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<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<HTML LANG="en-us"
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><TITLE
>adjoin | Common Lisp Nova Spec</TITLE
><META CHARSET="US-ASCII"
><LINK REL="canonical" HREF="f_adjoin.html"
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><DIV CLASS="breadcrumb"
><SPAN CLASS="breadcrumb-item"
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>Common Lisp Nova Spec</A
></SPAN
> <SPAN CLASS="breadcrumb-item"
>&#8594; <A HREF="14_Conses.html"
>14. Conses</A
></SPAN
> <SPAN CLASS="breadcrumb-item"
>&#8594; <A HREF="14_2_Conses_Dictionary.html"
>14.2 Conses Dictionary</A
></SPAN
> <SPAN CLASS="breadcrumb-item"
>&#8594; <A HREF="f_adjoin.html"
>adjoin</A
></SPAN
></DIV
><DIV CLASS="apropos"
><DIV CLASS="apropos-io"
><A HREF="f_intersection.html" CLASS="prev"
>&#8592;</A
><SPAN ID="apropos-label"
>Apropos </SPAN
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><DIV CLASS="matter"
><DIV CLASS="com"
><DIV CLASS="begincom"
><HR
><TABLE WIDTH="100%" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0"
><TR
><TD ALIGN="LEFT" VALIGN="BASELINE" WIDTH="100%" CLASS="name"
><SPAN CLASS="idx" DATA-KIND="idxref" DATA-TERM="adjoin"
></SPAN
><B
>adjoin</B
></TD
><TD ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="BASELINE" WIDTH="0" NOWRAP="NOWRAP" CLASS="ftype"
><I
>Function</I
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><HR
></DIV
><UL CLASS="subtoc"
></UL
><DL
><DT
><B
>Syntax</B
></DT
><DD
><P CLASS="j"
><B
>adjoin</B
> <SPAN CLASS="cmssi"
>item</SPAN
> <SPAN CLASS="cmssi"
>list</SPAN
> <SPAN CLASS="cmtt"
>&amp;key</SPAN
> <SPAN CLASS="cmssi"
>key</SPAN
> <SPAN CLASS="cmssi"
>test</SPAN
> <SPAN CLASS="cmssi"
>test-not</SPAN
> <SPAN CLASS="arrow"
>&#8594;</SPAN
> <SPAN CLASS="cmssi"
>new-list</SPAN
></P
></DD
><DT
><B
>Arguments and Values</B
></DT
><DD
><P CLASS="j"
><VAR CLASS="param"
>item</VAR
> &#8212; an <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#object"
><EM CLASS="term"
>object</EM
></A
>. </P
><P CLASS="j"
><VAR CLASS="param"
>list</VAR
> &#8212; a <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#proper_list"
><EM CLASS="term"
>proper list</EM
></A
>. </P
><P CLASS="j"
><VAR CLASS="param"
>test</VAR
> &#8212; a <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#designator"
><EM CLASS="term"
>designator</EM
></A
> for a <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#function"
><EM CLASS="term"
>function</EM
></A
> of two <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#argument"
><EM CLASS="term"
>arguments</EM
></A
> that returns a <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#generalized_boolean"
><EM CLASS="term"
>generalized boolean</EM
></A
>. </P
><P CLASS="j"
><VAR CLASS="param"
>test-not</VAR
> &#8212; a <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#designator"
><EM CLASS="term"
>designator</EM
></A
> for a <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#function"
><EM CLASS="term"
>function</EM
></A
> of two <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#argument"
><EM CLASS="term"
>arguments</EM
></A
> that returns a <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#generalized_boolean"
><EM CLASS="term"
>generalized boolean</EM
></A
>. </P
><P CLASS="j"
><VAR CLASS="param"
>key</VAR
> &#8212; a <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#designator"
><EM CLASS="term"
>designator</EM
></A
> for a <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#function"
><EM CLASS="term"
>function</EM
></A
> of one argument, or <SPAN CLASS="misc"
><B
>nil</B
></SPAN
>. </P
><P CLASS="j"
><VAR CLASS="param"
>new-list</VAR
> &#8212; a <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#list"
><EM CLASS="term"
>list</EM
></A
>.</P
></DD
><DT
><B
>Description</B
></DT
><DD
><P CLASS="j"
>Tests whether <VAR CLASS="param"
>item</VAR
> is the same as an existing element of <VAR CLASS="param"
>list</VAR
>. If the <VAR CLASS="param"
>item</VAR
> is not an existing element, <A HREF="f_adjoin.html" CLASS="funref"
><B
>adjoin</B
></A
> adds it to <VAR CLASS="param"
>list</VAR
> (as if by <A HREF="f_cons.html" CLASS="funref"
><B
>cons</B
></A
>) and returns the resulting <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#list"
><EM CLASS="term"
>list</EM
></A
>; otherwise, nothing is added and the original <VAR CLASS="param"
>list</VAR
> is returned. </P
><P CLASS="j"
>The <VAR CLASS="param"
>test</VAR
>, <VAR CLASS="param"
>test-not</VAR
>, and <VAR CLASS="param"
>key</VAR
> affect how it is determined whether <VAR CLASS="param"
>item</VAR
> is the same as an <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#element"
><EM CLASS="term"
>element</EM
></A
> of <VAR CLASS="param"
>list</VAR
>. For details, see <A HREF="17_2_Rules_about_Test_Functions.html#sec_17_2_1" CLASS="secref"
><SPAN CLASS="cmr"
>Section</SPAN
> <SPAN CLASS="cmr"
>17.2.1</SPAN
> <SPAN CLASS="cmr"
>(Satisfying</SPAN
> <SPAN CLASS="cmr"
>a</SPAN
> <SPAN CLASS="cmr"
>Two-Argument</SPAN
> <SPAN CLASS="cmr"
>Test)</SPAN
></A
>.</P
></DD
><DT
><B
>Examples</B
></DT
><DD
><PRE CLASS="screen"
>(setq slist '()) <SPAN CLASS="cmsy"
><SPAN CLASS="arrow"
>&#8594;</SPAN
></SPAN
> NIL
(adjoin 'a slist) <SPAN CLASS="cmsy"
><SPAN CLASS="arrow"
>&#8594;</SPAN
></SPAN
> (A)
slist <SPAN CLASS="cmsy"
><SPAN CLASS="arrow"
>&#8594;</SPAN
></SPAN
> NIL
(setq slist (adjoin '(test-item 1) slist)) <SPAN CLASS="cmsy"
><SPAN CLASS="arrow"
>&#8594;</SPAN
></SPAN
> ((TEST-ITEM 1))
(adjoin '(test-item 1) slist) <SPAN CLASS="cmsy"
><SPAN CLASS="arrow"
>&#8594;</SPAN
></SPAN
> ((TEST-ITEM 1) (TEST-ITEM 1))
(adjoin '(test-item 1) slist :test 'equal) <SPAN CLASS="cmsy"
><SPAN CLASS="arrow"
>&#8594;</SPAN
></SPAN
> ((TEST-ITEM 1))
(adjoin '(new-test-item 1) slist :key #'cadr) <SPAN CLASS="cmsy"
><SPAN CLASS="arrow"
>&#8594;</SPAN
></SPAN
> ((TEST-ITEM 1))
(adjoin '(new-test-item 1) slist) <SPAN CLASS="cmsy"
><SPAN CLASS="arrow"
>&#8594;</SPAN
></SPAN
> ((NEW-TEST-ITEM 1) (TEST-ITEM 1))</PRE
></DD
><DT
><B
>Exceptional Situations</B
></DT
><DD
><P CLASS="j"
>Should be prepared to signal an error of <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#type"
><EM CLASS="term"
>type</EM
></A
> <A HREF="t_type-error.html" CLASS="typeref"
><B
>type-error</B
></A
> if <VAR CLASS="param"
>list</VAR
> is not a <A HREF="26_1_Glossary.html#proper_list"
><EM CLASS="term"
>proper list</EM
></A
>.</P
></DD
><DT
><B
>See Also</B
></DT
><DD
><P CLASS="j"
><A HREF="f_pushnew.html" CLASS="macref"
><B
>pushnew</B
></A
>, <A HREF="3_6_Traversal_Rules_and_Side_Effects.html#sec_3_6" CLASS="secref"
><SPAN CLASS="cmr"
>Section</SPAN
> <SPAN CLASS="cmr"
>3.6</SPAN
> <SPAN CLASS="cmr"
>(Traversal</SPAN
> <SPAN CLASS="cmr"
>Rules</SPAN
> <SPAN CLASS="cmr"
>and</SPAN
> <SPAN CLASS="cmr"
>Side</SPAN
> <SPAN CLASS="cmr"
>Effects)</SPAN
></A
></P
></DD
><DT
><B
>Notes</B
></DT
><DD
><P CLASS="j"
>The <SPAN CLASS="kwd"
><SPAN CLASS="cmtt"
>:test-not</SPAN
></SPAN
> parameter is deprecated.</P
><PRE CLASS="screen"
>(adjoin item list :key fn)
<SPAN CLASS="cmsy"
><SPAN STYLE="font-size:16px;vertical-align:-2px"
>&#8801;</SPAN
></SPAN
> (if (member (fn item) list :key fn) list (cons item list))</PRE
></DD
></DL
></DIV
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>Conversion to HTML copyright 2023 by Gilbert Baumann</DIV
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