Storing downloads

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Storing downloads
If you try the example download as in the previous section, you will notice that curl will output the downloaded data to stdout unless told to do something else. Outputting data to stdout is really useful when you want to pipe it into another program or similar, but it is not always the optimal way to deal with your downloads.
Give curl a specific file name to save the download in with -o [filename] (with --output as the long version of the option), where filename is either just a file name, a relative path to a file name or a full path to the file.
Also note that you can put the -o before or after the URL; it makes no difference:
curl -o output.html http://example.com/
curl -o /tmp/index.html http://example.com/
curl http://example.com -o ../../folder/savethis.html
This is, of course, not limited to http:// URLs but works the same way no matter which type of URL you download:
curl -o file.txt ftp://example.com/path/to/file-name.ext
If you ask curl to send the output to the terminal, it attempts to detect and prevent binary data from being sent there since that can seriously mess up your terminal (sometimes to the point where it stops working). You can override curl's binary-output-prevention and force the output to get sent to stdout by using -o -.
curl has several other ways to store and name the downloaded data. Details follow.
Overwriting
When curl downloads a remote resource into a local file name as described above, it will overwrite that file in case it already existed. It will clobber it.
curl offers a way to avoid this clobbering: --no-clobber.
When using this option, and curl finds that there already exists a file with the given name, curl instead appends a period plus a number to the file name in an attempt to find a name that is not already used. It will start with 1 and then continue trying until it reaches 100 and pick the first available one.
For example, if you ask curl to download a URL to picture.png, and in that directory there already are two files called picture.png and picture.png.1, the following will create save the file as picture.png.2:
curl --no-clobber https://example.com/image -o picture.png
A user can use the --write-out option's %filename_effective variable to figure out which name that was eventually used.
Leftovers on errors
By default, if curl runs into a problem during a download and exits with an error, the partially transferred file will be left as-is. It could be a small fraction of the intended file, or it could be almost the entire thing. It is up to the user to decide what to do with the leftovers.
The --remove-on-error command line option changes this behavior. It tells curl to delete any partially saved file if curl exits with an error. No more leftovers!
What exactly is downloading?
Download to a file named by the URL
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Outline
Overwriting
Leftovers on errors