#char">char</A>
) <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#terminating">terminating</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_m.htm#macro">macro</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_char_.htm#char">char</A> a--z <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#constituent">constituent</A>
* <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#constituent">constituent</A> { <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#constituent">constituent</A>*
+ <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#constituent">constituent</A> | <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_m.htm#multiple_escape">multiple escape</A>
, <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#terminating">terminating</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_m.htm#macro">macro</A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_char_.htm#char">char</A> } <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#constituent">constituent</A>*
- <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#constituent">constituent</A> ~ <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#constituent">constituent</A>
. <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#constituent">constituent</A> Rubout <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#constituent">constituent</A>
/ <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#constituent">constituent</A>
</PRE>
<P><B>Figure 2-7. Character Syntax Types in Standard Syntax</B></A> <P>
The characters marked with an asterisk (*) are initially <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#constituent"><I>constituents</I></A>, but they are not used in any standard Common Lisp notations. These characters are explicitly reserved to the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_p.htm#programmer"><I>programmer</I></A>. <TT>~</TT> is not used in Common Lisp, and reserved to implementors. <TT>$</TT> and <TT>%</TT> are <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_a.htm#alphabetic"><I>alphabetic</I></A>[2] <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#character"><I>characters</I></A>, but are not used in the names of any standard Common Lisp <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_d.htm#defined_name"><I>defined names</I></A>. <P>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_w.htm#whitespace"><I>Whitespace</I></A>[2] characters serve as separators but are otherwise ignored. <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#constituent"><I>Constituent</I></A> and <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_e.htm#escape"><I>escape</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#character"><I>characters</I></A> are accumulated to make a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#token"><I>token</I></A>, which is then interpreted as a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_n.htm#number"><I>number</I></A> or <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#symbol"><I>symbol</I></A>. <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_m.htm#macro_character"><I>Macro characters</I></A> trigger the invocation of <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_f.htm#function"><I>functions</I></A> (possibly user-supplied) that can perform arbitrary parsing actions. <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_m.htm#macro_character"><I>Macro characters</I></A> are divided into two kinds, <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#terminating"><I>terminating</I></A> and <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_n.htm#non-terminating"><I>non-terminating</I></A>, depending on whether or not they terminate a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#token"><I>token</I></A>. The following are descriptions of each kind of <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#syntax_type"><I>syntax type</I></A>. <P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="02_ada.htm"><H2>
2.1.4.1 Constituent Characters</H2></A><P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="02_adc.htm"><H2>
2.1.4.3 Invalid Characters</H2></A><P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="02_add.htm"><H2>
2.1.4.4 Macro Characters</H2></A><P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="02_ade.htm"><H2>
2.1.4.5 Multiple Escape Characters</H2></A><P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="02_adf.htm"><H2>
2.1.4.6 Single Escape Character</H2></A><P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="02_adg.htm"><H2>
2.1.4.7 Whitespace Characters</H2></A><P><HR>
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<H2>
2.1.4.1 Constituent Characters</H2> <P>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#constituent"><I>Constituent</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#character"><I>characters</I></A> are used in <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#token"><I>tokens</I></A>. A <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#token"><I>token</I></A> is a representation of a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_n.htm#number"><I>number</I></A> or a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#symbol"><I>symbol</I></A>. Examples of <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#constituent"><I>constituent</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#character"><I>characters</I></A> are letters and digits. <P>
Letters in symbol names are sometimes converted to letters in the opposite <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#case"><I>case</I></A> when the name is read; see <A REL=CHILD HREF="23_ab.htm">Section 23.1.2 (Effect of Readtable Case on the Lisp Reader)</A>. <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#case"><I>Case</I></A> conversion can be suppressed by the use of <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#single_escape"><I>single escape</I></A> or <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_m.htm#multiple_escape"><I>multiple escape</I></A> characters. <P>
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2.1.4.2 Constituent Traits</H2></A><P><HR>
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2.1.4.2 Constituent Traits</H2> <P>
Every <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#character"><I>character</I></A> has one or more <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#constituent_trait"><I>constituent traits</I></A> that define how the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#character"><I>character</I></A> is to be interpreted by the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_l.htm#lisp_reader"><I>Lisp reader</I></A> when the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#character"><I>character</I></A> is a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#constituent"><I>constituent</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#character"><I>character</I></A>. These <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#constituent_trait"><I>constituent traits</I></A> are <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_a.htm#alphabetic"><I>alphabetic</I></A>[2], digit, <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_p.htm#package_marker"><I>package marker</I></A>, plus sign, minus sign, dot, decimal point, <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_r.htm#ratio_marker"><I>ratio marker</I></A>, <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_e.htm#exponent_marker"><I>exponent marker</I></A>, and <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_i.htm#invalid"><I>invalid</I></A>. <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="#constituenttraitsofstdchars">Figure 2-8</A> shows the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#constituent_trait"><I>constituent traits</I></A> of the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#standard_character"><I>standard characters</I></A> and of certain <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#semi-standard"><I>semi-standard</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#character"><I>characters</I></A>; no mechanism is provided for changing the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#constituent_trait"><I>constituent trait</I></A> of a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#character"><I>character</I></A>. Any <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#character"><I>character</I></A> with the alphadigit <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#constituent_trait"><I>constituent trait</I></A> in that figure is a digit if the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#current_input_base"><I>current input base</I></A> is greater than that character's digit value, otherwise the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#character"><I>character</I></A> is <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_a.htm#alphabetic"><I>alphabetic</I></A>[2]. Any <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#character"><I>character</I></A> quoted by a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#single_escape"><I>single escape</I></A> is treated as an <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_a.htm#alphabetic"><I>alphabetic</I></A>[2] constituent, regardless of its normal syntax. <P>
<A NAME="constituenttraitsofstdchars"> <PRE>
constituent traits constituent traits
character character
----------
Backspace <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_i.htm#invalid">invalid</A> { <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_a.htm#alphabetic">alphabetic</A>[2]
Tab <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_i.htm#invalid">invalid</A>* } <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_a.htm#alphabetic">alphabetic</A>[2]
Newline <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_i.htm#invalid">invalid</A>* + <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_a.htm#alphabetic">alphabetic</A>[2], plus sign
Linefeed <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_i.htm#invalid">invalid</A>* - <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_a.htm#alphabetic">alphabetic</A>[2], minus sign
Page <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_i.htm#invalid">invalid</A>* . <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_a.htm#alphabetic">alphabetic</A>[2], dot, decimal point
Return <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_i.htm#invalid">invalid</A>* / <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_a.htm#alphabetic">alphabetic</A>[2], <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_r.htm#ratio_marker">ratio marker</A>
Space <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_i.htm#invalid">invalid</A>* A, a alphadigit
! <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_a.htm#alphabetic">alphabetic</A>[2] B, b alphadigit
&quot; <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_a.htm#alphabetic">alphabetic</A>[2]* C, c alphadigit
# <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_a.htm#alphabetic">alphabetic</A>[2]* D, d alphadigit, double-float <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_e.htm#exponent_marker">exponent marker</A>
$ <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_a.htm#alphabetic">alphabetic</A>[2] E, e alphadigit, float <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_e.htm#exponent_marker">exponent marker</A>
% <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_a.htm#alphabetic">alphabetic</A>[2] F, f alphadigit, single-float <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_e.htm#exponent_marker">exponent marker</A>
&amp; <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_a.htm#alphabetic">alphabetic</A>[2] G, g alphadigit
' <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_a.htm#alphabetic">alphabetic</A>[2]* H, h alphadigit
( <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_a.htm#alphabetic">alphabetic</A>[2]* I, i alphadigit
) <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_a.htm#alphabetic">alphabetic</A>[2]* J, j alphadigit
* <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_a.htm#alphabetic">alphabetic</A>[2] K, k alphadigit
, <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_a.htm#alphabetic">alphabetic</A>[2]* L, l alphadigit, long-float <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_e.htm#exponent_marker">exponent marker</A>
0-9 alphadigit M, m alphadigit
: <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_p.htm#package_marker">package marker</A> N, n alphadigit
; <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_a.htm#alphabetic">alphabetic</A>[2]* O, o alphadigit
&lt; <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_a.htm#alphabetic">alphabetic</A>[2] P, p alphadigit
= <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_a.htm#alphabetic">alphabetic</A>[2] Q, q alphadigit
&gt; <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_a.htm#alphabetic">alphabetic</A>[2] R, r alphadigit
? <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_a.htm#alphabetic">alphabetic</A>[2] S, s alphadigit, short-float <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_e.htm#exponent_marker">exponent marker</A>
@ <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_a.htm#alphabetic">alphabetic</A>[2] T, t alphadigit
[ <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_a.htm#alphabetic">alphabetic</A>[2] U, u alphadigit
\ <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_a.htm#alphabetic">alphabetic</A>[2]* V, v alphadigit
] <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_a.htm#alphabetic">alphabetic</A>[2] W, w alphadigit
^ <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_a.htm#alphabetic">alphabetic</A>[2] X, x alphadigit
_ <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_a.htm#alphabetic">alphabetic</A>[2] Y, y alphadigit
` <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_a.htm#alphabetic">alphabetic</A>[2]* Z, z alphadigit
| <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_a.htm#alphabetic">alphabetic</A>[2]* Rubout <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_i.htm#invalid">invalid</A>
~ <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_a.htm#alphabetic">alphabetic</A>[2]
</PRE>
<P><B>Figure 2-8. Constituent Traits of Standard Characters and Semi-Standard Characters</B></A> <P>
The interpretations in this table apply only to <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#character"><I>characters</I></A> whose <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#syntax_type"><I>syntax type</I></A> is <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#constituent"><I>constituent</I></A>. Entries marked with an asterisk (*) are normally <I>shadowed</I>[2] because the indicated <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#character"><I>characters</I></A> are of <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#syntax_type"><I>syntax type</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_w.htm#whitespace"><I>whitespace</I></A>[2], <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_m.htm#macro_character"><I>macro character</I></A>, <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#single_escape"><I>single escape</I></A>, or <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_m.htm#multiple_escape"><I>multiple escape</I></A>; these <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#constituent_trait"><I>constituent traits</I></A> apply to them only if their <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#syntax_type"><I>syntax types</I></A> are changed to <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#constituent"><I>constituent</I></A>. <P>
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2.1.4.3 Invalid Characters</H2> <P>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#character"><I>Characters</I></A> with the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#constituent_trait"><I>constituent trait</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_i.htm#invalid"><I>invalid</I></A> cannot ever appear in a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#token"><I>token</I></A> except under the control of a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#single_escape"><I>single escape</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#character"><I>character</I></A>. If an <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_i.htm#invalid"><I>invalid</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#character"><I>character</I></A> is encountered while an <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_o.htm#object"><I>object</I></A> is being read, an error of <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#type"><I>type</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="e_rder_e.htm#reader-error"><B>reader-error</B></A> is signaled. If an <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_i.htm#invalid"><I>invalid</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#character"><I>character</I></A> is preceded by a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#single_escape"><I>single escape</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#character"><I>character</I></A>, it is treated as an <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_a.htm#alphabetic"><I>alphabetic</I></A>[2] <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#constituent"><I>constituent</I></A> instead. <P>
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2.1.4.4 Macro Characters</H2> <P>
When the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_l.htm#lisp_reader"><I>Lisp reader</I></A> encounters a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_m.htm#macro_character"><I>macro character</I></A> on an <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_i.htm#input"><I>input</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#stream"><I>stream</I></A>, special parsing of subsequent <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#character"><I>characters</I></A> on the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_i.htm#input"><I>input</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#stream"><I>stream</I></A> is performed. <P>
A <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_m.htm#macro_character"><I>macro character</I></A> has an associated <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_f.htm#function"><I>function</I></A> called a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_r.htm#reader_macro_function"><I>reader macro function</I></A> that implements its specialized parsing behavior. An association of this kind can be established or modified under control of a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#conforming_program"><I>conforming program</I></A> by using the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_f.htm#function"><I>functions</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_set_ma.htm#set-macro-character"><B>set-macro-character</B></A> and <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_set__1.htm#set-dispatch-macro-character"><B>set-dispatch-macro-character</B></A>. <P>
Upon encountering a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_m.htm#macro_character"><I>macro character</I></A>, the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_l.htm#lisp_reader"><I>Lisp reader</I></A> calls its <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_r.htm#reader_macro_function"><I>reader macro function</I></A>, which parses one specially formatted object from the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_i.htm#input"><I>input</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#stream"><I>stream</I></A>. The <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_f.htm#function"><I>function</I></A> either returns the parsed <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_o.htm#object"><I>object</I></A>, or else it returns no <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_v.htm#value"><I>values</I></A> to indicate that the characters scanned by the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_f.htm#function"><I>function</I></A> are being ignored (e.g., in the case of a comment). Examples of <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_m.htm#macro_character"><I>macro characters</I></A> are <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_b.htm#backquote"><I>backquote</I></A>, <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#single-quote"><I>single-quote</I></A>, <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_l.htm#left-parenthesis"><I>left-parenthesis</I></A>, and <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_r.htm#right-parenthesis"><I>right-parenthesis</I></A>. <P>
A <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_m.htm#macro_character"><I>macro character</I></A> is either <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#terminating"><I>terminating</I></A> or <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_n.htm#non-terminating"><I>non-terminating</I></A>. The difference between <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#terminating"><I>terminating</I></A> and <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_n.htm#non-terminating"><I>non-terminating</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_m.htm#macro_character"><I>macro characters</I></A> lies in what happens when such characters occur in the middle of a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#token"><I>token</I></A>. If a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_n.htm#non-terminating"><I>non-terminating</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_m.htm#macro_character"><I>macro character</I></A> occurs in the middle of a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#token"><I>token</I></A>, the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_f.htm#function"><I>function</I></A> associated with the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_n.htm#non-terminating"><I>non-terminating</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_m.htm#macro_character"><I>macro character</I></A> is not called, and the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_n.htm#non-terminating"><I>non-terminating</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_m.htm#macro_character"><I>macro character</I></A> does not terminate the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#token"><I>token</I></A>'s name; it becomes part of the name as if the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_m.htm#macro_character"><I>macro character</I></A> were really a constituent character. A <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#terminating"><I>terminating</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_m.htm#macro_character"><I>macro character</I></A> terminates any <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#token"><I>token</I></A>, and its associated <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_r.htm#reader_macro_function"><I>reader macro function</I></A> is called no matter where the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#character"><I>character</I></A> appears. The only <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_n.htm#non-terminating"><I>non-terminating</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_m.htm#macro_character"><I>macro character</I></A> in <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#standard_syntax"><I>standard syntax</I></A> is <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#sharpsign"><I>sharpsign</I></A>. <P>
If a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#character"><I>character</I></A> is a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_d.htm#dispatching_macro_character"><I>dispatching macro character</I></A> C1, its <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_r.htm#reader_macro_function"><I>reader macro function</I></A> is a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_f.htm#function"><I>function</I></A> supplied by the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_i.htm#implementation"><I>implementation</I></A>. This <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_f.htm#function"><I>function</I></A> reads decimal <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_d.htm#digit"><I>digit</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#character"><I>characters</I></A> until a non-<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_d.htm#digit"><I>digit</I></A> C2 is read. If any <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_d.htm#digit"><I>digits</I></A> were read, they are converted into a corresponding <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_i.htm#integer"><I>integer</I></A> infix parameter P; otherwise, the infix parameter P is <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="a_nil.htm#nil"><B>nil</B></A>. The terminating non-<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_d.htm#digit"><I>digit</I></A> C2 is a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#character"><I>character</I></A> (sometimes called a ``sub-character'' to emphasize its subordinate role in the dispatching) that is looked up in the dispatch table associated with the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_d.htm#dispatching_macro_character"><I>dispatching macro character</I></A> C1. The <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_r.htm#reader_macro_function"><I>reader macro function</I></A> associated with the sub-character C2 is invoked with three arguments: the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#stream"><I>stream</I></A>, the sub-character C2, and the infix parameter P. For more information about dispatch characters, see the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_f.htm#function"><I>function</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_set__1.htm#set-dispatch-macro-character"><B>set-dispatch-macro-character</B></A>. <P>
For information about the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_m.htm#macro_character"><I>macro characters</I></A> that are available in <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#standard_syntax"><I>standard syntax</I></A>, see <A REL=CHILD HREF="02_d.htm">Section 2.4 (Standard Macro Characters)</A>. <P>
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<H2>
2.1.4.5 Multiple Escape Characters</H2> <P>
A pair of <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_m.htm#multiple_escape"><I>multiple escape</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#character"><I>characters</I></A> is used to indicate that an enclosed sequence of characters, including possible <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_m.htm#macro_character"><I>macro characters</I></A> and <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_w.htm#whitespace"><I>whitespace</I></A>[2] <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#character"><I>characters</I></A>, are to be treated as <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_a.htm#alphabetic"><I>alphabetic</I></A>[2] <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#character"><I>characters</I></A> with <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#case"><I>case</I></A> preserved. Any <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#single_escape"><I>single escape</I></A> and <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_m.htm#multiple_escape"><I>multiple escape</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#character"><I>characters</I></A> that are to appear in the sequence must be preceded by a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#single_escape"><I>single escape</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#character"><I>character</I></A>. <P>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_v.htm#vertical-bar"><I>Vertical-bar</I></A> is a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_m.htm#multiple_escape"><I>multiple escape</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#character"><I>character</I></A> in <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#standard_syntax"><I>standard syntax</I></A>. <P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="02_adea.htm"><H2>
2.1.4.5.1 Examples of Multiple Escape Characters</H2></A><P><HR>
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<H1><A REV=MADE HREF="http://www.lispworks.com/"><IMG WIDTH=80 HEIGHT=65 ALT="[LISPWORKS]" SRC="../Graphics/LWSmall.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=TOP HREF="../Front/index.htm"><IMG WIDTH=237 HEIGHT=65 ALT="[Common Lisp HyperSpec (TM)]" SRC="../Graphics/CLHS_Sm.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A> <A REL=PREV HREF="02_ade.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Previous]" SRC="../Graphics/Prev.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=UP HREF="02_ade.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Up]" SRC="../Graphics/Up.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=NEXT HREF="02_adf.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Next]" SRC="../Graphics/Next.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A></H1>
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<H2>
2.1.4.5.1 Examples of Multiple Escape Characters</H2> <P>
<PRE>
;; The following examples assume the readtable case of *readtable*
;; and *print-case* are both :upcase.
(eq 'abc 'ABC) =&gt; <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#true">true</A>
(eq 'abc '|ABC|) =&gt; <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#true">true</A>
(eq 'abc 'a|B|c) =&gt; <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#true">true</A>
(eq 'abc '|abc|) =&gt; <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_f.htm#false">false</A>
</PRE>
</TT> <P>
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<H2>
2.1.4.6 Single Escape Character</H2> <P>
A <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#single_escape"><I>single escape</I></A> is used to indicate that the next <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#character"><I>character</I></A> is to be treated as an <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_a.htm#alphabetic"><I>alphabetic</I></A>[2] <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#character"><I>character</I></A> with its <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#case"><I>case</I></A> preserved, no matter what the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#character"><I>character</I></A> is or which <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#constituent_trait"><I>constituent traits</I></A> it has. <P>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_b.htm#backslash"><I>Backslash</I></A> is a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#single_escape"><I>single escape</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#character"><I>character</I></A> in <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#standard_syntax"><I>standard syntax</I></A>. <P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="02_adfa.htm"><H2>
2.1.4.6.1 Examples of Single Escape Characters</H2></A><P><HR>
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<H1><A REV=MADE HREF="http://www.lispworks.com/"><IMG WIDTH=80 HEIGHT=65 ALT="[LISPWORKS]" SRC="../Graphics/LWSmall.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=TOP HREF="../Front/index.htm"><IMG WIDTH=237 HEIGHT=65 ALT="[Common Lisp HyperSpec (TM)]" SRC="../Graphics/CLHS_Sm.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A> <A REL=PREV HREF="02_adf.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Previous]" SRC="../Graphics/Prev.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=UP HREF="02_adf.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Up]" SRC="../Graphics/Up.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=NEXT HREF="02_adg.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Next]" SRC="../Graphics/Next.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A></H1>
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<H2>
2.1.4.6.1 Examples of Single Escape Characters</H2> <P>
<PRE>
;; The following examples assume the readtable case of *readtable*
;; and *print-case* are both :upcase.
(eq 'abc '\A\B\C) =&gt; <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#true">true</A>
(eq 'abc 'a\Bc) =&gt; <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#true">true</A>
(eq 'abc '\ABC) =&gt; <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#true">true</A>
(eq 'abc '\abc) =&gt; <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_f.htm#false">false</A>
</PRE>
</TT> <P>
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<H2>
2.1.4.7 Whitespace Characters</H2> <P>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_w.htm#whitespace"><I>Whitespace</I></A>[2] <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#character"><I>characters</I></A> are used to separate <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#token"><I>tokens</I></A>. <P>
<A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#space"><I>Space</I></A> and <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_n.htm#newline"><I>newline</I></A> are <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_w.htm#whitespace"><I>whitespace</I></A>[2] <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#character"><I>characters</I></A> in <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#standard_syntax"><I>standard syntax</I></A>. <P>
<A REL=CHILD HREF="02_adga.htm"><H2>
2.1.4.7.1 Examples of Whitespace Characters</H2></A><P><HR>
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<H2>
2.1.4.7.1 Examples of Whitespace Characters</H2> <P>
<PRE>
(length '(this-that)) =&gt; 1
(length '(this - that)) =&gt; 3
(length '(a
b)) =&gt; 2
(+ 34) =&gt; 34
(+ 3 4) =&gt; 7
</PRE>
</TT> <P>
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<H1><A REV=MADE HREF="http://www.lispworks.com/"><IMG WIDTH=80 HEIGHT=65 ALT="[LISPWORKS]" SRC="../Graphics/LWSmall.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=TOP HREF="../Front/index.htm"><IMG WIDTH=237 HEIGHT=65 ALT="[Common Lisp HyperSpec (TM)]" SRC="../Graphics/CLHS_Sm.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A> <A REL=PREV HREF="02_adga.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Previous]" SRC="../Graphics/Prev.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=UP HREF="02_.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Up]" SRC="../Graphics/Up.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A><A REL=NEXT HREF="02_c.htm"><IMG WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=40 ALT="[Next]" SRC="../Graphics/Next.gif" ALIGN=Bottom></A></H1>
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<H2>
2.2 Reader Algorithm</H2> <P>
This section describes the algorithm used by the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_l.htm#lisp_reader"><I>Lisp reader</I></A> to parse <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_o.htm#object"><I>objects</I></A> from an <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_i.htm#input"><I>input</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#character"><I>character</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#stream"><I>stream</I></A>, including how the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_l.htm#lisp_reader"><I>Lisp reader</I></A> processes <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_m.htm#macro_character"><I>macro characters</I></A>. <P>
When dealing with <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#token"><I>tokens</I></A>, the reader's basic function is to distinguish representations of <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#symbol"><I>symbols</I></A> from those of <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_n.htm#number"><I>numbers</I></A>. When a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#token"><I>token</I></A> is accumulated, it is assumed to represent a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_n.htm#number"><I>number</I></A> if it satisfies the syntax for numbers listed in <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="02_ca.htm#syntaxfornumerictokens">Figure 2-9</A>. If it does not represent a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_n.htm#number"><I>number</I></A>, it is then assumed to be a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_p.htm#potential_number"><I>potential number</I></A> if it satisfies the rules governing the syntax for a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_p.htm#potential_number"><I>potential number</I></A>. If a valid <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#token"><I>token</I></A> is neither a representation of a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_n.htm#number"><I>number</I></A> nor a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_p.htm#potential_number"><I>potential number</I></A>, it represents a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#symbol"><I>symbol</I></A>. <P>
The algorithm performed by the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_l.htm#lisp_reader"><I>Lisp reader</I></A> is as follows: <P>
<P><DL><DT>1. If at end of file, end-of-file processing is performed as specified in <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_rd_rd.htm#read"><B>read</B></A>. Otherwise, one <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#character"><I>character</I></A>, <I>x</I>, is read from the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_i.htm#input"><I>input</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#stream"><I>stream</I></A>, and dispatched according to the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#syntax_type"><I>syntax type</I></A> of <I>x</I> to one of steps 2 to 7. <P><DD>
<DT>2. If <I>x</I> is an <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_i.htm#invalid"><I>invalid</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#character"><I>character</I></A>, an error of <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#type"><I>type</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="e_rder_e.htm#reader-error"><B>reader-error</B></A> is signaled. <P><DD>
<DT>3. If <I>x</I> is a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_w.htm#whitespace"><I>whitespace</I></A>[2] <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#character"><I>character</I></A>, then it is discarded and step 1 is re-entered. <P><DD>
<DT>4. If <I>x</I> is a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#terminating"><I>terminating</I></A> or <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_n.htm#non-terminating"><I>non-terminating</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_m.htm#macro_character"><I>macro character</I></A> then its associated <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_r.htm#reader_macro_function"><I>reader macro function</I></A> is called with two <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_a.htm#argument"><I>arguments</I></A>, the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_i.htm#input"><I>input</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#stream"><I>stream</I></A> and <I>x</I>. <P><DD>
The <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_r.htm#reader_macro_function"><I>reader macro function</I></A> may read <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#character"><I>characters</I></A> from the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_i.htm#input"><I>input</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#stream"><I>stream</I></A>; if it does, it will see those <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#character"><I>characters</I></A> following the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_m.htm#macro_character"><I>macro character</I></A>. The <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_l.htm#lisp_reader"><I>Lisp reader</I></A> may be invoked recursively from the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_r.htm#reader_macro_function"><I>reader macro function</I></A>. <P>
The <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_r.htm#reader_macro_function"><I>reader macro function</I></A> must not have any side effects other than on the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_i.htm#input"><I>input</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#stream"><I>stream</I></A>; because of backtracking and restarting of the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_rd_rd.htm#read"><B>read</B></A> operation, front ends to the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_l.htm#lisp_reader"><I>Lisp reader</I></A> (e.g., ``editors'' and ``rubout handlers'') may cause the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_r.htm#reader_macro_function"><I>reader macro function</I></A> to be called repeatedly during the reading of a single <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_e.htm#expression"><I>expression</I></A> in which <I>x</I> only appears once. <P>
The <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_r.htm#reader_macro_function"><I>reader macro function</I></A> may return zero values or one value. If one value is returned, then that value is returned as the result of the read operation; the algorithm is done. If zero values are returned, then step 1 is re-entered. <P>
<DT>5. If <I>x</I> is a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#single_escape"><I>single escape</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#character"><I>character</I></A> then the next <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#character"><I>character</I></A>, <I>y</I>, is read, or an error of <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#type"><I>type</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="e_end_of.htm#end-of-file"><B>end-of-file</B></A> is signaled if at the end of file. <I>y</I> is treated as if it is a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#constituent"><I>constituent</I></A> whose only <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#constituent_trait"><I>constituent trait</I></A> is <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_a.htm#alphabetic"><I>alphabetic</I></A>[2]. <I>y</I> is used to begin a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#token"><I>token</I></A>, and step 8 is entered. <P><DD>
<DT>6. If <I>x</I> is a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_m.htm#multiple_escape"><I>multiple escape</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#character"><I>character</I></A> then a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#token"><I>token</I></A> (initially containing no <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#character"><I>characters</I></A>) is begun and step 9 is entered. <P><DD>
<DT>7. If <I>x</I> is a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#constituent"><I>constituent</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#character"><I>character</I></A>, then it begins a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#token"><I>token</I></A>. After the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#token"><I>token</I></A> is read in, it will be interpreted either as a Lisp <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_o.htm#object"><I>object</I></A> or as being of invalid syntax. If the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#token"><I>token</I></A> represents an <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_o.htm#object"><I>object</I></A>, that <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_o.htm#object"><I>object</I></A> is returned as the result of the read operation. If the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#token"><I>token</I></A> is of invalid syntax, an error is signaled. If <I>x</I> is a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#character"><I>character</I></A> with <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#case"><I>case</I></A>, it might be replaced with the corresponding <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#character"><I>character</I></A> of the opposite <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#case"><I>case</I></A>, depending on the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_r.htm#readtable_case"><I>readtable case</I></A> of the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#current_readtable"><I>current readtable</I></A>, as outlined in <A REL=CHILD HREF="23_ab.htm">Section 23.1.2 (Effect of Readtable Case on the Lisp Reader)</A>. <I>X</I> is used to begin a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#token"><I>token</I></A>, and step 8 is entered. <P><DD>
<DT>8. At this point a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#token"><I>token</I></A> is being accumulated, and an even number of <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_m.htm#multiple_escape"><I>multiple escape</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#character"><I>characters</I></A> have been encountered. If at end of file, step 10 is entered. Otherwise, a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#character"><I>character</I></A>, <I>y</I>, is read, and one of the following actions is performed according to its <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#syntax_type"><I>syntax type</I></A>: <P><DD>
<P><DL><DT>* If <I>y</I> is a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#constituent"><I>constituent</I></A> or <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_n.htm#non-terminating"><I>non-terminating</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_m.htm#macro_character"><I>macro character</I></A>: <P><DD><DL><DT>-- If <I>y</I> is a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#character"><I>character</I></A> with <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#case"><I>case</I></A>, it might be replaced with the corresponding <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#character"><I>character</I></A> of the opposite <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#case"><I>case</I></A>, depending on the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_r.htm#readtable_case"><I>readtable case</I></A> of the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#current_readtable"><I>current readtable</I></A>, as outlined in <A REL=CHILD HREF="23_ab.htm">Section 23.1.2 (Effect of Readtable Case on the Lisp Reader)</A>. <DD><DT>-- <I>Y</I> is appended to the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#token"><I>token</I></A> being built. <DD><DT>-- Step 8 is repeated. <P><DD></DL><P>
<DT>* If <I>y</I> is a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#single_escape"><I>single escape</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#character"><I>character</I></A>, then the next <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#character"><I>character</I></A>, <I>z</I>, is read, or an error of <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#type"><I>type</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="e_end_of.htm#end-of-file"><B>end-of-file</B></A> is signaled if at end of file. <I>Z</I> is treated as if it is a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#constituent"><I>constituent</I></A> whose only <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#constituent_trait"><I>constituent trait</I></A> is <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_a.htm#alphabetic"><I>alphabetic</I></A>[2]. <I>Z</I> is appended to the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#token"><I>token</I></A> being built, and step 8 is repeated. <P><DD>
<DT>* If <I>y</I> is a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_m.htm#multiple_escape"><I>multiple escape</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#character"><I>character</I></A>, then step 9 is entered. <P><DD>
<DT>* If <I>y</I> is an <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_i.htm#invalid"><I>invalid</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#character"><I>character</I></A>, an error of <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#type"><I>type</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="e_rder_e.htm#reader-error"><B>reader-error</B></A> is signaled. <P><DD>
<DT>* If <I>y</I> is a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#terminating"><I>terminating</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_m.htm#macro_character"><I>macro character</I></A>, then it terminates the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#token"><I>token</I></A>. First the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#character"><I>character</I></A> <I>y</I> is unread (see <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_unrd_c.htm#unread-char"><B>unread-char</B></A>), and then step 10 is entered. <P><DD>
<DT>* If <I>y</I> is a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_w.htm#whitespace"><I>whitespace</I></A>[2] <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#character"><I>character</I></A>, then it terminates the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#token"><I>token</I></A>. First the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#character"><I>character</I></A> <I>y</I> is unread if appropriate (see <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="f_rd_rd.htm#read-preserving-whitespace"><B>read-preserving-whitespace</B></A>), and then step 10 is entered. <P><DD></DL><P>
<DT>9. At this point a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#token"><I>token</I></A> is being accumulated, and an odd number of <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_m.htm#multiple_escape"><I>multiple escape</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#character"><I>characters</I></A> have been encountered. If at end of file, an error of <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#type"><I>type</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="e_end_of.htm#end-of-file"><B>end-of-file</B></A> is signaled. Otherwise, a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#character"><I>character</I></A>, <I>y</I>, is read, and one of the following actions is performed according to its <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#syntax_type"><I>syntax type</I></A>: <P><DD>
<P><DL><DT>* If <I>y</I> is a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#constituent"><I>constituent</I></A>, macro, or <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_w.htm#whitespace"><I>whitespace</I></A>[2] <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#character"><I>character</I></A>, <I>y</I> is treated as a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#constituent"><I>constituent</I></A> whose only <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#constituent_trait"><I>constituent trait</I></A> is <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_a.htm#alphabetic"><I>alphabetic</I></A>[2]. <I>Y</I> is appended to the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#token"><I>token</I></A> being built, and step 9 is repeated. <P><DD>
<DT>* If <I>y</I> is a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_s.htm#single_escape"><I>single escape</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#character"><I>character</I></A>, then the next <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#character"><I>character</I></A>, <I>z</I>, is read, or an error of <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#type"><I>type</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="e_end_of.htm#end-of-file"><B>end-of-file</B></A> is signaled if at end of file. <I>Z</I> is treated as a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#constituent"><I>constituent</I></A> whose only <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#constituent_trait"><I>constituent trait</I></A> is <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_a.htm#alphabetic"><I>alphabetic</I></A>[2]. <I>Z</I> is appended to the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#token"><I>token</I></A> being built, and step 9 is repeated. <P><DD>
<DT>* If <I>y</I> is a <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_m.htm#multiple_escape"><I>multiple escape</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#character"><I>character</I></A>, then step 8 is entered. <P><DD>
<DT>* If <I>y</I> is an <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_i.htm#invalid"><I>invalid</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_c.htm#character"><I>character</I></A>, an error of <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#type"><I>type</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="e_rder_e.htm#reader-error"><B>reader-error</B></A> is signaled. <P><DD></DL><P>
<DT>10. An entire <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#token"><I>token</I></A> has been accumulated. The <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_o.htm#object"><I>object</I></A> represented by the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#token"><I>token</I></A> is returned as the result of the read operation, or an error of <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#type"><I>type</I></A> <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="e_rder_e.htm#reader-error"><B>reader-error</B></A> is signaled if the <A REL=DEFINITION HREF="26_glo_t.htm#token"><I>token</I></A> is not of valid syntax. <P><DD></DL><P>
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