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<html><head><meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=0.8"/><title>7.9 Gotchas</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../scribble.css" title="default"/><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../racket.css" title="default"/><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../manual-style.css" title="default"/><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../manual-racket.css" title="default"/><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../manual-racket.css" title="default"/><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../doc-site.css" title="default"/><script type="text/javascript" src="../scribble-common.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../manual-racket.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../manual-racket.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../doc-site.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../local-redirect/local-redirect.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../local-redirect/local-user-redirect.js"></script><!--[if IE 6]><style type="text/css">.SIEHidden { overflow: hidden; }</style><![endif]--></head><body id="doc-racket-lang-org"><div class="tocset"><div class="tocview"><div class="tocviewlist tocviewlisttopspace"><div class="tocviewtitle"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td style="width: 1em;"><a href="javascript:void(0);" title="Expand/Collapse" class="tocviewtoggle" onclick="TocviewToggle(this,"tocview_0");">►</a></td><td></td><td><a href="index.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">The Racket Guide</a></td></tr></table></div><div class="tocviewsublisttop" style="display: none;" id="tocview_0"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td align="right">1 </td><td><a href="intro.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Welcome to Racket</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">2 </td><td><a href="to-scheme.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Racket Essentials</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">3 </td><td><a href="datatypes.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Built-<wbr></wbr>In Datatypes</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">4 </td><td><a href="scheme-forms.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Expressions and Definitions</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">5 </td><td><a href="define-struct.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Programmer-<wbr></wbr>Defined Datatypes</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">6 </td><td><a href="modules.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Modules</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">7 </td><td><a href="contracts.html" class="tocviewselflink" data-pltdoc="x">Contracts</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">8 </td><td><a href="i_o.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Input and Output</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">9 </td><td><a href="regexp.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Regular Expressions</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">10 </td><td><a href="control.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Exceptions and Control</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">11 </td><td><a href="for.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Iterations and Comprehensions</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">12 </td><td><a href="match.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Pattern Matching</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">13 </td><td><a href="classes.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Classes and Objects</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">14 </td><td><a href="units.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Units</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">15 </td><td><a href="reflection.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Reflection and Dynamic Evaluation</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">16 </td><td><a href="macros.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Macros</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">17 </td><td><a href="languages.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Creating Languages</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">18 </td><td><a href="concurrency.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Concurrency and Synchronization</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">19 </td><td><a href="performance.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Performance</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">20 </td><td><a href="parallelism.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Parallelism</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">21 </td><td><a href="running.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Running and Creating Executables</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">22 </td><td><a href="More_Libraries.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">More Libraries</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">23 </td><td><a href="dialects.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Dialects of Racket and Scheme</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">24 </td><td><a href="other-editors.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Command-<wbr></wbr>Line Tools and Your Editor of Choice</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right"></td><td><a href="doc-bibliography.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Bibliography</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right"></td><td><a href="doc-index.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Index</a></td></tr></table></div></div><div class="tocviewlist"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td style="width: 1em;"><a href="javascript:void(0);" title="Expand/Collapse" class="tocviewtoggle" onclick="TocviewToggle(this,"tocview_1");">▼</a></td><td>7 </td><td><a href="contracts.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Contracts</a></td></tr></table><div class="tocviewsublist" style="display: block;" id="tocview_1"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td align="right">7.1 </td><td><a href="contract-boundaries.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Contracts and Boundaries</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">7.2 </td><td><a href="contract-func.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Simple Contracts on Functions</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">7.3 </td><td><a href="contracts-general-functions.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Contracts on Functions in General</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">7.4 </td><td><a href="contracts-first.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Contracts:<span class="mywbr"> </span> A Thorough Example</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">7.5 </td><td><a href="contracts-struct.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Contracts on Structures</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">7.6 </td><td><a href="contracts-exists.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Abstract Contracts using <span class="RktPn">#:<span class="mywbr"> </span>exists</span> and <span class="RktPn">#:<span class="mywbr"> </span>∃</span></a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">7.7 </td><td><a href="contracts-examples.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Additional Examples</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">7.8 </td><td><a href="Building_New_Contracts.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Building New Contracts</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">7.9 </td><td><a href="contracts-gotchas.html" class="tocviewselflink" data-pltdoc="x">Gotchas</a></td></tr></table></div></div><div class="tocviewlist"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td style="width: 1em;"><a href="javascript:void(0);" title="Expand/Collapse" class="tocviewtoggle" onclick="TocviewToggle(this,"tocview_2");">►</a></td><td>7.9 </td><td><a href="contracts-gotchas.html" class="tocviewselflink" data-pltdoc="x">Gotchas</a></td></tr></table><div class="tocviewsublistbottom" style="display: none;" id="tocview_2"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td align="right">7.9.1 </td><td><a href="contracts-gotchas.html#%28part._.Contracts_and_eq_%29" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Contracts and <span class="RktSym"><span class="RktValLink">eq?</span></span></a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">7.9.2 </td><td><a href="contracts-gotchas.html#%28part._contracts-gotcha-nested%29" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Contract boundaries and <span class="RktSym"><span class="RktStxLink">define/<span class="mywbr"> </span>contract</span></span></a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">7.9.3 </td><td><a href="contracts-gotchas.html#%28part._contracts-exists-gotcha%29" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Exists Contracts and Predicates</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">7.9.4 </td><td><a href="contracts-gotchas.html#%28part._.Defining_.Recursive_.Contracts%29" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Defining Recursive Contracts</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">7.9.5 </td><td><a href="contracts-gotchas.html#%28part._.Mixing_set__and_contract-out%29" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Mixing <span class="RktSym"><span class="RktStxLink">set!</span></span> and <span class="RktSym"><span class="RktStxLink">contract-<wbr></wbr>out</span></span></a></td></tr></table></div></div></div><div class="tocsub"><div class="tocsubtitle">On this page:</div><table class="tocsublist" cellspacing="0"><tr><td><span class="tocsublinknumber">7.9.1<tt> </tt></span><a href="contracts-gotchas.html#%28part._.Contracts_and_eq_%29" class="tocsubseclink" data-pltdoc="x">Contracts and <span class="RktSym"><span class="RktValLink">eq?</span></span></a></td></tr><tr><td><span class="tocsublinknumber">7.9.2<tt> </tt></span><a href="contracts-gotchas.html#%28part._contracts-gotcha-nested%29" class="tocsubseclink" data-pltdoc="x">Contract boundaries and <span class="RktSym"><span class="RktStxLink">define/<span class="mywbr"> </span>contract</span></span></a></td></tr><tr><td><span class="tocsublinknumber">7.9.3<tt> </tt></span><a href="contracts-gotchas.html#%28part._contracts-exists-gotcha%29" class="tocsubseclink" data-pltdoc="x">Exists Contracts and Predicates</a></td></tr><tr><td><span class="tocsublinknumber">7.9.4<tt> </tt></span><a href="contracts-gotchas.html#%28part._.Defining_.Recursive_.Contracts%29" class="tocsubseclink" data-pltdoc="x">Defining Recursive Contracts</a></td></tr><tr><td><span class="tocsublinknumber">7.9.5<tt> </tt></span><a href="contracts-gotchas.html#%28part._.Mixing_set__and_contract-out%29" class="tocsubseclink" data-pltdoc="x">Mixing <span class="RktSym"><span class="RktStxLink">set!</span></span> and <span class="RktSym"><span class="RktStxLink">contract-<wbr></wbr>out</span></span></a></td></tr></table></div></div><div class="maincolumn"><div class="main"><div class="navsettop"><span class="navleft"><form class="searchform"><input class="searchbox" id="searchbox" type="text" tabindex="1" placeholder="...search manuals..." title="Enter a search string to search the manuals" onkeypress="return DoSearchKey(event, this, "8.6", "../");"/></form> <a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/index.html" title="up to the documentation top" data-pltdoc="x" onclick="return GotoPLTRoot("8.6");">top</a><span class="tocsettoggle"> <a href="javascript:void(0);" title="show/hide table of contents" onclick="TocsetToggle();">contents</a></span></span><span class="navright"> <a href="Building_New_Contracts.html" title="backward to "7.8 Building New Contracts"" data-pltdoc="x">← prev</a> <a href="contracts.html" title="up to "7 Contracts"" data-pltdoc="x">up</a> <a href="i_o.html" title="forward to "8 Input and Output"" data-pltdoc="x">next →</a></span> </div><h4 x-source-module="(lib "scribblings/guide/guide.scrbl")" x-source-pkg="racket-doc" x-part-tag=""contracts-gotchas"">7.9<tt> </tt><a name="(part._contracts-gotchas)"></a>Gotchas</h4><h5 x-source-module="(lib "scribblings/guide/guide.scrbl")" x-source-pkg="racket-doc" x-part-tag=""Contracts_and_eq_"">7.9.1<tt> </tt><a name="(part._.Contracts_and_eq_)"></a>Contracts and <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=Equality.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._eq%7E3f%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">eq?</a></span></h5><p>As a general rule, adding a contract to a program should
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either leave the behavior of the program unchanged, or
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should signal a contract violation. And this is almost true
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for Racket contracts, with one exception: <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=Equality.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._eq%7E3f%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">eq?</a></span>.</p><p>The <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=Equality.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._eq%7E3f%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">eq?</a></span> procedure is designed to be fast and does
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not provide much in the way of guarantees, except that if it
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returns true, it means that the two values behave
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identically in all respects. Internally, this is implemented
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as pointer equality at a low-level so it exposes information
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about how Racket is implemented (and how contracts are
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implemented).</p><p><div class="SIntrapara">Contracts interact poorly with <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=Equality.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._eq%7E3f%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">eq?</a></span> because function
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contract checking is implemented internally as wrapper
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functions. For example, consider this module:
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</div><div class="SIntrapara"><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><a href="Module_Syntax.html#%28part._hash-lang%29" class="RktModLink" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="RktMod">#lang</span></a><span class="hspace"> </span><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=index.html&version=8.6" class="RktModLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="RktSym">racket</span></a></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=define.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._define%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym">make-adder</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">x</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=if.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._if%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">if</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=generic-numbers.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._%7E3d%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">=</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">1</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">x</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=generic-numbers.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._add1%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">add1</a></span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=lambda.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._lambda%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">lambda</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym">y</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=generic-numbers.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._%252B%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">+</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">x</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">y</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._provide%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">provide</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=attaching-contracts-to-values.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fbase..rkt%2529._contract-out%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">contract-out</a></span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">[</span><span class="RktSym">make-adder</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=function-contracts.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fbase..rkt%2529._-%7E3e%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="nobreak">-></span></a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=number-types.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._number%7E3f%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">number?</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=function-contracts.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fbase..rkt%2529._-%7E3e%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="nobreak">-></span></a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=number-types.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._number%7E3f%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">number?</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=number-types.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._number%7E3f%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">number?</a></span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">]</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr></table></blockquote></div></p><p>It exports the <span class="RktSym">make-adder</span> function that is the usual curried
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addition function, except that it returns Racket’s <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=generic-numbers.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._add1%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">add1</a></span> when
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its input is <span class="RktVal">1</span>.</p><p><div class="SIntrapara">You might expect that
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</div><div class="SIntrapara"><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=Equality.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._eq%7E3f%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">eq?</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym">make-adder</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">1</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym">make-adder</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">1</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr></table></blockquote></div></p><p>would return <span class="RktVal">#t</span>, but it does not. If the contract were
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changed to <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=data-structure-contracts.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fprivate%252Fmisc..rkt%2529._any%252Fc%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">any/c</a></span> (or even <span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=function-contracts.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fbase..rkt%2529._-%7E3e%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="nobreak">-></span></a></span><span class="stt"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=number-types.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._number%7E3f%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">number?</a></span><span class="stt"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=data-structure-contracts.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fprivate%252Fmisc..rkt%2529._any%252Fc%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">any/c</a></span><span class="RktPn">)</span>), then
|
|
the <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=Equality.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._eq%7E3f%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">eq?</a></span> call would return <span class="RktVal">#t</span>.</p><p>Moral: Do not use <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=Equality.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._eq%7E3f%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">eq?</a></span> on values that have contracts.</p><h5 x-source-module="(lib "scribblings/guide/guide.scrbl")" x-source-pkg="racket-doc" x-part-tag=""contracts-gotcha-nested"">7.9.2<tt> </tt><a name="(part._contracts-gotcha-nested)"></a>Contract boundaries and <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=attaching-contracts-to-values.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fregion..rkt%2529._define%252Fcontract%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define/contract</a></span></h5><p>The contract boundaries established by <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=attaching-contracts-to-values.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fregion..rkt%2529._define%252Fcontract%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define/contract</a></span>, which
|
|
creates a nested contract boundary, are sometimes unintuitive. This is
|
|
especially true when multiple functions or other values with contracts
|
|
interact. For example, consider these two interacting functions:</p><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=attaching-contracts-to-values.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fregion..rkt%2529._define%252Fcontract%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define/contract</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym">f</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">x</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=function-contracts.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fbase..rkt%2529._-%7E3e%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="nobreak">-></span></a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=number-types.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._integer%7E3f%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">integer?</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=number-types.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._integer%7E3f%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">integer?</a></span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">x</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr></table></td></tr><tr><td><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=attaching-contracts-to-values.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fregion..rkt%2529._define%252Fcontract%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define/contract</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym">g</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=function-contracts.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fbase..rkt%2529._-%7E3e%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="nobreak">-></span></a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=strings.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._string%7E3f%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">string?</a></span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym">f</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">"not an integer"</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr></table></td></tr><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym">g</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktErr">f: contract violation</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktErr"></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktErr">expected: integer?</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktErr"></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktErr">given: "not an integer"</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktErr"></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktErr">in: the 1st argument of</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktErr"></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktErr"></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktErr"></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktErr">(-> integer? integer?)</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktErr"></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktErr">contract from: (function f)</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktErr"></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktErr">blaming: top-level</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktErr"></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktErr"></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktErr">(assuming the contract is correct)</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktErr"></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktErr">at: eval:2:0</span></p></td></tr></table></blockquote><p>One might expect that the function <span class="RktSym">g</span> will be blamed
|
|
for breaking the terms of its contract with <span class="RktSym">f</span>.
|
|
Blaming <span class="RktSym">g</span> would be right if <span class="RktSym">f</span> and <span class="RktSym">g</span>
|
|
were directly establishing contracts with each other.
|
|
They aren’t, however. Instead, the access between <span class="RktSym">f</span>
|
|
and <span class="RktSym">g</span> is mediated through the top-level of the enclosing
|
|
module.</p><p>More precisely, <span class="RktSym">f</span> and the top-level of the module have
|
|
the <span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=function-contracts.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fbase..rkt%2529._-%7E3e%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="nobreak">-></span></a></span><span class="stt"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=number-types.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._integer%7E3f%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">integer?</a></span><span class="stt"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=number-types.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._integer%7E3f%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">integer?</a></span><span class="RktPn">)</span> contract mediating their
|
|
interaction; <span class="RktSym">g</span> and the top-level have <span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=function-contracts.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fbase..rkt%2529._-%7E3e%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="nobreak">-></span></a></span><span class="stt"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=strings.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._string%7E3f%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">string?</a></span><span class="RktPn">)</span>
|
|
mediating their interaction, but there is no contract directly
|
|
between <span class="RktSym">f</span> and <span class="RktSym">g</span>. This means that the reference to
|
|
<span class="RktSym">f</span> in the body of <span class="RktSym">g</span> is really the top-level
|
|
of the module’s responsibility, not <span class="RktSym">g</span>’s. In other words,
|
|
the function <span class="RktSym">f</span> has been given to <span class="RktSym">g</span> with
|
|
no contract between <span class="RktSym">g</span> and the top-level and thus
|
|
the top-level is blamed.</p><p>If we wanted to add a contract between <span class="RktSym">g</span> and the
|
|
top-level, we can use <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=attaching-contracts-to-values.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fregion..rkt%2529._define%252Fcontract%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define/contract</a></span>’s
|
|
<span class="RktPn">#:freevar</span> declaration and see the expected blame:</p><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=attaching-contracts-to-values.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fregion..rkt%2529._define%252Fcontract%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define/contract</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym">f</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">x</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=function-contracts.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fbase..rkt%2529._-%7E3e%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="nobreak">-></span></a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=number-types.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._integer%7E3f%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">integer?</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=number-types.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._integer%7E3f%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">integer?</a></span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">x</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr></table></td></tr><tr><td><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=attaching-contracts-to-values.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fregion..rkt%2529._define%252Fcontract%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define/contract</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym">g</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=function-contracts.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fbase..rkt%2529._-%7E3e%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="nobreak">-></span></a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=strings.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._string%7E3f%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">string?</a></span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">#:freevar</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">f</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=function-contracts.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fbase..rkt%2529._-%7E3e%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="nobreak">-></span></a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=number-types.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._integer%7E3f%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">integer?</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=number-types.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._integer%7E3f%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">integer?</a></span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym">f</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">"not an integer"</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr></table></td></tr><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym">g</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktErr">f: contract violation</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktErr"></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktErr">expected: integer?</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktErr"></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktErr">given: "not an integer"</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktErr"></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktErr">in: the 1st argument of</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktErr"></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktErr"></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktErr"></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktErr">(-> integer? integer?)</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktErr"></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktErr">contract from: top-level</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktErr"></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktErr">blaming: (function g)</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktErr"></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktErr"></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktErr">(assuming the contract is correct)</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktErr"></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktErr">at: eval:6:0</span></p></td></tr></table></blockquote><p>Moral: if two values with contracts should interact,
|
|
put them in separate modules with contracts at
|
|
the module boundary or use <span class="RktPn">#:freevar</span>.</p><h5 x-source-module="(lib "scribblings/guide/guide.scrbl")" x-source-pkg="racket-doc" x-part-tag=""contracts-exists-gotcha"">7.9.3<tt> </tt><a name="(part._contracts-exists-gotcha)"></a>Exists Contracts and Predicates</h5><p>Much like the <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=Equality.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._eq%7E3f%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">eq?</a></span> example above, <span class="RktPn">#:∃</span> contracts
|
|
can change the behavior of a program.</p><p>Specifically,
|
|
the <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=pairs.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._null%7E3f%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">null?</a></span> predicate (and many other predicates) return <span class="RktVal">#f</span>
|
|
for <span class="RktPn">#:∃</span> contracts, and changing one of those contracts to <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=data-structure-contracts.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fprivate%252Fmisc..rkt%2529._any%252Fc%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">any/c</a></span>
|
|
means that <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=pairs.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._null%7E3f%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">null?</a></span> might now return <span class="RktVal">#t</span> instead, resulting in
|
|
arbitrarily different behavior depending on how this boolean might flow around
|
|
in the program.</p><p>Moral: Do not use predicates on <span class="RktPn">#:∃</span> contracts.</p><h5 x-source-module="(lib "scribblings/guide/guide.scrbl")" x-source-pkg="racket-doc" x-part-tag=""Defining_Recursive_Contracts"">7.9.4<tt> </tt><a name="(part._.Defining_.Recursive_.Contracts)"></a>Defining Recursive Contracts</h5><p>When defining a self-referential contract, it is natural to use
|
|
<span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=define.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._define%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define</a></span>. For example, one might try to write a contract on
|
|
streams like this:</p><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=define.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._define%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">stream/c</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=data-structure-contracts.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fprivate%252Fmisc..rkt%2529._promise%252Fc%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">promise/c</a></span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=data-structure-contracts.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fbase..rkt%2529._or%252Fc%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">or/c</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=pairs.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._null%7E3f%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">null?</a></span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=data-structure-contracts.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fbase..rkt%2529._cons%252Fc%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">cons/c</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=number-types.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._number%7E3f%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">number?</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">stream/c</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr></table></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktErr">stream/c: undefined;</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktErr"></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktErr">cannot reference an identifier before its definition</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktErr"></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktErr">in module: top-level</span></p></td></tr></table></blockquote><p>Unfortunately, this does not work because the value of
|
|
<span class="RktSym">stream/c</span> is needed before it is defined. Put another way, all
|
|
of the combinators evaluate their arguments eagerly, even though the
|
|
values that they accept do not.</p><p><div class="SIntrapara">Instead, use
|
|
</div><div class="SIntrapara"><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=define.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._define%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">stream/c</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=data-structure-contracts.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fprivate%252Fmisc..rkt%2529._promise%252Fc%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">promise/c</a></span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=data-structure-contracts.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fbase..rkt%2529._or%252Fc%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">or/c</a></span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=pairs.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._null%7E3f%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">null?</a></span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=data-structure-contracts.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fbase..rkt%2529._cons%252Fc%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">cons/c</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=number-types.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._number%7E3f%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">number?</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=contract-utilities.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._recursive-contract%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">recursive-contract</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">stream/c</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr></table></blockquote></div></p><p>The use of <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=contract-utilities.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._recursive-contract%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">recursive-contract</a></span> delays the evaluation of the
|
|
identifier <span class="RktSym">stream/c</span> until after the contract is first
|
|
checked, long enough to ensure that <span class="RktSym">stream/c</span> is defined.</p><p>See also <a href="contracts-struct.html#%28part._contracts-lazy-contracts%29" data-pltdoc="x">Checking Properties of Data Structures</a>.</p><h5 x-source-module="(lib "scribblings/guide/guide.scrbl")" x-source-pkg="racket-doc" x-part-tag=""Mixing_set__and_contract-out"">7.9.5<tt> </tt><a name="(part._.Mixing_set__and_contract-out)"></a>Mixing <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=set_.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._set%2521%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">set!</a></span> and <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=attaching-contracts-to-values.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fbase..rkt%2529._contract-out%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">contract-out</a></span></h5><p>The contract library assumes that variables exported via
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|
<span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=attaching-contracts-to-values.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fbase..rkt%2529._contract-out%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">contract-out</a></span> are not assigned to, but does not enforce
|
|
it. Accordingly, if you try to <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=set_.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._set%2521%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">set!</a></span> those variables, you
|
|
may be surprised. Consider the following example:</p><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=module.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._module%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">module</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">server</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">racket</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=define.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._define%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym">inc-x!</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=set_.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._set%2521%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">set!</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">x</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=generic-numbers.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._%252B%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">+</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">x</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">1</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=define.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._define%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">x</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">0</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._provide%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">provide</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=attaching-contracts-to-values.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fbase..rkt%2529._contract-out%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">contract-out</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">[</span><span class="RktSym">inc-x!</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=function-contracts.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fbase..rkt%2529._-%7E3e%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="nobreak">-></span></a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=void.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._void%7E3f%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">void?</a></span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">]</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">[</span><span class="RktSym">x</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=number-types.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._integer%7E3f%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">integer?</a></span><span class="RktPn">]</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr></table></td></tr><tr><td><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=module.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._module%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">module</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">client</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">racket</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._require%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">require</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">'</span><span class="RktVal">server</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=define.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._define%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym">print-latest</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=Writing.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._printf%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">printf</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">"x is ~s\n"</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">x</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym">print-latest</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym">inc-x!</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym">print-latest</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr></table></td></tr><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._require%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">require</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">'</span><span class="RktVal">client</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td><p><span class="RktOut">x is 0</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktOut">x is 0</span></p></td></tr></table></td></tr></table></blockquote><p>Both calls to <span class="RktSym">print-latest</span> print <span class="RktVal">0</span>, even though the
|
|
value of <span class="RktSym">x</span> has been incremented (and the change is visible
|
|
inside the module <span class="RktSym">x</span>).</p><p>To work around this, export accessor functions, rather than
|
|
exporting the variable directly, like this:</p><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><a href="Module_Syntax.html#%28part._hash-lang%29" class="RktModLink" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="RktMod">#lang</span></a><span class="hspace"> </span><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=index.html&version=8.6" class="RktModLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="RktSym">racket</span></a></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=define.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._define%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym">get-x</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">x</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=define.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._define%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym">inc-x!</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=set_.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._set%2521%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">set!</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">x</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=generic-numbers.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._%252B%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">+</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">x</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">1</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=define.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._define%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">x</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">0</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._provide%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">provide</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=attaching-contracts-to-values.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fbase..rkt%2529._contract-out%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">contract-out</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">[</span><span class="RktSym">inc-x!</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=function-contracts.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fbase..rkt%2529._-%7E3e%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="nobreak">-></span></a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=void.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._void%7E3f%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">void?</a></span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">]</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">[</span><span class="RktSym">get-x</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=function-contracts.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fbase..rkt%2529._-%7E3e%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="nobreak">-></span></a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/releases/8.6/doc/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=number-types.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._integer%7E3f%2529%2529&version=8.6" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">integer?</a></span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">]</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr></table></blockquote><p>Moral: This is a bug that we will address in a future release.</p><div class="navsetbottom"><span class="navleft"><form class="searchform"><input class="searchbox" id="searchbox" type="text" tabindex="1" placeholder="...search 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